Salgın Hastalık Sürecinde Tüketicilerin Çevrim İçi Satın Alma Niyetleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Öz

Pandemi dönemi ile birlikte tüketicilerin sosyal yaşamlarında ve tüketim alışkanlıklarındaki değişiklikler nedeniyle çevrimiçi satın alma niyet ve davranışlarında farklılıklar yaşanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, pandemi döneminde tüketicilerin çevrimiçi alışveriş tutumlarındaki değişiklikleri anlamak ve çevrimiçi satın alma niyetini sağlayacak bir model elde etmektir. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, Ankara’da yaşayan farklı yaş gruplarından 329 tüketiciye uygulanan dijital anket ile gerçekleştirilmiş ve elde edilen bulgular SPSS 25.0 paket programı ile analiz edilerek yorumlanmıştır. Bu süreçte tüketicilerin çevrimiçi satın alma niyetlerinin önemli ölçüde değiştiği ve ürün yelpazesi, kullanım kolaylığı, memnuniyet, deneyim ve yeniliğin tüketicilerin çevrimiçi satın alma niyetlerini olumlu yönde etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda pandemi döneminden sonra dijital girişimcilere dijital pazarda daha etkin çalışmaları için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Salgın hastalık
• Çevrim İçi Satın Alma Davranışı
• Çevrim İçi Satın Alma Niyeti

A Research on Consumer Online Purchasing Intentions in the Pandemic Disease Period

Öz

With the pandemic period, there have been differences in online purchasing intention and behavior due to changes in consumers’ social lives and consumption habits. The main purpose of this study is to understand the changes in the online shopping attitudes of consumers during the pandemic period and to obtain a model that will provide the intention to purchase online. The data obtained in the study were carried out with a digital questionnaire applied to 329 consumers from different age groups living in Ankara, and the findings obtained were analyzed and interpreted with the SPSS 25.0 package program. In this period, it was determined that consumers’ online purchase intentions changed significantly, and product range, ease of use, satisfaction, experience, and innovation positively affected consumers’ online purchasing intentions. In this context, suggestions were made to digital entrepreneurs to work more effectively in the digital market after the pandemic period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Pandemic
• Online Purchase Behavior
• Online Purchase Intention

Kaynakça

1. Ahuja, M., Babita G. and Pushkala R. (2003). “An Empirical Investigation of Online Consumer Purchasing Behavior”, Communications of the ACM, 46(12), 145-151.
2. Akhter, H. S. (2012). “Who Spends More Online? The Influence of Time, Usage Variety, and Privacy Concern on Online Spending”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19(1), 109–115.
3. Alatawy, K. (2018). “From Offline to Online: Do Saudis Change Their Information Search Behavior?”, 15-27.
4. Alcanız B., Ruiz M.C., Aldas M.J. and Sanz B.S. (2008). “Influence of Online Shopping Information Dependency and Innovativeness on Internet Shopping Adoption”, Online Information Review, 32(5), 648-667.
5. Alghaith, W., Sanzogni, L. and Sandhu, K. (2010). Factors Influencing the Adoption and Usage of Online Services in Saudi Arabia. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 40, 1, 1-32.
6. Al-Maghrabi, T. and Dennis, C. (2011). What Drives Consumers’ Continuance Intention to Shopping ? Conceptual Framework and Management Implications in The Case of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 39(12), 899-926.
7. Al-Mowalad, A. and Putit, L. (2012). Factors That Influence Saudi Consumers’ Behavior to Online Purchase. International Conference on Management, Behavioral Sciences and Economics Issues, 2(3), 13-18.
8. Ariff, M., Yan, N., Zakuan, N., Rahim, K. A. and İsmail, K. (2013). “Online Purchasing Behavior of Malaysia’s Young Consumers”, Recent Trends in Social and Behavior Sciences, Proceedings of The International Congress on Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Sciences, 167-173.

9. Armstrong, G. and Kotler, P. (2000). Marketing 5th edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 153-157.
10. Barbonis, P. A. and Laspita, S. (2005). Some Factors Influencing Adoption of E-Commerce in Greece. Engineering Management Conference. Proceedings. IEEE International.
