ULUSLARARASI ÜRÜN YAŞAM EĞRİSİ TEORİSİNİN GEÇERLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 24, 435 - 452, 01.12.2019

Bahtışen Kavak Berkan Başoğlu Niray Tunçel Erman Çolak

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı, yeni bir ürünün üretimi ve ülkeler arası geçiş sürecini açıklamada önemli bir rol oynayan Uluslararası Ürün Yaşam Eğrisi UÜYE teorisinin günümüzdeki geçerliliğini incelemektir. Bu amaçla, UÜYE teorisinin doğruluğunu etkileyebilecek gelişmeler belirlenmiş ve bu gelişmelerin söz konusu teorinin varsayımlarını ne derecede etkilediği tartışılmıştır. Teoriyi etkileyebilecek gelişmeler bilgi çağında yaşanması, taşıma maliyetlerindeki değişim, politik etkiler, teknoloji, teknik bilgi ve beceri transferi, ABD’de yaşanan ekonomik krizler ve diğer ülkelerde AR-GE faaliyetlerinin yaygınlaşması, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve taklit ürünlerin üretimi olarak belirlenmiştir. Yapılan inceleme ile her ne kadar bir öğretim aracı olarak kullanılsa da UÜYE teorisinin günümüz koşullarında genel-geçer olma özelliğini yitirdiği söylenebilir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Uluslararası ürün yaşam eğrisi teorisi, uluslararası pazarlama, uluslararası ticaret

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE VALIDITY OF INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE THEORY

Öz

The aim of the study is to address the validity of International Product Life Cycle IPLC , which plays a significant role on explaining the production of a new product and its intercountry transition. For this purpose, the current factors that affect the accuracy of IPLC are determined as information age, decrease in shipping cost, political effects, technology and know-how transfer, economic crises in USA, increase in R&D studies in other countries, foreign direct investments FDI and the production ability of counterfeit products. The actuality of IPLC is examined theoretically, in the frame of those effects. As a result, it can be stated that IPLC is not considered to be a de facto theory in today’s world

