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Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 553 - 567, 05.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.971343

Öz

Reinforced concrete-framed buildings are commonly preferred to other types of buildings in Turkey. In these types of buildings, a two-way slab with beams, flat, waffle, and ribbed slab types are widely used. In building design, determining the best slab type that will perform well under gravity and lateral loads, with the least cost, is required. However, the proper selection of slab type has generally been overlooked by designers due to the emphasis on other structural members, such as beams, columns and structural walls. For this reason, the structural contribution of floors to building design has not been adequately examined. This shortcoming must be inspected in detail starting from the very first step of the design stage of a building. This study assesses the effects of different slab types on multi-story reinforced concrete buildings by investigating their structural behaviors while trying to optimize their overall cost. For this purpose, a total of 36 structural models were constructed, analyzed, and designed according to the current Turkish Building Codes and Standards. The type of slab system (a two-way slab with beams, flat, waffle and ribbed), the number of floors (10, 20 and 30), and span length (6, 7.5, and 9 m) were selected as the key parameters in these analyses. The buildings were assumed to be office buildings located in a seismically-active zone in Istanbul. The results indicated that a two-way slab with beams was the most economical slab type for 6-meter spans, while the waffle slab was the most economical for spans larger than 7.5 meters. Based on these results, the flat slab was found to be the most expensive slab type in all cases. Out of all slab types, the two-way slab with beams exhibited better earthquake performance, while the waffle and flat slabs provided relatively poor earthquake performances.  