11. Başev, E.S. (2014). “Online Buying Behavior of Turkish Consumer: An Exploratory Study on Hepsiburada.Com”. Global Media Journal, 5(9), 97–132.
12. Baubonienė Z. and Gulevičiūtė, G. (2015). E-Commerce Factors Influencing Consumers’ Online Shopping Decision, Social Technologies. 2015, 5(1): 74–81.
13. Baytekin, P. (2005). “From Total Satisfaction to Customer Satisfaction to Customer Loyalty” New Thoughts Magazine, Year 1, Issue 1, 41-52.
14. Belanche, D., Casalo, L.V. and Guınalıu, M. (2012). “Website Usability, Consumer Satisfaction and The Intention to Use a website: The Moderating Effect of Perceived Risk”, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19: 124–132.
15. Bohn, L. (2005). A Cross-Cultural Study of E-Commerce- Exploring Factors That Influence Individuals to Buy. Boldrin M, Levine DK (2002) Factor Saving Innovation. University of Minnesota and UCLA 105(1), 18–41.
16. Brosdahl, D. and Almousa, M. (2013). Risk Perception and Internet Shopping: Comparing United States and Saudi Arabia Consumers. Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 13(2), 1-17.
17. Bruseke, L. (2016). The Influence of Privacy Perceptions on Online. 7th IBA Bachelor Thesis Conference.
18. Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Data Analysis Handbook for Social Sciences], Pegema Publishing] 45.
19. Çakıroğlu K.I, Pirtini S and Çengel Ö. (2020). A Conceptual Study on the Changing Trend of Consumer Behaviors in Terms of Lifestyle in the Covid-19 Process and Post-Pandemic Period. Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences Covid-19 Special Issue ,19 (37): 81-103.
20. Chang, M., K., Cheung, W. and Lai, V., S. (2005). “Literature Derived Reference Models for The Adoption of Online Shopping”. Information and Management, 42(4), 543-559. doi: 10.1016/j.im.2004.02.006.
21. Chauhan, V. and Shah, M. (2020). “An Empirical Analysis into Sentiments, Media Consumption Habits, and Consumer Behavior During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak”. Purakala UGC Care Journal, 31(15), 353-378.10.13140/RG.2.2.32269.15846.
22. Chen, Y. G., Zhang, W.Y., Yang, S. Q., Wang, Z. J., and Chen, S.F. (2014). Referral Service and Customer Incentive in Online Retail Supply Chain. Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 12, 261-269.
23. Chinho Lin W.L. (2014). "Factors Affecting Online Repurchase Intention", Industrial Management and Data Systems, Vol. 114 Iss 4, 597 – 611.
24. Chiu, C.M., Lin, H.Y., Sun, S.Y. and Hsu, M.H. (2009). “Understanding Customers’ Loyalty Intentions Towards Online Shopping: An Integration of Technology Acceptance Model and Fairness Theory”, Behavior and Information Technology, Vol. 28 No. 4, 347-360.
25. Constantınıdes E. (2004). “Influencing the Online Consumer’s Behavior: The Web Experience”, 14(2): 111-126.
26. Cowart, K.O., G.L. Fox and A.E. Wilson (2008). A Structural Look at Consumer Innovativeness and Self‐Congruence in New Product Purchases. Psychology and Marketing, 25(12), 1111-1130.
27. Criteo (2020). 5 Ways The Coronavirus is Affecting Consumer Behavior. https://www.criteo.com/insights/coronavirusconsumer- Accessed on 13 April 2020.
28. Danışmaz, A.T., (2020). “The Effect of the Covid-19 Epidemic on Consumers' Online Shopping Preferences”, Social Sciences Research Journal, 9 (2), 83-90.
29. Davis, F.D. (1989). "Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology", MIS Quarterly 13(3), 319–340.
30. Delello, J., A. and McWhorter, R.R. (2017). “Reducing The Digital Divide: Connecting Older Adults to Ipad Technology”. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 36(1), 3-28.
