BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

DÜZENLİ HAT TAŞIMACILIĞI LINER SEKTÖRÜNDE FİYATLANDIRMA KARARLARI: YAPAY SİNİR AĞLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 21, 125 - 150, 01.06.2018

Öz

Fiyat pazarlama karmasının stratejik bir aracı ve gelir sağlayan tek elemanıdır. Bu nedenle hem stratejik olarak hem de taktiksel olarak firmalar için çok önem arz etmektedir. Bilhassa, düzenli hat taşımacılığı sektörü gibi oligopolistik ve değişken volatil pazarlarda. Buna rağmen, fiyat ve fiyatlandırma hem pazarlama alanında hem de düzenli hat taşımacılığı alanında en çok ihmal edilen konudur. Düzenli hat taşımacılığı liner sektörünün özellikleri düşülürse, öngörülemez dalgalanmaların, yüksek değişkenliğin ve çeşitli değişkenlerin fiyat üzerinde etkisinin olduğu bir ortamda fiyat öngörüsü firmalar için yararlı bir araç olabilir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmanın amacı düzenli hat taşımacılığı liner yapan şirketlerin fiyatlandırma kararları için bir öngörü modeli olan yapay sinir ağı modellemektir. Çalışmanın analizi için öncelikle bir deniz taşımacılığı firmasının yöneticileri ile hem yapılandırılmış hem de yapılandırılmamış mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Ardından, analiz için firma kayıtlarından 62 aylık fiyat verisi temin edilmiştir. Fiyata etki eden diğer değişkenler de finansal veri tabanlarından indirilmiştir. Daha sonra, deneme yanılma yolu ile ağ seçilmiş, eğitilip, test edilmiş ve geçerliliği sınanmıştır. Son olarak, bir sonraki ay ağ tarafından başarıyla tahmin edilmiştir

