Yeterli Deprem Dayanımı Olmayan Betonarme Binalar için Kolonların Farklı Yenilikçi Kompozit Malzemelerle Güçlendirilmesi

Öz

Türkiye, dünyadaki en aktif ikinci fayları barındırmakta ve coğrafi olarak çok yüksek sismik aktiviteye sahip bir bölgededir. Yeterli depreme dayanımı olmayan betonarme yapıların güçlendirilmesi konusu son derece önemli bir araştırma konusu haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, iki farklı tip yenilikçi kompozit malzeme olan karbon takviyeli elyaf kumaş (CFRP) şeritleri ve tekstil takviyeli harç (TRM) katmanlar ile yeterli deprem dayanımı olmayan betonarme kolonların güçlendirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada incelenen değişkenler, güçlendirme için kullanılan kompozit malzeme türü, şerit genişliği ve şerit örtüşme noktasında ankraj kullanılıp kullanılmadığıdır. Bu çalışmada, güçlendirme uygulanmayan referans test numunesi ve iki farklı tip kompozit malzeme ile güçlendirilmiş sekiz adet RC kolon olmak üzere toplam 9 kolon test numunesi üretilmiş ve eksenel yükleme etkisi altında test edilmiştir. Test sonuçlarına göre, yük-deplasman davranışı, nihai yük kapasitesi, ilk rijitlik değeri, deplasman süneklik oranları ve enerji emme kapasiteleri değerlendirilmiştir. Betonarme kolonların güçlendirilmesinde kullanılan iki farklı kompozit malzemeden hangisinin kolonların performansının iyileştirilmesinde daha etkili olduğu da incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• eksenel yük
• kompozit malzemeler
• CFRP
• TRM
• BA kolon

Strengthening of Columns with Different Innovative Composite Materials for RC Buildings without Sufficient Earthquake Resistance

Öz

The Turkey includes the world's second most active faults and is geographically situated at a very high seismic activity. Research on strengthening RC (reinforced- concrete) structures without adequate earthquake resistance has become an extremely important issue. Taking into account the objectives of this research, an experimental study is designed to strengthen the columns without adequate earthquake resistance by using carbon-reinforced-fiber-fabric (CFRP) strips and textile-reinforced-mortar (TRM) layers with two separate types of advanced composite materials. The variables evaluated within the study horizon are the composite material type used for strengthening, the width of the strip, and whether or not the anchor is used at the point of strip overlap. In this experiment, nine RC column were produced and were tested by affecting axial load, which are the reference test specimens without strengthening and eight RC column test specimens strengthened with two separate types of composite material. The load-displacement behavior, initial stiffness value, energy dissipation capacities, ultimate load capacity and displacement ductility ratios have been measured according to the test results. It was also examined which of the two different composite materials used to strengthen the columns of the RC is more efficient in improving the columns performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• RC column
• axial loading
• composite materials
• CFRP
• TRM

Kaynakça

1. [1] Rodriguez M. and Park R., “Seismic load tests on reinforced concrete columns strengthened by jacketing”, ACI Structural Journal, 91(2): 150–159, (1994).
2. [2] Stoppenhagen D. R., Jirsa J. O. and Wyllie L. A., “Seismic repair and strengthening of a severely damaged concrete frame”, ACI Structural Journal, 92(2): 177–187, (1995).
3. [3] Júlio E. S., Branco F. and Silva V. D., “Structural Rehabilitation of Columns using Reinforced Concrete Jacketing”, Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 5(1): 29-37, (2003).
4. [4] Eduardo N. B. S. J., Fernando A. B. B. and Vítor D. S., “Reinforced Concrete Jacketing—Interface Influence on Monotonic Loading Response”, ACI Structural Journal, 102(2): 252-257, (2005).
5. [5] Júlio E. S., Branco F. and Silva V. D., “Concrete-to-Concrete Bond Strength—Influence of the Roughness of the Substrate Surface”, Construction and Building Materials, 18(9): 675-681, (2004).
6. [6] Chung L. L., Wu L. Y. and Lien K. H., “Experimental study on retrofit of school buildings by adding sandwich columns to partition brick walls”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 40: 1417-1434, (2011).
7. [7] Chai Y. H., Priestley M. J. N. and Seible F., “Analytical model for steel jacketed Reinforced Concrete circular bridge columns”, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 120(8): 2358–2376, (1994).
8. [8] Mahrenholtz C., Lin P. C., Wu A. C., Tsai K. C., Hwang S. J., Lin R. Y. and Bhayusukma M. Y., “Retrofit of reinforced concrete frames with buckling-restrained braces”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 44: 59-78, (2015).