31. Dhanapal, S., Vashu, D. and Subramaniam, T. (2015). “Perceptions on The Challenges of Online Purchasing: A Study from Baby Boomers, Generation X And Generation Y's Point Of Views”. SSRN Electronic Journal, 60(1),107-132,10.2139/ssrn.2550117.
32. Dincer, C. and Dincer B. (2015). Key Factors of Online Customer Satisfaction. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(7), 97-111.
33. Dorie, A. and Loranger, D. (2020). “The Multi-Generation: Generational Differences in Channel Activity”. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 48(4), 395–416. 10.1108/IJRDM-06-2019-0196.
34. Durmuş B., Yurtkoru S., and Çinko M. (2016). Data Analysis with SPSS in Social Sciences 6th Edition Istanbul: Beta Publishing.
35. Eid, M. (2011). Determinants of E-Commerce Customer Satisfaction, Trust, And Loyalty in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 12(1), 78-93.
36. El Ahmar, Oatley, G. and Tantawi, P. (2016). Government Regulations and Online Shopping Behavior: An Exploratory Study on Egyptian Online Shopping Consumers. The Business and Management Review Volume 7 Number 2, February.
37. Elavarasan, R.M. and Pugazhendhi, R., (2020). “Restructured Society and Environment: A Review on Potential Technological Strategies to Control The COVID-19 Pandemic”, Science of The Total Environment 725, 138858, 1-18.
38. Eliot, S. (2002). Electronic Commerce: B2c Strategies and Models. European Journal of Information Systems, 352.
39. Enberg, J. (2020). Covid-19 Concerns may Boost Ecommerce as Consumers Avoid Stores. https://www.emarketer.com/content/coronavirus-covid19-boost-ecommerce-stores-amazon-retail. Accessed on 08 January 2021.
40. Engel, J. F., Kollat, D. T. and Blackwell, R. D. (1968). Consumer Behavior. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
41. FinTech Istanbul. (2020). During The Pandemic Period, 5 million Cards Met The "Internet". https://fintechistanbul.org/2020/05/13/pandemi-doneminde-5-milyon-kart-internet-ile-tanisti/.
42. Ganesh, J., K.E. Reynolds, M. Luckett and N. Pomirleanu (2010). “Online Shopper Motivations, and e-Store Attributes: An Examination of Online Patronage Behavior and Shopper Typologies,” Journal of Retailing, 86 (1), 106–15.
43. George, F. J. (2002). “Influences on the Internet to Make Internet Purchases”, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, 12(2), 165-180.
44. George, J., F. (2004). The Theory of Planned Behavior and Internet Purchasing. Internet Research, 14(3), 198-212. Ghosh, M. (2020). “Digital Disruptions and The Elderly – Strategic Adoptions for Marketers”, Strategic Direction, 36(5), 1-3.https://doi.org/10.1108/SD-10-2019-0208
45. Goby, V.P. (2006). Online Purchases in an Info Com Sophisticated Society, Cyber Psychology and Behavior, (9:4), 423-431.
46. Goddard, E. (2020). “The impact of COVID‐19 on food retail and food service in Canada: Preliminary assessment”, Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie, 1-5.
47. Gültaş, P. and Yıldırım Y. (2016). “Demographic Factors Affecting Consumer Behavior in Online Shopping”, Journal of Dicle University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 6(10), 32-50.
48. Haas, A. and Kenning, P. (2014). Utilitarian and Hedonic Motivators of Shoppers’ Decision to Consult with Salespeople. Journal of Retailing, 90(3), 428-441.
49. Hand, C., Riley, F.D., Harris, P., Singh, J. and Rettie, R. (2009). "Online Grocery Shopping: The Influence of Situational Factors", European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 43 Iss 9/10, 1205 – 1219.
50. Hao Sun, and Shin Hye Won. (2001). Clothing Shopping Behavior, Attitudes and Characteristics of Internet Clothing Buyers. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 25 (1), 71-82.