Kaynakça

  • Avlonitis, G. J. and Indounas, K. A. (2005). Pricing Objectives and Pricing Methods in the Services Sector. Journal of Services Marketing, 19(1), 47-57.
  • Avlonitis, G. J. and Indounas, K. A. (2007). Service Pricing: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 14(1), 83-94.
  • Bennett, N. and Lemoine, J. (2014). What VUCA Really Means for You. Harvard Business Review, 92(1-2), 27
  • Carricano, M., Trinquecoste, J.-F., and Mondejar, J.-A. (2010). The Rise of the Pricing Function: Origins and Perspectives. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(7), 468 - 476.
  • Cavusgil, S. T. (1997). Pricing for Global Markets. The Columbia Journal of World Business, 31(4), 66-78.
  • Coyle, J. J., Novack, R. A., Gibson, B. J., and Bardi, E. J. (2011). Transportation:A Supply Chain Perspective (Seventh Ed.). Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning.
  • Damas, P. (2016). East-West Shippers See First Increase in Contract Rates. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Drewry: https://www.drewry.co.uk/news/ news/east-west-shippers-see-first-increase-in-contract-rates. Access date: April 23, 2017
  • Diamantopoulos, D. (1991). Pricing: Theory and Evidence: A Literature Review. M. Baker, & M. Baker (Eds.) in, Perspectives on Marketing Management (s. 61-193). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Docters, R., Reopel, M., Sun, J., and Tanny, S. (2004). Capturing the Unique Value of Services: Why Pricing of Services is Different. Journal of Business Strategy, 25(2), 23-28.
  • Dolan, R. J. and Gourville, J. T. (2009). Principles of Pricing. Boston: Harvard Business School.
  • Efe, Ö. ve Kaynak, O. (2000). Yapay Sinir Ağları ve Uygulamaları. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayını No: 696.
  • Elmas, Ç. (2003). Yapay Sinir Ağları (Kuram, Mimari, Eğitim, Uygulama), Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Ericsson, R. (2004). Building Business Intelligence Applications with .NET. Massachusets: Charles River Media Inc.
  • Fakhr-Eldin, A. and Notteboom , T. (2012). How are Container Lines Adjusting the Business Model to Cope with Market and Revenue Volatility. IAME- International Association of Maritime Economists Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 5–8 September, 1–17.
  • Ferrell, O. C. and Hartline, M. D. (2011). Marketing Strategy (5th Ed.). Mason, Ohio, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning.
  • Gooijer, J.G. and Hyndman, R.J. (2006). 25 Years of time Series Forecasting. International Journal of Forecasting, 22(3), 443-473.
  • Grammenos, C. (2010). The Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business. London: Lloyd’s List.
  • Guiltinan, J. P. and Paul, G. W. (1991). Marketing Management: Strategies and Programs (Fourth Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hanke, J. E. and Reitsch, A. G. (1998). Business Forecasting (Sixth Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Harper Peterson & Co. (2016). http://www.harperpetersen.com/harpex/harpexVP. do, Access Date:December 22, 2016
  • Haykin, S. (2009). Neural Networks and Learning Machines (Third Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Hill, C. W. (2011). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hinterhuber, A. (2004). Towards Value-Based Pricing—An Integrative Framework for Decision Making. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(8), 765-778.
  • IMF (2016). https://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/External_Data.xls, Access Date: October 5, 2016
  • Indounas, K. (2006). Making Effective Pricing Decisions. Business Horizons, 49(5), 415- 424.
  • Jain, A., Mao, J., and Mohiuddin, K. (1996). Artificial Neural Networks: A Tutorial. Computer, 29(3), 31-44.
  • Kang, S. (1991). An Investigation of the Use of Feedforward Neural Networks for Forecasting. Michigan: UMI.
  • Keegan, W. J. and Green, M. C. (2013). Global Marketing (Seventh Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • Kelly , H., Bengtsson, N., Lin, M., and Baker, J. (2016). Annual Shipping Outlook 2017 . Lloyd’s List Webinar.Access Date: December 1, 2016.
  • Kim, Y.S., Street, N.W., Russell, J.G., and Menczer, F. (2005). Customer Targeting: A Neural Network Approach Guided by Genetic Algorithms. Management Science, 51(2), 264-276.
  • Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2004). Principles of Marketing (Tenth Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Kumar, S. and Hoffmann, J. (2002). Globalisation:The Maritime Nexus. C. T. Grammenos, & C. T. Grammenos (Ed.) in The Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business (2nd Ed.). London: LLP, Informa Professional.
  • Lovelock, C. H. (1996). Services Marketing (Third Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Lovelock, C. and Wright, L. (2002). Principles of Service Marketing and Management (Second Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Lun, Y. V., Lai, K.-H., and Cheng, T. E. (2010). Shipping and Logistics Management. London: Springer.
