INVESTIGATION OF TECHNICAL TEXTILE STRUCTURES USED IN WATER SPORTS

Abstract

Man's interest in water is as old as human history. Although activities such as swimming and diving were originally pursued out of necessity, over time they evolved into sports and became a lifestyle. As water sports evolved, different expectations for the clothing worn emerged. While in the past the primary concern was to cover the human body with swimsuits, in recent years many technological features have been developed to speed up athletes and allow them to swim more efficiently. With the technological developments, the materials of technical textile products used in various water sports industries have acquired an innovative structure. There have been many developments in wet and dry diving suits, such as body temperature regulation, durability, and ease of use. However, there is no literature review on the structure and materials of diving suits in the literature. This literature review summarizes the fiber types, the fabric structures, and current sustainability studies used in swimsuits and wetsuits.

Keywords

• Swimwear
• Dry-Wet Wetsuits
• High Performance Fabrics
• Sports Technical Textiles
• Extreme Sports

SU SPORLARINDA KULLANILAN TEKNİK TEKSTİL YAPILARININ İNCELENMESİ

Öz

İnsanoğlunun suya olan ilgisi insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. Yüzme ve dalış gibi aktiviteler başlangıçta insanlar tarafından bir ihtiyaç olarak yapılsa da bunlar zamanla spora dönüşmüş ve bir yaşam tarzı haline gelmiştir. Su sporları geliştikçe, giyilen kıyafetlerde farklı beklentiler açığa çıkmıştır. Eskiden mayolarda öncelik insan vücudunu örtmek iken son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarla birlikte, birçok teknolojik özellik geliştirilerek, sporcuların hızlanması ve daha verimli yüzmeleri sağlanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte farklı su spor dallarında kullanılan teknik tekstil ürünlerinde kullanılan malzemeler inovatif yapı kazanmıştır. Islak ve kuru dalış giysilerinde vücut ısısını dengede tutma, dayanıklılık ve kullanım kolaylığı gibi birçok konuda gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Ancak literatürde gerek dalış giysilerinin yapısı gerekse malzemelerinin üzerine derleme bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu literatür çalışması, mayolarda ve dalış giysilerinde kullanılan elyaf türleri, kumaş yapıları ve güncel sürdürülebilirlik çalışmalarını özetlemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mayo
• Kuru-Islak Dalış elbisesi
• Yüksek Performanslı Kumaşlar
• Spor Teknik Tekstilleri
• Ekstrem Sporlar

Kaynakça

1. 1. Abasi, S. N. (2013). Construction of drag force measuring system to characterize the hydrodynamics properties of swimsuit fabrics. J. Indust. Textiles 43,, 264–280. doi: 10.1177/1528083712452901.
2. 2. Ana Gay, R. Z.-O.-C. (2021). Swimming with Swimsuit and Wetsuit at Typical vs. Cold-water Temperatures (26 vs. 18 ℃). International Journal of Sports Medicine.
3. 3. Audet, N. F. (1973). Development and Evaluation of Deep-Sea Swimsuit Materials. DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER.
4. 4. Chatard J. C., S. X. (1995). Wet suit effect: a comparison between competitive swimmers and triathletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., 27, 580–586. 10.1249/00005768-199504000-00017.
5. 5. Chollet D., C. F. (2010). Do Fastskin swimsuits influence coordination in front crawl swimming? Paper Presented at the XIth International Symposium for Biomechanics and Medicine in Swimming. oslo.
6. 6. Claudio Quagliarotti, M. C. (2021). Wetsuit Use During Open Water Swimming. Does It “Suit” Everybody? A Narrative Review. In International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance Volume.
7. 7. E., D. (1997). Engineering swimwear. J. Textile Inst., 88, 32–36. 10.1080/00405009708658585 .
8. 8. Epps, H. H. (1987). Degradation of Swimwear Fabrics: Effects of Light, Sea Water and Chlorine. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Vol 5, Issue 2, doi.org/10.1177/0887302X8700500205.