51. He, H., and Harris, L., (2020). “The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Corporate Social Responsibility and Marketing Philosophy”, Journal of Business Research 116, 176-182.
52. Heinrichs, J., Al-Aali, A., Lim, J. and Lim, K. (2016). Gender-Moderating Effect in E-Shopping Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Study of The United States and Saudi Arabia. Journal of Global Marketing, 29(2), 85-97.
53. Henrichs, R.B. (1995). Factors That Impact Consumer Adoption of Innovative Technological Services Over Time: The Case of The Internet.
54. Hernandez, B., Jimenez, J. and Martin, M. J. (2009). “The Impact of Self-Efficacy, Ease of Use and Usefulness on E-Purchasing: An Analysis of Experienced E-Shoppers”, Interacting with Computers, Vol. 21 Nos 1-2, 146-56.
55. Hoda, N., Ahmad, A. and Melibari, A. (2014). Analysis of Demographic Factors, Internet Usage and Online Shopping for Social Media Users in Saudi Arabia.
56. Hoffman, D.L., and Novak, T.P. (1996). Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 50-68.
57. Hohenschon, J.K. (2013). Old Times Ahead: The Dawn of the Ageing Consumer. Maastricht: Universitaire Pers Maastricht.
58. Hsu, M., Yen, C., Chiu, C. and Chang, C. (2006). “A Longitudinal Investigation of Continued Online Shopping Behavior: An Extension of The Theory of Planned Behavior”, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 64 No. 9, 889-904.
59. Interbank Card Center, (2020). https://bkm.com.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2020/01/bkm_nisan_aylik_bb.pdf. Accessed on 11 February 2021.
60. İpsos, Household Consumption Panel (2020). https://www.ipsos.com/tr-tr. Accessed on 21 April 2020.
61. İşler, B.D., Derya, Y. and Erdogan, G. (2014). “A Situation Evaluation of Factors Affecting Online Consumer Purchasing Behaviors: An Application in Isparta”, International Alanya Business Faculty Journal, 6(3), 77-94.
62. Jarvenpaa, S.L. Sirrka and P.A. Todd. 1996. Consumer Reactions to Electronic Shopping on the World Wide Web. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. 1(2):59-88.
63. Kanjer, H., and Bhatia, S. (2018). Impact of Online Shopping Expertise on Consumers' Online Shopping Behavior. Sansmaran Research Journal, 1-7.
64. Karakaya, F. and Charlton, E.T. (2001). "Electronic Commerce: Current and Future Practices", Managerial Finance, Vol. 27 No. 7, 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350110767286.
65. Kaya, S. (2018). “Turkey's Consumption Function: Time Series Analysis with Structural Breaks (1998-2016)”, Journal of Economic Policy Studies, 5(1), 1–34.
66. Kesbiç, C.Y. and Tandoğan, A. (2016). “Consumption Expenditures and Income-Expenditure Analysis of Greater Manisa Province Households: Manisa Province Consumer Profile”, Financial Political and Economic Comments, 53(616), 23-38.
67. Khalifa, M., and Liu, V. (2007). Online Consumer Retention: Contingent Effects of Online Shopping Habit and Online Shopping Experience. European Journal of Information Systems, 16(6), 780-792.
68. Kim, C., M. Mirusmonov and Lee I. (2010). An Empirical Examination of Factors Influencing the Intention to Use Mobile Payment. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 310-322.
69. Knotek II, E.S., Schoenle, R., Dietrich, A., Kuester, K., Müller, G., Myrseth, K.O.R., and Weber, M., (2020). “Consumers and COVID-19: A Real-Time Survey”, Economic Commentary, (2020-08), 1-6.
70. Kotler, P. and Keller, K. L. (2006), Marketing Management, NJ.
71. KPMG, (2017), “The Facts About Internet Consumers: 2017 Global Internet Consumers Survey”, https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/pdf/2017/07/the-truth-about-online-consumers.pdf. Accessed on 24.06.2020.