9. [9] Shafaei J., Hosseini A., Marefat M. S. and Ingham J. M., “Rehabilitation of earthquake damaged external RC beam-column joints by joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 46: 291-316, (2017).
10. [10] Herwig A. and Motavalli M. “Axial behavior of square Reinforced Concrete columns strengthened with lightweight concrete elements and unbonded GFRP wrapping”, ASCE Journal of Composites for Construction, 16: 747–52, (2016).
11. [11] Hu Y. M., Yu T. and Teng J. G., “FRP confined circular concrete filled thin steel tubes under axial compression”, ASCE Journal of Composites for Construction, 15(15): 850–860, (2011).
12. [12] Parvin A. and Brighton A., “Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites strengthening of concrete column under various loading conditions”, Polymers, 6: 1040–1056, (2014).
13. [13] Olivova K. and Bilcik J. “Strengthening of concrete columns with CFRP”, Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering, 1: 1–9, (2009).
14. [14] Barros J. A. O., Varma R. K., Sena-Cruz M. And Azevedo A. F. M., “Near surface mounted FRP strips for the flexural strengthening of RC columns – experimental and numerical research”, Engineering Structures, 30(12): 3412–25, (2008).
15. [15] Lorenzis D. L., Nanni A. and Tegola L. A., “Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete structures with Near Surface Mounted FRP Rods”, International Meeting on Composite Materials, (2000).
16. [16] Ze-Jun G., Michael J. C., Tsu-Wei C. And David Y. C. P., “The retrofitting of reinforced concrete column-to-beam connections”, Composites Science and Technology, 58(8): 1297-1305, (1998).
17. [17] Sheikh S. A., “Performance of concrete structures retrofitted with fibre reinforced polymers”, Engineering Structures, 24(7): 869-879, (2002).
18. [18] ElGawady M. A., Lestuzzi P. and Badoux M. “Shear strength of URM walls retrofitted using FRP”, Engineering Structures, 28(12): 1658-1670, (2006).
19. [19] Wei H., Wu Z., Guo X. and Yi F., “Experimental study on partially deteriorated strength concrete columns confined with CFRP”, Engineering Structures, 31(10): 2495-2505, (2009).
20. [20] Chen W. W., Yeh Y. K., Hwang S. J., Lu C. H. and Chen C. C., “Out-of-plane seismic behavior and CFRP retrofitting of RC frames infilled with brick walls”, Engineering Structures, 34: 213-224, (2012).
21. [21] Obaidat Y. T., Abu-Farsakh G. and Ashteyat A. M., “Retrofitting of partially damaged reinforced concrete beam-column joints using various plate-configurations of CFRP under cyclic loading”, Construction and Building Materials, 198: 313-322, (2019).
22. [22] Triantafillou T. and Thanasis L., “Concrete confinement with textile reinforced mortar jackets”, ACI Structural Journal, 103(1): 28–37, (2006).
23. [23] Bournas D. A. and Thanasis C. T., “Textile-reinforced mortar versus fiberreinforced polymer confinement in reinforced concrete columns”, ACI Structural Journal, 104(6): 740–748, (2007).
24. [24] Francisco J., Basalo D. C. Y., Matta F. and Nanni A., “Fiber reinforced cement-based composite system for concrete confinement”, Construction and Building Materials, 32: 55–65, (2012).
25. [25] Triantafillou T. C., Papanicolaou C. G., Zissimopoulos P. and Laourdekis, T.i “Concrete confinement with textile-reinforced mortar jackets”, ACI Structural Journal, 103(1): 28–37, (2006).
26. [26] Bournas D. A., Lontou P., Papanicolaou C. G. and Triantafillou T. C.“Textile-reinforced mortar versus fiber-reinforced polymer confinement in reinforced concrete columns”, ACI Structural Journal, 104(6): 740–748, (2007).