  • Luo, M., Fan , L., and Liu, L. (2009). An Econometric Analysis for Container Shipping Market . Maritime Policy and Management, 36(6), 507-523.
  • Makridakis, S., Wheelwright, S. C., and Hyndman, R. J. (1998). Forecasting: Methods and Applications (Third Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Malhotra, N. (1996). The Impact of the Academy Of Marketing Science on Marketing Scholarship: An Analysis of the Research Published in JAMS. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(4), 291-298.
  • Monroe, K. (2003). Pricing:Making Profitable Decisions, 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Möller, B. and Reuter, U. (2007). Uncertainty Forecasting in Engineering. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Munim , Z. and Schramm, H. (2016). Forecasting Container Shipping Freight Rates for the Far East–Northern Europe Trade Lane. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 19(1), 1-20.
  • Nagle, T. T. and Holden, R. K. (2002). The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: A Guide to Profitable Decision Making (Third Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education International.
  • Nielsen , P., Jiang , L., Rytter, N., and Chen, G. (2014). An Investigation of Forecast Horizon and Observation Fit’s Influence on an Econometric Rate Forecast Model in the Liner Shipping Industry. Maritime Policy and Management, 41(7), 667–682.
  • Oxenfeldt, A. R. (1973). A Decision-making Structure for Pricing Decisions. Journal of Marketing, 37, 48-53.
  • Öztemel, E. (2012). Yapay Sinir Ağları (3. Basım). İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.
  • Penpece, D. and Elma, O. E. (2014). Predicting Sales Revenue by Using Artificial Neural Network in Grocery Retailing Industry: A Case Study in Turkey. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 5(5), 435
  • Phillips, R. L. (2005). Pricing and Revenue Optimization. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Rao, V. R. and Kartono, B. (2009). Pricing Objectives and Strategies: A Cross- Country Survey. V. R. Rao (Ed.) in, Handbook of Pricing Research in Marketing (9-36). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Rao, V. R. and Steckel, J. H. (1995). A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Price Responses to Environmental Changes. Marketing Letters, 6(1), 5-14.
  • Sağıroğlu, Ş., Beşdok, E., and Erler, M. (2003). Mühendislikte Yapay Zeka Uygulamaları 1: Yapay Sinir Ağları. Kayseri: Ufuk Yayıncılık.
  • Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods For Business:A Skill-Building Approach (Fourth Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Shapiro, B. P. (1968). The Psychology of Pricing. Harvard Business Review, 46(4), 14-25.
  • Shipley, D. D. and Jobber, D. (2001). Integrative pricing via the pricing wheel. Industrial Marketing Management, 30(3), 301-314.
  • Simon, H. (1982). Preis Management. Weisbaden: Gabler.
  • Simon, H. (1992). Pricing Opportunities and How to Exploit Them. Sloan Management Review, 33(2), 55-65.
  • Stopford, M. (2009a). Maritime Economics (Third Edition). New York: Routledge.
  • Stopford, M. (2009b). Clarkson Research, from http://www.clarksons.net/archive/ research/freestuff/RINA%20President%27s%20Invitation%20Lecture%20 11%20Nov%202009.pdf Sys, C. (2009). Is the Container Liner Shipping Industry an Oligopoly? TransportPolicy, 16(5), 259-270.
  • The World Bank. (2016). http://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi , Access Date: January 3, 2017
  • Turban, E., Aronson, J. E., Liang, T. P., and Sharda, R. (2007). Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems (Eighth Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Turban, E., McLean, E., and Wetherbe, J. (2002). Information Technology for Management: Transforming Business in the Digital Economy (3rd Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Udell, J. G. (1964). How Important Is Pricing in Competitive Strategy? Journal of Marketing, 28, 44-48.
  • Yao, J., Teng, N., Poh, H. and Tan, J. (1998). Forecasting and Analysis of Marketing Data Using Neural Networks. Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 14(4), 523-545.
  • UNCTAD. (2010). Review of Maritime Transport.
  • UNCTAD. (2015a). Review of Maritime Transport.
  • UNCTAD. (2015b). World Investment Report: Reforming International Investment Governance. Geneva: United Nations Publication.
  • UNCTAD. (2016). Review of Maritime Transport.
  • West, P., Brockett, P., and Golden, L. (1997). A Comparative Analysis of Neural Network and Statistical Methods for Predicting Consumer Choice. Market- ing Science, 16(4), 370-391.
  • Zhang, G., Patuwo, B., and Hu, M. (1998). Forecasting with Artificial Neural Net- works: The State of the Art. International Journal of Forecasting, 14(1), 35–62.