72. Kurtuluş, K. (2010). Research Methods. Istanbul: Turkmen Bookstore.
73. Ladhari, R., Gonthier, J. and Lajante, M. (2019). “Generation Y and Online Fashion Shopping: Orientations and Profiles”. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 48, 113–121. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.02.003.
74. Ledesma, M. (2020). Consumer Spending Habits Shift in Response to New Norms. https://insights.digitalmediasolutions.com/articles/consumer-spending-covid19.
75. Lee, G. G. and Lin, H. F. (2005). “Customer Perceptions of E-Service Quality in Online Shopping”, International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 33 No. 2, 161-175.
76. Lee, H., J. and Lyu, J. (2019). “Exploring Factors Which Motivate Older Consumers’ Self-Service Technologies (Ssts) Adoption”, The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 29(2), 218-239, DOI: 10.1080/09593969.2019.1575261.
77. Lee, Hyo - Gon, and Kim Tae - In. (2010). An Empirical Study on Electronic Trade Usage and Performance of Chinese SMEs. e-business research, 11 (2), 363-389.
78. Levy, M., Weıtz, B.A. and Grewal, D. (2001). Retailing Management, 9th Edition, New York: Mc Graw Hill Irwin.
79. Li, H. and Liu, Y. (2014). Understanding Post-Adoption Behaviors of E-Service Users in The Context of Online Travel Services. Information and Management, 51(8), 1043-1052.
80. Li, H., Cheng K. and Martha G.R. (1999). “The Impact of Perceived Channel Utilities, Shopping Orientations, and Demographics on the Consumer’s Online Buying Behavior”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 5(2).
81. Li, Na and Ping Zhang (2002). “Consumer Online Shopping Attitudes and Behavior: An Assessment of Research”, Eighth Americas Conference on Information Systems Proceedings, 508-517.
82. Liang, T.-P. and Huang, J.-S. (1998). “An Empirical Study on Consumer Acceptance of Products in Electronic Markets: A Transaction Cost Model”, Decision Support Systems, Vol. 24 No. 1, 29-43.
83. Lim H, Dubinsky AJ., (2004). Consumers Perceptions of E-Shopping Characteristics: An Expectancy-Value Approach. J Serv Mark;18(7):500–13.
84. Limayem, M., M. Khalifa and A. Frini (2000). What Makes Consumers Buy from Internet? A Longitudinal Study of Online Shopping. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, 30(4), 421-432.
85. Lin, Hsiu-Fen (2007). “Predicting Consumer Intentions to Shop Online: An Empirical Test of Competing Theories”, Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 6(4), 433-442.
86. Liu, X., Xiao, W., and Huang, X. (2008). Bounded Entrepreneurship and Internationalization of Indigenous Chinese Private-Owned Firms. International Business Review, 17(4), 488508.
87. Malik G. and Guptha A. (2013). An Empirical Study on Behavioral Intent of Consumers in Online Shopping. Business Perspectives and Research, July-December, 13-28.
88. Martín, H.S., and Herrero, A. (2012). Influence of The User's Psychological Factors on The Online Purchase Intention in Rural Tourism: Integrating Innovativeness to The UTAUT Framework. Tourism Management, 33, 341–350.
89. Naseri, B.M. and Elliott, G., (2011). “Role of Demographics, Social Connectedness and Prior Internet Experience in Adoption of Online Shopping: Applications for Direct Marketing”, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, 19(2), 69-84.
90. Nielsen Turkey E-Commerce Report, (2019). https://www.optimisthub.com/nielsen-2019-e-ticaret-raporu.html. Accessed on 19 June 2020.
91. Ofwona, C.A. (2013). “An Estimation of the Consumption Function for Kenya Using Keynes’ Absolute Income Hypothesis for the Period 1992-2011”, Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 4(1), 103–105.
92. Oh H.J., Yoon Y.S. and Lee K.Y. (2006). A Study on Influencing Factors on Online Trust and Purchase Intention. Industrial Economics Research, 19 (1), 205-224.