Anahtar Kelimeler

International product life cycle, international marketing, international trade

Kaynakça

• Asandului, L. ve Baciu, L. (2010). A Comparative Analysis of Research – Development and Innovation Activities in Romania. Scientific Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi: Economic Sciences Series, 57. 209-222.
• Au, K. F. ve Wong, M. C. (2007). Textile and Clothing Exports of Developed & Developing Countries: An Analysis Under the Restrictive Trade Regim. Journal of The Textile Institute, 98(3): 471-478.
• Ayal, I. (1981). International Product Life Cycle: A Reassessment and Product Policy Implications. Journal of Marketing, 45(4): 91-96.
• Bass, F. M. (1969). A New Product Growth for Model Consumer Durables. Management Science, 15(5): 215-227.
• Blanchard, J-M. F. ve Ripsman, N. M. (1999). Asking the Right Question: When Do Economic Sanctions Work Best?. Security Studies, 9(1-2): 219-253.
• Blodget, H. (2012). This Article Explains Why Apple Makes iPhones in China and Why the US is Screwed, Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider. com/you-simply-must-read-this-article-that-explains-why-apple-makes- iphones-in-china-and-why-the-us-is-screwed-2012-1 19.02.2018). (Erişim tarihi
• Blomström, M. ve Kokko, A. (1998). Multinational Corporations and Spillovers. Journal of Economic Surveys, 12(2): 1-31.
• Borrus, M., Tyson, L. D. A., ve Zysman, J. (1986). Creating Advantage: How Government Policies Shape International Trade in the Semiconductor Industry. Krugman P.R. (Der): Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics. Cambridge, MIT Press: 99-114.
• Burstall, R.M., Leaver, R.A. ve Sussams, J.E. (1962). Evaluation of Transport Costs for Alternative Factory Sites -- A Case Study. Operational Research Society, 13(4): 345-354.
• Chakraborty, G., Allred, A., Sukhdial, A. S. ve Bristol, T. (1997). Use of Negative Cues to Reduce Demand for Counterfeit Products. Advances in Consumer Research, 24: 345-349.
• Day, G. S. (2011). Closing the Marketing Capabilities Gap. Journal of Marketing, 75(4): 183-195.
• Delener, N. (2000). International Counterfeit Marketing: Success Without Risk. Review of Business, 21(1): 16-20.
• Findlay, R. (1978). Relative Backwardness, Direct Foreign Investment, and the Transfer of Technology: A Simple Dynamic Model. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 92(1): 1-16.
• Gao, Z. ve Tisdell, C. (2005). Foreign Investment and Asia’s, Particularly China’s, Rise in the Television Industry: The International Product Life Cycle Reconsidered. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 6(3): 37-61.
• Gereffi, G. (1999). International Trade and Industrial Upgrading in the Apparel Commodity Chain. Journal of International Economics, 48(1): 37-70.
• Ghadar, F. ve Adler, N. J. (1989). Management Culture and the Accelerated Product Life Cycle. Human Resource Planning, 12(1): 37-42.
• Giddy, I. H. (1978). The Demise of the Product Cycle Model in International Business Theory. Columbia Journal of World Business, 13(1): 90-97.
• Grinin, L., Tsirel, S. ve Korotayev, A. (2015). Will the Explosive Growth of China Continue?. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 95: 294-308.
• Guan, J.C., Mok, C.K., Yam, R.C.M., Chin, K.S. ve Pun, K.F. (2006). Technology Transfer and Innovation Performance: Evidence from Chinese Firms. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 73(6): 666–678.
• Gül, C.B. (2004). Uluslararası Ürün Yaşam Eğrisi Teorisinin Uygulanabilirliğine İlişkin Ampirik Bir Araştırma, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Hoy, H.J. ve Shaw, J. J. (1981). The United States’ Comparative Advantage and It’s Relationship to the Product Life Cycle Theory and the World Gross National Product Market Share. Columbia Journal of World Business, 16(1): 40-50.
• Hummels, D. (1999). Have International Transportation Costs Declined?. University of Chicago, 84-97.
• Jacobs, L. W., Wills, J. R., Coskun Samli, A., ve Bullard, W. R. (1997). Internationalization of Domestic Product Life Cycles: An Exploration of Causality. International Marketing Review, 14(1): 75-87.
• Janelle, D.G. ve Beuthe, M. (1997). Globalization and Research Issues in Transportation. Journal of Transport Geography, 5(3): 199-206.
• Karafakioğlu, M. (2010). Uluslararası Pazarlama Yönetimi. 6. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kavak, B., Eryiğit, C. ve Tektaş, Ö. Ö. (2016). Pazarlamada Ürün: Uygulamalar ve Örnek Olaylar. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
• Kavak, B. ve Gül, C.B. (2005). Uluslararası Ürün Yaşam Eğrisi Teorisinin Varsayımlarının Ampirik Bir İncelemesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(2): 145-164.
• Kumar, V., Kumar, U. ve Persaud, A. (1999). Building Technological Capability Through Importing Technology: The Case of Indonesian Manufacturing Industry. Journal of Technology Transfer, 24(1): 81-96.
• Labrecque, L. I., Esche, J.V.D., Mathwick, C., Novak, T. P. ve Hofacker, C. F. (2013). Consumer Power: Evolution in the Digital Age. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27(4): 257-269.
• Laussel, D. ve Paul, T. (2007). Trade and Location of Industries: Some New Results. Journal of International Economics, 71(1): 148-166.
• Levin, M. (1993). Technology Transfer as a Learning and Development Process: An Analysis of Norwegian Programmes on Technology Transfer. Technovation, 13(8): 497-518.
• Malhotra, N. K., Agarwal, J. ve Ulgado, F. M. (2003). Internationalization and Entry Modes: A Multitheoretical Framework and Research. Journal of International Marketing, 11(4): 1-31.
• Nielsen (2011). State of the Media-Consumer Usage Report, Study Report. http://de.slideshare.net/infopik/stateof-media-consumer-usage-report- nielsen-2011 (Erişim tarihi: 20.02.2018).
• Novy, D. (2013). Gravity Redux: Measuring International Trade Costs with Panel Data. Economic Inquiry, 51(1): 101-121.
• Prater, E. ve Jiang, B. (2008). The Drivers of Foreign R&D Investment in China. Journal of Marketing Channels, 15(2-3): 211-233.
• Scherer, F. M. (1996). Learning, by, Doing and lnternational Trade in Semiconductors. Helmstädter, E. ve Perlman, M. (Der): Behavioral Norms, Technological Progress, and Economic Dynamics: Studies in Schumpeterian Economics. The University of Michigan Press: 247-260.
• Shi, P, Wang, L., Kong, J.J., ve Zhang, B.N. (2007). Chinese Macro- countermeasures to the Continuous Booming of Global Investment on Research and Development. China-USA Business Review, 6(4): 22-27.
• Song, M. ve Parry, M.E. (1997). A Cross-National Comparative Study of New Product Development Processes: Japan and the United States. Journal of Marketing, 61(2): 1-18.
• Ünsar, S. (2007). Uluslararası İşletmelerde Üretim Stratejileri. Journal of Yasar University, 2(7): 695-708.
• Young, S. ve Lan, P. (1997). Technology Transfer to China through Foreign Direct Investment. Regional Studies, 31(7): 669-679.
• Young, S., Huang, C. H. ve McDermott, M. (1996). Internationalization and Competitive Catch-Up Processes: Case Study Evidence on Chinese Multinational Enterprises. Management International Review, 36(4): 295 - 314.
• Vernon, R. (1966), International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80(2): 190-207.
• Vernon, R. (1979). The Product Cycle Hypothesis in A New International Environment. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 41(4): 255-267.
• Vernon, R. (1986). Can U.S. Manufacturing Come Back?. Harvard Business Review, 5: 98-106.
• Wei, S., Xie, Z. ve Zhang, X. (2017). From “Made in China” to “Innovated in China”: Necessity, Prospect, and Challenges. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1): 49-70.
• Wells, L. T. (1968). A Product Life Cycle for International Trade. Journal of Marketing, 32(3): 1-6.
• Zhao, T. (2010). Sanction Experience and Sanction Behavior: An Analysis of Chinese Perception and Behavior on Economic Sanctions. Contemporary Politics, 16(3): 263-278.