Çeliklerin işlenebilirliği: kimyasal bileşim, mikroyapı, mekanik özellikler ve işlenebilirlik ilişkisi

Öz

 “İşlenebilirlik” işlenen malzemenin bir özelliğidir ve ancak malzemenin nitelikleri değiştirilerek işlenebilirliği değiştirilebilir. Bu durum ise, malzemenin kimyasal ve fiziksel özelliklerindeki değişimle sağlanır. Derleme niteliğindeki bu çalışma ile “İşlenebilirlik” kavramını kapsamlı şekilde açıklamak ve çeliklerin işlenebilirliğini geliştirmek amaçlı yapılan çalışmaları tartışmak amaçlanmıştır. İşlenebilirlik değerlendirmelerinde, genel olarak çeliklerin mekanik özellikleri ve esasen sertlikleri dikkate alınır. Sertliği arttıran esas element olan karbon miktarı ve ısıl işlemlerle oluşturulan mikroyapılarına bağlı işlenebilirlik değerlendirilir. Bununla birlikte, mekanik özelliklerde belirgin bir değişiklik oluşturmaksızın işlenebilirliği artıran S, Pb, Bi ve Te gibi elementlerin ilavesi, talaşlı işlenebilirliği önemli oranda geliştirir. İşlenebilirlik değerlendirmesi ise, talaş kaldırma sürecinde oluşan kesme kuvveti, takım ömrü, yüzey kalitesi ve talaş biçimi dikkate alınarak derecelendirilir. Kimyasal bileşim ve mikroyapının çeliklerin işlenebilirlik derecelendirmesine etkisi, malzeme ve metalürji bilimi alanında en çok çalışılan konulardan biridir. Çeliğin üretim sürecindeki değişkenlerinin yanında, ısıl işlemlerle oluşturulan mikroyapıya bağlı işlenebilirlik değerlendirmeleri de önemlidir. Belirtilen işlemlerle sağlanan mikroyapıdaki fazların heterojen dağılımları, işlenebilirlik değerlendirmelerinde göz ardı edilmemelidir.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çelik
• Alaşım Elementleri
• Isıl İşlemler
• Mikroyapı
• İşlenebilirlik
• otomat çelikleri

Machinability of steels: the relationship between machinability and chemical composition, microstructure and also mechanical properties

Öz

Machinability is a feature of the material being processed and can only be changed by changing the properties of the material. This is achieved by changes in the chemical and physical properties of the material. The aim of this compilation study is to explain the machinability concept extensively and to discuss the works done to improve the machinability of the steels. When evaluating the machinability of steels, their mechanical properties and especially their hardness are taken into consideration. The machinability depending on the microstructures formed by heat treatments and the amount of carbon which is the main element that increases the hardness are evaluated. However, the addition of S, Pb, Bi and Te etc. elements increase the machinability without significant changes in the mechanical properties of steel.  The machinability is graded by taking into consideration of the cutting force, tool life, surface quality and chip shape generated during the machining process. The effect of chemical composition and microstructure on machinability of steels is one of the most investigated subjects in the field of materials and metallurgical science. In addition to the variables in the production process of steel, microstructure-based machinability assessments generated by heat treatments are also important. The heterogeneous distribution of the phases in the microstructure provided by the mentioned processes should not be ignored in the machinability assessments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Steel
• free cutting steels
• alloying element
• heat treatment
• microstructure
• machinability

Kaynakça

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