93. Özgüven, N. (2011a). “Analysis of The Relationship Between Perceived Security and Customer Trust and Loyalty in Online Shopping”, Chinese Business Review, Vol. 10 No. 11, 990-997.
94. Özgüven, N., (2011b). “Analysis of The Relationship Between Consumers' Attitudes Towards Online Shopping and Demographic Characteristics”, Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Journal of Social and Economic Research, 13(21), 47-54.
95. Özhan, S. and Altuğ N. (2015). “The Effects of Consumers' Demographic Characteristics on Online Shopping Behaviors”, Ege Academic Perspective, 15(4), 481-493.
96. Pappas N. (2017). "The Complexity of Purchasing Intentions in Peer-To-Peer Accommodation", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol. 29 Issue: 9, 2302-2321.
97. Pappas, I.O., Pateli, A.G., Giannakos, M.N., and Chrissikopoulos, V. (2014). Moderating Effects of Online Shopping Experience on Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intentions. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 42(3), 187-204.
98. Pereira, H. G., Salgueiro M.F. and P. Rita P. (2017). Online Determinants of E-Customer Satisfaction: Application to Website Purchases in Tourism. Service Business, 11(2), 375- 403.
99. Perreau, F. (2014). The Consumer Factor. The Consumer Buying Decision Process. http://theconsumerfactor.com/en/5-stages-consumer-buying-decisionprocess/ Accessed on 29 December 2019.
100. Prasad, C.J.S. and Aryasri, A.R. (2009), “Determinants of Shopper Behavior in E-Tailing: An Empirical Analysis”, Paradigm, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 73-83
101. Quinn C., (1999). How Leading-Edge Companies are Marketing, Selling, And Fulfilling Over the Internet. Journal of Interactive Marketing; 13 (Autumn): 39-50.
102. Rajagopalan, B., Hillison, D., Calantone, R. and Sambamurthy, V. (2010). Diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies: A Take-off Analysis. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 5(4), 329-347.
103. Rambo, K., Liu, K. and Nakata, K. (2009). The Socio-Cultural Factors Influencing Online Female Consumers in Saudi Arabia. Computational Science and Engineering, 2(1), 15-18.
104. Raza, M.A., Ahad, M.A., Shafqat, M.A., Aurangzaib, M., and Rizwan, M. (2014). The Determinants of Purchase Intention towards Counterfeit Mobile Phones in Pakistan. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4(3), 1–19.
105. Roehrich, G. (2004). Consumer Innovativeness: Concepts and Measurements. Journal of business research, 57(6), 671-677.
106. Salari, N. and Shiu E. (2015). Establishing a Culturally Transferrable Consumer Innovativeness Scale for Radical and Really New Innovations in New Markets. Journal of Marketing Analytics, 3(2), 47-68.
107. Saleh, M. (2015). Assessing the consumers’ propensity for online shopping: a demographic perspective. The journal of American academy of business, 21(1), 186-194.
108. Saydan, R. (2008). Consumers' Perceptions of Risk and Benefit for Online Shopping: Comparison of Traditional and Online Consumers. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences. Winter-2008, (7:23), 386-402.
109. Seock, Y.-K., and Norton, M. (2007). Attitude toward Internet Web Sites, Online Information Search, and Channel Choices for Purchasing. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 11(4),571-586. https://doi.org/10.1108/13612020710824616.
110. Shaikh, A. (2020). “Effective Factors in Changing the Buying Behavior of Consumer Due to Covid-19”, Studies in Indian Place Names, 40 (68), 408-414.
111. Sim, Loo Lee and Sze Miang Koi (2002), “Singapore’s Internet Shoppers and Their Impact on Traditional Shopping Patterns,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 9 (2), 115–24.
112. Singh, S. (2014), “Consumer Expenditure Behaviour of Households in Rural Haryana: A Decadal Analysis”, IITM Journal of Management and IT, 5(2), 12–20.
113. Sorce, P., Perotti, V. and Widrick, S. (2005). Attitude And Age Differences in Online Buying. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 33(2), 122-132.