Kaynakça

  • [1] Azizi A. “Structural behavior and cost comparison of various slab types in reinforced concrete tall buildings”, Master’s Thesis in Civil Engineering, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey, (2020).
  • [2] Tunc G., Azizi A., Tanfener T. “A parametric study on the cost comparison of different slab types in multi-story RC buildings”, A Conference presentation at the 3rd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture, ICCEA 2020, (2020).
  • [3] ETABS, Version 18.1.1. Computers and Structures Inc., (2018).
  • [4] SAFE, Version 16.0.2. Computers and Structures Inc., (2016).
  • [5] TBEC 2018 (2018) Turkey Building Earthquake Code: Rules for design of buildings under earthquake effect, Official Gazette, 18.03.2018, 30364 (in Turkish).
  • [6] TS 500: Requirement for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Turkish Standards Institution, TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish) (2000).
  • [7] TS 498: Design loads for Buildings, Turkish Standards Institution, TSE, Ankara, (in Turkish) (1997).
  • [8] Aldwaik M., Adeli H. “Advances in optimization of highrise building structures”, Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 50(6):899–919, (2014).
  • [9] Sahab M.G., Ashour A.F., Toropov V.V. “Cost optimisation of reinforced concrete flat slab buildings”, Engineering Structures, 27(3):313–322, (2005).
  • [10] Ženíšek M., Pešta J., Tipka M., Kočí V., Hájek P. “Optimization of RC Structures in Terms of Cost and Environmental Impact—Case Study”, Sustainability, 12(20):8532, (2020). [11] Schwetz P.F., Gastal F.P.S.L., Silva F° L.C.P. “Numerical and experimental study of a waffle slab designed to serve as a tennis court floor”, Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 6(3):375–391, (2013).
  • [12] Huberman N., Pearlmutter D. “Efficient structural roof form as a tool for energy savings in building design”, PLEA 2008 – 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Dublin, 22nd to 24th October, (2008). [online] Available at: http://web5.arch.cuhk.edu.hk/server1/staff1/edward/www/plea2018/plea/2008/content/papers/poster/PLEA_FinalPaper_ref_448.pdf
  • [13] Hajek P. “Integrated environmental design and optimization of concrete floor structures for buildings”, In Proceedings of the 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 2–29, 27–29 September, (2005). [online] Available at: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB3677.pdf
  • [14] Çağlarım M. “Effects of Slab Types on the Structural Systems of Multi-Story Reinforced Concrete Buildings”, Master’s Thesis in Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey (in Turkish) (2002). [online] Available at: https://polen.itu.edu.tr/bitstream/11527/10811/1/1540.pdf
  • [15] Uzun D., Güler K. “Seismic behavior of a high rise RC building with different types of slabs”, 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18-21 June, (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340161932_Seismic_behavior_of_a_high_rise_rc_building_with_different_types_of_slabs
  • [16] Sreelaya P.P., Anuragi P. “Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Building with Different Slab Type on Plain and Sloping Ground using ETABS”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 14(12):143-147, (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.ripublication.com/ijaerspl2019/ijaerv14n12spl_26.pdf
  • [17] Sacramento P.V.P., Picanço M.S., Oliveira D.R.C. “Reinforced concrete ribbed slabs with wide-beam”, Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 11(5):966–996, (2018).
  • [18] Climent A.B., Ávila J.D. “Moment transfer and influence of transverse beams in interior waffle flat plate–column connections under lateral loading”, Engineering Structures, 49:146-155, (2013).
  • [19] Kayastha N.B., Debbarma R. “Seismic performance of reinforced concrete building with flat slab”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Materials and Structures for Civil Infrastructures, (2019).
  • [20] Coelho E., Candeias P., Anamateros G., Zaharia R., Taucer F., Pinto A.V. “Assessment of the seismic behaviour of RC flat slab building structures”, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Paper No. 2630, August 1-6, (2004). [online] Available at: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_2630.pdf
  • [21] Goodchild C.H., Webster R.M., Elliott K.S. “Economic concrete frame elements to Eurocode 2”, The Concrete Center, UK, (2009).
  • [22] Fanella D.A. “Concrete floor systems-guide to estimating and economizing”, 2nd edition, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA, (2000).
  • [23] Mosley W.H., Bungey J.H., Hulse R. “Reinforced concrete design”, 5th edition, MacMillan Press Ltd., London, UK, (1999).
  • [24] Hossen M., Anam I. “Seismic performance of concrete flat slabs”, 3rd International Earthquake Symposium, Dhaka, Bangladesh, March 3-5, (2010). [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318570035_SEISMIC_PERFORMANCE_OF_CONCRETE_FLAT_SLABS
  • [25] Sen S., Singh Y. “Seismic Performance of Flat Slab Buildings”, Advances in Structural Engineering, Springer, New Delhi, India, 897–907, (2014).
  • [26] Apostolska R.P., Necevska-Cvetanovska G.S., Cvetanovska J.P., Mircic N. “Seismic Performance of Flat-Slab Building Structural Systems”, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October 12-17, (2008). [online] Available at: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0435.PDF
  • [27] El-Shaer M.A..A “Seismic load analysis of different RC slab systems for tall building”, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 3(5):2034-2046, (2013). [online] Available at: https://inpressco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Paper762034-2046.pdf
  • [28] Idrizi Z., Idrizi I. “Comparative study between waffle and solid slab systems in terms of economy and seismic performance of a typical 14-story RC building”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 11(12):1068–1076, (2017).
  • [29] Bakale M., Viswanathan T.S. “Seismic behavior of multi-story structure with different types of slabs”, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4):507–517, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJCIET/VOLUME_8_ISSUE_4/IJCIET_08_04_057.pdf
  • [30] Bikçe M., Akyol B., Resatoglu R. “Investigating the effect of solid and lightweight hollow block slabs on construction cost”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management, Procurement and Law, 172(2), 70-79, (2019).
  • [31] Zakaria A., Krishna S.R.M., Surendhar S.V. “Comparative study of the seismic performance of RCC building with ribbed slab and grid slab”, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(6S3):139-144, (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.ijitee.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v8i6s3/F10250486S319.pdf
  • [32] Eşki H., Sayın B., Güneş B. “The effect on structural behavior of different slab types for RC buildings”, Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 3(1):41-48, (2020). https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.01041048
  • [33] TEC 2007: Turkish Earthquake Code, Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Ankara, Turkey, (in Turkish), (2007). [online] Available at: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070306-3-1.pdf
  • [34] Gürsoy Ş., Uludağ Ö. “Investigation of the effects on earthquake behavior and rough construction costs of the slab type in reinforced concrete buildings”, Advances in Concrete Construction, 10(4):333-343, (2020).
  • [35] Öztürk T., Öztürk Z. “The effects of the type of slab on structural system in the multi-story reinforced concrete buildings”, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October 12-17, (2008). [online] Available at: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0098.pdf
  • [36] Tunc G., Al-Ageedi M. “A parametric study of the optimum shear wall area for mid-to high-rise RC buildings”, Konya Journal of Engineering and Science, 8(3):601-617, (2020). [37] AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Authority). Last accessed April 1st, 2021. Turkey Earthquake Risk Map Interactive Web Application. Available at: tdth.afad.gov.tr/TDTH/main.xhtml