27. [27] Wang C. Y., “Effect of Base Fixity on The Stability of An Axially Rotating Column with A Heavy End Mass”, Mechanics of Structures and Machines, 29:4, 499-503, (2001).
28. [28] Kim N. I. and Choi D. H., “Inelastic Static and Dynamic Stability Analyses of a Column Subjected to a Nonconservative Force”, Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 39(3): 346-366, (2011).
29. [29] Yaylı M., “Buckling analysis of Euler columns embedded in an elastic medium with general elastic boundary conditions”, Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines, 46(1): 110-122, (2018).
30. [30] Sakin S., Anil Ö., Ghoroubi R. and Mercimek Ö., “Modelling bond between concrete and bonded and anchored carbon-fibre polymer strips”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, 172(6): 437-450, (2019).
31. [31] Mercimek Ö., Ghoroubi R. and Anil Ö., “Behavior of RC Square Column Strengthening with CFRP Strips Subjected to Low Velocity Lateral Impact Loading”. In: Kasimzade A., Şafak E., Ventura C., Naeim F., Mukai Y. (eds) Seismic Isolation, Structural Health Monitoring, and Performance Based Seismic Design in Earthquake Engineering. Springer, Cham. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93157-9_16, (2019).
32. [32] Chellapandian M., Prakash S. S. and Sharma, A., “Strength and ductility of innovative hybrid NSM reinforced and FRP confined short RC columns under axial compression”, Composite Structures, 176: 205-216, (2017).
33. [33] Chellapandian M., Prakash S. S. and Rajagopal, A., “Analytical and finite element studies on hybrid FRP strengthened RC column elements under axial and eccentric compression”, Composite Structures, 184: 234-248, (2018).
34. [34] Shafaei J., Hosseini A., Marefat M. S. and Ingham J. M., “Rehabilitation of earthquake damaged external RC beam-column joints by joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles”, Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn., 46: 291-316, (2017).
35. [35] Colajanni P., Fossetti M. and Macaluso G., “Effects of confinement level, cross-section shape and corner radius on the cyclic behavior of CFRCM confined concrete columns”, Construction and Building Materials, 55: 379-389, (2014).
36. [36] Ombres L. and Verre S., “Structural behaviour of fabric reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) strengthened concrete columns under eccentric loading”, Composites Part B-Engineering, 75: 235-249, (2015).
37. [37] Liu D. J., Huang H. W., Zuo J. P., Duan K., Xue Y. D. and Li Y. J., “Experimental and numerical study on short eccentric columns strengthened by textile-reinforced concrete under sustaining load”, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites”, 36(23): 1712-1726, (2017).
38. [38] AL-Gemeel A. N. and Yan Z. G., “Experimental investigation of textile reinforced engineered cementitious composite (ECC) for square concrete column confinement”, Construction and Building Materials, 174: 594-602, (2018).
39. [39] Ngo D. Q., Nguyen H. C., Mai D. L. and Vu V., “Experimental and numerical evaluation of concentrically loaded RC columns strengthening by textile reinforced concrete jacketing”, Civil Engineering Journal, 6 (8): 1428-1442, (2020).
40. [40] ACI 440.2R., “Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP system for strengthening concrete structures. ACI committee 440. Farmington Hills (MI)”, American Concrete Institute, (2008).
41. [41] Turkish Standard TS802, “Design Concrete Mix.” Turkish Standardization Institute, (2009).