114. Stanciu, S., Radu, R.I., Sapira, V., and Dumitrache, B. (2020). “Consumer Behavior in Crisis Situations- Research on the Effects of COVID-19 in Romania”, Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, 5-13.
115. Statista, Consumption Report (2020a). https://www.statista.com/statistics/1108088/products-and-services-people-spend-more-ondue-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/ Accessed on 20 May 2020.
116. Statista, Perishable Food Consumption Report (2020b). https://www.statista.com/chart/21109/sales-growth-of-non-perishablefood- Accessed on 21 May 2020.
117. Talja, S., and Lloyd, A. (2010). Integrating Theories of Learning, Literacies and Information Practices. In A. A. Lloyd and S. Talja (Eds.), Practicing Information Literacy: Bringing Theories of Learning, Practice and Information Literacy Together, 11-19.
118. Tarı, R. and Calışkan S. (2005), “Analysis of Consumption Income Hypotheses in Kocaeli Province”, Atatürk University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 19(2), 1–19.
119. Teo, T. (2002). “Attitudes toward Online Shopping and the Internet”. Behavior and Information Technology, 21(4), 259- 271.
120. Thamizhvanan, A. and Xavier, M. (2013). “Determinants of Customers' Online Purchase Intention: An Empirical Study in India”, Journal of Indian Business Research, 5 (1), 17-32.
121. Tirtiroglu, E., and Elbeck, M. (2008). Qualifying Purchase Intentions Using Queuing Theory. Journal of Applied Quantitative Method, 3(2), 167–178.
122. Tubisad.org.tr. Access address: http://www.tubisad.org.tr/tr/bilgi-bankasi/sunumlar-liste/TUBISAD-Raporlar/40/0/0. Accessed on 21 May 2020.
123. Tuik, General Population Census 2020, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklere-Genclik-2020-37242. Accessed on 20 May 2020.
124. Tuik.gov.tr. Access address: http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=kategorist. Accessed on 21 May 2021.
125. Udo, G. J. (2001). Privacy and Security Concerns as Major Barriers For E-Commerce: A Survey Study. Information Management and Computer Security, 9(4), 165-174.
126. Venkatesh, V. and Morris, M.G. (2000). “Why Don’t Men Ever Stop to Ask for Directions? Gender, Social Influence, and Their Role in Technology Acceptance and Usage Behavior”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 24 No. 1, 115-139.
127. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M.G., Davis, G.B. and Davis, F.D. (2003). “User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward A Unified View”, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 27 No. 3, 425-478.
128. Vijayasarathy, L.R. (2004). Predicting Consumer Intentions to Use Online Shopping: The Case For An Augmented Technology Acceptance Model. Information and Management, (41), 747-762.
129. Vincent, E. (2016). 5 Reasons Many Seniors are Afraid of The Internet (And What You Can Do to Help). https://blog.emsisoft.com/2016/04/21/5-reasons-many-seniors-are-afraid-of-theinternet-and-what-you-can-do-to-help/. Accessed on 11 April 2020.
130. Wang, Y. and H. Cho. (2012). The Effect of Fashion Innovativeness on Consumer's Online Apparel Customization. International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online), 5(2), 263.
131. Wu, Shwu-Ing (2003). The Relationship Between Consumer Characteristics and Attitude toward Online Shopping, Marketing Intelligence and Planning; 21(1), 3.
132. Wu, W.-Y., and Ke, C.-C. (2015). An Online Shopping Behavior Model Integrating Personality Traits, Perceived Risk, and Technology Acceptance. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43(1), 85-98.
133. Yaraş, E., Meltem Y. Ö. and Duygu A.Ü. (2017). “Factors Affecting Consumers’ Intention to Purchase Online”, Journal of Internet Applications and Management, 8(2), 63-74.
134. Yoon, C. and Cole, C. A. (2008). “Aging and Consumer Behavior”. In C. P. Haugtvedt, P. M. Herr, and F. R. Kardes (Eds.), Marketing and consumer psychology series: 4. Handbook of consumer psychology (p. 247–270). Taylor and Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.