Betonarme Binaların Yapım Maliyeti ve Deprem Davranışında Döşeme Tipinin Etkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2, 553 - 567, 05.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.971343

Öz

Türkiye’de betonarme çerçeveli binalar diğer tür yapı taşıyıcı sistemlerine göre en çok tercih edilmektedir. Bu tür binalarda kullanılan yaygın döşeme türleri ise kirişli, kirişsiz, kaset ve nervürlü olanlarıdır. Bir bina tasarımında, yatay ve düşey yükler altında en iyi performansı gösteren ve aynı zamanda en az maliyet gerektiren döşeme türünün belirlenmesi istenir. Ancak, kirişler, kolonlar ve perde duvarlar gibi diğer yapı elemanlarına analitik çalışmalarda öncelik verildiğinden, döşeme türünün uygun seçimi genellikle tasarımcı tarafından göz ardı edilir. Bu nedenle, döşemelerin bina tasarımına ve yapısal davranışına sağlayacakları katkılar yeterince irdelenmemiş olur. Ortaya çıkan bu eksikliğin ise binanın tasarım aşamasından itibaren detaylı olarak irdelenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada çok katlı betonarme binalar üzerinde farklı döşeme türlerinin etkileri incelenirken aynı zamanda toplam maliyetin de optimumda kılınması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda toplamda 36 bina modeli hazırlanarak, analiz ve tasarımları mevcut Türkiye bina yönetmelik ve standartlarına uygun olarak yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda yapılan analitik çalışmalarda incelenen parametreler şu şekildedir: döşeme türleri (kirişli, kirişsiz, kaset ve nervürlü), toplam kat sayıları (10, 20 ve 30) ve tip döşeme açıklıkları (6, 7.5 ve 9 metre). Binaların tümünün iş yeri kullanımına uygun olarak İstanbul’un deprem tehlikesi içeren bir bölgesinde yer aldığı kabul edilmiştir. Yapılan analitik çalışmalara göre 6 metre açıklığa sahip binalarda en ekonomik sonucun kirişli, 7.5 metre açıklığa sahip olanlarda ise kaset döşemelerde olduğu görülmüştür. Ele alınan tüm modeller içerisinde en maliyetli çözümü üreten döşeme türü kirişsiz döşeme olarak belirlenmiştir. İncelenen tüm döşeme türleri arasında, kirişli döşemeye sahip binaların en iyi deprem performansına, kaset ve kirişsiz döşeme türlerine sahip binaların ise en olumsuz deprem performansına sahip oldukları görülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • [1] Azizi A. “Structural behavior and cost comparison of various slab types in reinforced concrete tall buildings”, Master’s Thesis in Civil Engineering, Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey, (2020).
  • [2] Tunc G., Azizi A., Tanfener T. “A parametric study on the cost comparison of different slab types in multi-story RC buildings”, A Conference presentation at the 3rd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Architecture, ICCEA 2020, (2020).
  • [3] ETABS, Version 18.1.1. Computers and Structures Inc., (2018).
  • [4] SAFE, Version 16.0.2. Computers and Structures Inc., (2016).
  • [5] TBEC 2018 (2018) Turkey Building Earthquake Code: Rules for design of buildings under earthquake effect, Official Gazette, 18.03.2018, 30364 (in Turkish).
  • [6] TS 500: Requirement for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Turkish Standards Institution, TSE, Ankara, Turkey (in Turkish) (2000).
  • [7] TS 498: Design loads for Buildings, Turkish Standards Institution, TSE, Ankara, (in Turkish) (1997).
  • [8] Aldwaik M., Adeli H. “Advances in optimization of highrise building structures”, Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization, 50(6):899–919, (2014).
  • [9] Sahab M.G., Ashour A.F., Toropov V.V. “Cost optimisation of reinforced concrete flat slab buildings”, Engineering Structures, 27(3):313–322, (2005).
  • [10] Ženíšek M., Pešta J., Tipka M., Kočí V., Hájek P. “Optimization of RC Structures in Terms of Cost and Environmental Impact—Case Study”, Sustainability, 12(20):8532, (2020). [11] Schwetz P.F., Gastal F.P.S.L., Silva F° L.C.P. “Numerical and experimental study of a waffle slab designed to serve as a tennis court floor”, Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 6(3):375–391, (2013).
  • [12] Huberman N., Pearlmutter D. “Efficient structural roof form as a tool for energy savings in building design”, PLEA 2008 – 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Dublin, 22nd to 24th October, (2008). [online] Available at: http://web5.arch.cuhk.edu.hk/server1/staff1/edward/www/plea2018/plea/2008/content/papers/poster/PLEA_FinalPaper_ref_448.pdf
  • [13] Hajek P. “Integrated environmental design and optimization of concrete floor structures for buildings”, In Proceedings of the 2005 World Sustainable Building Conference, Tokyo, Japan, 2–29, 27–29 September, (2005). [online] Available at: https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB3677.pdf
  • [14] Çağlarım M. “Effects of Slab Types on the Structural Systems of Multi-Story Reinforced Concrete Buildings”, Master’s Thesis in Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey (in Turkish) (2002). [online] Available at: https://polen.itu.edu.tr/bitstream/11527/10811/1/1540.pdf
  • [15] Uzun D., Güler K. “Seismic behavior of a high rise RC building with different types of slabs”, 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, 18-21 June, (2018). [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340161932_Seismic_behavior_of_a_high_rise_rc_building_with_different_types_of_slabs