9. 9. Falcone L., N. G. (2010). Analysis of high-level swim performance in relationship with the introduction of new race swimsuits. Sport Sci Rev. , XIX, 177–186. 10.2478/v10237-011-0011-1 .
10. 10. I Lenfeldova, L. H. (2016). Thermal comfort of diving dry suit with the use of the warp-knitted fabric. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering.
11. 11. Issurin, V. I.-V.-V. (2014). Effect of high-tech swimsuits on the swimming performance in top-level swimmers. J. Sports. Med. Phys. Fitness 54, 383–388.
12. 12. J., C. (2011). The fastskin revolution from human fish to swimming androids. . Cult. Unbound J. Curr. Cult. Res., 3, 71–82. 10.3384/cu.2000.1525.11371 .
13. 13. Jaeho Huh, J. P. (2017). Performance and functional evaluation of diving suits. Textile Technology and Industry.
14. 14. Jane Saycell, M. L. (2018). Scientific rationale for changing lower water temperature limits for triathlon racing to 12°C with wetsuits and 16°C without wetsuits. British Journal of Sports Medicine .
15. 15. Ji-Woo Kim, Y.-S. K. (2019). A study on the differences in diving suit selection characteristics, demographic characteristics and purchasing behaviors according to lifestyle factors. Journal of the Korean Clothing Industry Association.
16. 16. Jonathan Brown, J. O. (2019). Hollow-microsphere composite offers depth-independent superior thermal insulation for diver suits. Materials Research Express.
17. 17. Joseph C. Mollendorf, A. C. (2004). Effect of swim suit design on passive drag. Medicine And Science In Sports And Exercise.
18. 18. Kainuma E., W. M.-M. (2009). Proposal of alternative mechanism responsible for the function of high-speed swimsuits. Biomed. Res., 30, 69–70. 10.2220/biomedres.30.69 .
19. 19. Kim Hyo Sook, C. I.-S. (2020). Analysis of trends in diving suits for development of technical diving suits - with focus on wet and semi-dry types -. Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association.
20. 20. L Cordain, R. K. (1991). Wetsuits, body density and swimming performance. British Journal Of Sports Medicine.
21. 21. Luis J. Corona, G. H. (2017). Characterisation of regional skin temperatures in recreational surfers wearing a 2-mm wetsuit. Ergonomics.
22. 22. M.Tomikawaa, Y. (2008). Factors related to the advantageous effects of wearing a wetsuit during swimming at different submaximal velocity in triathletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.
23. 23. Marinho D. A., M. V.-B. (2012). Effect of wearing a swimsuit on hydrodynamic drag of swimmer. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 55, 851–856. 10.1590/S1516-89132012000600007 .
24. 24. Martin, S. L. (2020). Building and Testing an Incompressible Thermally Insulating Cold Temperature Diving Wetsuit. DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER.
25. 25. Maryam Naebe, N. R. (2013). Assessment of performance properties of wetsuits. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology.
26. 26. Matsunami, M. a. (2008). Trend to swimsuit choices of male swimmers in the competition from 2001 to 2007. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. , 40:S398. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000322698.16421.93.
27. 27. Moria H., C. H. (2011). Aero/hydrodynamic study of speedo LZR, TYR sayonara and blueseventy Pointzero3 swimsuits. Jordan J. Mech. Ind. Eng., 5, 83–88.
28. 28. Moria H., C. H. (2011). Microstructures and aerodynamics of commercial swimsuits. Proc. Eng. , 13, 389–394. 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.05.103 .
29. 29. Oeffner, J. a. (2012). The hydrodynamic function of shark skin and two biomimetic applications. J. Exp. Biol. 215, 785–795. doi: 10.1242/jeb.063040.
30. 30. Perrier, D. ,. (2001). Wetsuits and performance: Influence of technical abilities. Wetsuits and performance: Influence of technical abilities.
31. 31. Perrier, D. ,. (2004). Triathlon Wet Suit and technical parameters at the start and and of a 1500-m swim. Journal of Applied Biomechanics.
32. 32. Quagliarotti, C. ,. (2021). Wetsuit use during open water swimming. does it "suit" everybody? A narrative review. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance.
33. 33. R., S. (2012). Olympic swimming gold: The suit or the swimmer in the suit? . Significance , 9, 13–17. 10.1111/j.1740-9713.2012.00553.x .
34. 34. Ricardo Dantas de Lucas, P. B. (2000). The effects of wet suits on physiological and biomechanical indices during swimming. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport.
35. 35. Riera, F., Hoyt, R., Xu, X., Melin, B., Regnard, J., & Bourdon, L. (2014). Thermal and Metabolic Responses of Military Divers During a 6-Hour Static Dive in Cold Water. Aerospace Medical Association.
36. 36. Roberts B. S., K. K. (2003). Effect of a FastSkin suit on submaximal freestyle swimming. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. , 35. 519–524. 10.1249/01.MSS.0000053699.91683.
37. 37. Rodrigo Zacca, B. M.-B. (2021). Case Study: Comparison of Swimsuits and Wetsuits Through Biomechanics and Energetics in Elite Female Open Water Swimmers. in International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance.
38. 38. Rusoke-Dierich, O. (2018). Basic Diving Equipment. Diving Medicine.
39. 39. Senem Kursun, G. O. (2010). An Investigation of UV Protection of Swimwear Fabrics. Textile Research Journal, doi.org/10.1177/0040517510369401. Spyridon Rois, E. Z. (2021). Thermoregulatory responses during prolonged swimming with a Wetsuit at 25 °C. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport.
40. 40. Steven M. Barsky, D. L. (2006). Dry Suit Diving.
41. 41. Szymski, R. S. (2020). Scuba Diving. Injury and Health Risk Management in Sports.
42. 42. Tadashi Ohsawa, M. M. (1979). A study of composite foams for diving suits subjected to high hydrostatic pressure. Journal Of Applied Polymer Science.
43. 43. Toussaint, H. M. (1989). Effect of a triathlon wet suit on drag during swimming. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 21,, 325–328. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198906000-00017.
44. 44. Van Geer E., M. J.-C. (2012). Comparing swimsuits in 3D. . Work 41, , 4025–4030. 10.3233/WOR-2012-0066-4025. .