  • [16] Sreelaya P.P., Anuragi P. “Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Building with Different Slab Type on Plain and Sloping Ground using ETABS”, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 14(12):143-147, (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.ripublication.com/ijaerspl2019/ijaerv14n12spl_26.pdf
  • [17] Sacramento P.V.P., Picanço M.S., Oliveira D.R.C. “Reinforced concrete ribbed slabs with wide-beam”, Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais, 11(5):966–996, (2018).
  • [18] Climent A.B., Ávila J.D. “Moment transfer and influence of transverse beams in interior waffle flat plate–column connections under lateral loading”, Engineering Structures, 49:146-155, (2013).
  • [19] Kayastha N.B., Debbarma R. “Seismic performance of reinforced concrete building with flat slab”, Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Materials and Structures for Civil Infrastructures, (2019).
  • [20] Coelho E., Candeias P., Anamateros G., Zaharia R., Taucer F., Pinto A.V. “Assessment of the seismic behaviour of RC flat slab building structures”, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Paper No. 2630, August 1-6, (2004). [online] Available at: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_2630.pdf
  • [21] Goodchild C.H., Webster R.M., Elliott K.S. “Economic concrete frame elements to Eurocode 2”, The Concrete Center, UK, (2009).
  • [22] Fanella D.A. “Concrete floor systems-guide to estimating and economizing”, 2nd edition, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, USA, (2000).
  • [23] Mosley W.H., Bungey J.H., Hulse R. “Reinforced concrete design”, 5th edition, MacMillan Press Ltd., London, UK, (1999).
  • [24] Hossen M., Anam I. “Seismic performance of concrete flat slabs”, 3rd International Earthquake Symposium, Dhaka, Bangladesh, March 3-5, (2010). [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318570035_SEISMIC_PERFORMANCE_OF_CONCRETE_FLAT_SLABS
  • [25] Sen S., Singh Y. “Seismic Performance of Flat Slab Buildings”, Advances in Structural Engineering, Springer, New Delhi, India, 897–907, (2014).
  • [26] Apostolska R.P., Necevska-Cvetanovska G.S., Cvetanovska J.P., Mircic N. “Seismic Performance of Flat-Slab Building Structural Systems”, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October 12-17, (2008). [online] Available at: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0435.PDF
  • [27] El-Shaer M.A..A “Seismic load analysis of different RC slab systems for tall building”, International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 3(5):2034-2046, (2013). [online] Available at: https://inpressco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Paper762034-2046.pdf
  • [28] Idrizi Z., Idrizi I. “Comparative study between waffle and solid slab systems in terms of economy and seismic performance of a typical 14-story RC building”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 11(12):1068–1076, (2017).
  • [29] Bakale M., Viswanathan T.S. “Seismic behavior of multi-story structure with different types of slabs”, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4):507–517, (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJCIET/VOLUME_8_ISSUE_4/IJCIET_08_04_057.pdf
  • [30] Bikçe M., Akyol B., Resatoglu R. “Investigating the effect of solid and lightweight hollow block slabs on construction cost”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Management, Procurement and Law, 172(2), 70-79, (2019).
  • [31] Zakaria A., Krishna S.R.M., Surendhar S.V. “Comparative study of the seismic performance of RCC building with ribbed slab and grid slab”, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(6S3):139-144, (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.ijitee.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/v8i6s3/F10250486S319.pdf
  • [32] Eşki H., Sayın B., Güneş B. “The effect on structural behavior of different slab types for RC buildings”, Journal of Structural Engineering & Applied Mechanics, 3(1):41-48, (2020). https://doi.org/10.31462/jseam.2020.01041048
  • [33] TEC 2007: Turkish Earthquake Code, Turkish Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Ankara, Turkey, (in Turkish), (2007). [online] Available at: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070306-3-1.pdf
  • [34] Gürsoy Ş., Uludağ Ö. “Investigation of the effects on earthquake behavior and rough construction costs of the slab type in reinforced concrete buildings”, Advances in Concrete Construction, 10(4):333-343, (2020).
  • [35] Öztürk T., Öztürk Z. “The effects of the type of slab on structural system in the multi-story reinforced concrete buildings”, The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October 12-17, (2008). [online] Available at: http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_05-01-0098.pdf
  • [36] Tunc G., Al-Ageedi M. “A parametric study of the optimum shear wall area for mid-to high-rise RC buildings”, Konya Journal of Engineering and Science, 8(3):601-617, (2020). [37] AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Authority). Last accessed April 1st, 2021. Turkey Earthquake Risk Map Interactive Web Application. Available at: tdth.afad.gov.tr/TDTH/main.xhtml
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gökhan Tunç 0000-0002-8307-1060

Abdul Basir Azizi 0000-0002-0847-8557

Tuğrul Tanfener 0000-0002-9315-8100

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Temmuz 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Tunç, G., Azizi, A. B., & Tanfener, T. (2023). Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings. Politeknik Dergisi, 26(2), 553-567. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.971343
AMA Tunç G, Azizi AB, Tanfener T. Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings. Politeknik Dergisi. Temmuz 2023;26(2):553-567. doi:10.2339/politeknik.971343
Chicago Tunç, Gökhan, Abdul Basir Azizi, ve Tuğrul Tanfener. “Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings”. Politeknik Dergisi 26, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2023): 553-67. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.971343.
EndNote Tunç G, Azizi AB, Tanfener T (01 Temmuz 2023) Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings. Politeknik Dergisi 26 2 553–567.
IEEE G. Tunç, A. B. Azizi, ve T. Tanfener, “Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings”, Politeknik Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 2, ss. 553–567, 2023, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.971343.
ISNAD Tunç, Gökhan vd. “Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings”. Politeknik Dergisi 26/2 (Temmuz 2023), 553-567. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.971343.
JAMA Tunç G, Azizi AB, Tanfener T. Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings. Politeknik Dergisi. 2023;26:553–567.
MLA Tunç, Gökhan vd. “Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings”. Politeknik Dergisi, c. 26, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 553-67, doi:10.2339/politeknik.971343.
Vancouver Tunç G, Azizi AB, Tanfener T. Effects of Slab Types on the Seismic Behavior and Construction Cost of RC Buildings. Politeknik Dergisi. 2023;26(2):553-67.
 
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