PRICING DECISIONS IN LINER SHIPPING INDUSTRY: A STUDY ON ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 21, 125 - 150, 01.06.2018

Öz

Price is the strategic tool of the marketing mix and the only element that generates revenue. Therefore, pricing decisions are both strategically and tactically important for the companies. Particularly, in liner shipping industry which is an oligopolistic and highly volatile market. Despite the fact, price and pricing are the most neglected area of both marketing and liner shipping industry. Considering the characteristics of the liner shipping industry, where there are unpredictable shipping cycles, high volatility and various variables that have an impact on price, there is a need to make forecasts since there are various factors that affect price. In this sense, the purpose of the study is to model an artificial neural network as a forecasting method for pricing strategies of liner shipping companies. For the analysis of the study, first both structured and unstructured interviews conducted with the executives of a shipping company. Afterwards, 62 monthly rate data obtained from the company records. Other variables that have an effect on rate are downloaded from financial databases for the analysis. Then, by trial-and-error the design of the network selected, then trained, tested and validated. Finally, the next month is forecasted successfully by the network

Kaynakça

  • Avlonitis, G. J. and Indounas, K. A. (2005). Pricing Objectives and Pricing Methods in the Services Sector. Journal of Services Marketing, 19(1), 47-57.
  • Avlonitis, G. J. and Indounas, K. A. (2007). Service Pricing: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 14(1), 83-94.
  • Bennett, N. and Lemoine, J. (2014). What VUCA Really Means for You. Harvard Business Review, 92(1-2), 27
  • Carricano, M., Trinquecoste, J.-F., and Mondejar, J.-A. (2010). The Rise of the Pricing Function: Origins and Perspectives. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(7), 468 - 476.
  • Cavusgil, S. T. (1997). Pricing for Global Markets. The Columbia Journal of World Business, 31(4), 66-78.
  • Coyle, J. J., Novack, R. A., Gibson, B. J., and Bardi, E. J. (2011). Transportation:A Supply Chain Perspective (Seventh Ed.). Mason: South-Western Cengage Learning.
  • Damas, P. (2016). East-West Shippers See First Increase in Contract Rates. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Drewry: https://www.drewry.co.uk/news/ news/east-west-shippers-see-first-increase-in-contract-rates. Access date: April 23, 2017
  • Diamantopoulos, D. (1991). Pricing: Theory and Evidence: A Literature Review. M. Baker, & M. Baker (Eds.) in, Perspectives on Marketing Management (s. 61-193). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Docters, R., Reopel, M., Sun, J., and Tanny, S. (2004). Capturing the Unique Value of Services: Why Pricing of Services is Different. Journal of Business Strategy, 25(2), 23-28.
  • Dolan, R. J. and Gourville, J. T. (2009). Principles of Pricing. Boston: Harvard Business School.
  • Efe, Ö. ve Kaynak, O. (2000). Yapay Sinir Ağları ve Uygulamaları. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayını No: 696.
  • Elmas, Ç. (2003). Yapay Sinir Ağları (Kuram, Mimari, Eğitim, Uygulama), Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Ericsson, R. (2004). Building Business Intelligence Applications with .NET. Massachusets: Charles River Media Inc.
  • Fakhr-Eldin, A. and Notteboom , T. (2012). How are Container Lines Adjusting the Business Model to Cope with Market and Revenue Volatility. IAME- International Association of Maritime Economists Conference, Taipei, Taiwan, 5–8 September, 1–17.
  • Ferrell, O. C. and Hartline, M. D. (2011). Marketing Strategy (5th Ed.). Mason, Ohio, USA: South-Western Cengage Learning.
  • Gooijer, J.G. and Hyndman, R.J. (2006). 25 Years of time Series Forecasting. International Journal of Forecasting, 22(3), 443-473.
  • Grammenos, C. (2010). The Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business. London: Lloyd’s List.
  • Guiltinan, J. P. and Paul, G. W. (1991). Marketing Management: Strategies and Programs (Fourth Ed.). Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hanke, J. E. and Reitsch, A. G. (1998). Business Forecasting (Sixth Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
  • Harper Peterson & Co. (2016). http://www.harperpetersen.com/harpex/harpexVP. do, Access Date:December 22, 2016
  • Haykin, S. (2009). Neural Networks and Learning Machines (Third Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Hill, C. W. (2011). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hinterhuber, A. (2004). Towards Value-Based Pricing—An Integrative Framework for Decision Making. Industrial Marketing Management, 33(8), 765-778.
  • IMF (2016). https://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/External_Data.xls, Access Date: October 5, 2016
  • Indounas, K. (2006). Making Effective Pricing Decisions. Business Horizons, 49(5), 415- 424.
  • Jain, A., Mao, J., and Mohiuddin, K. (1996). Artificial Neural Networks: A Tutorial. Computer, 29(3), 31-44.
  • Kang, S. (1991). An Investigation of the Use of Feedforward Neural Networks for Forecasting. Michigan: UMI.
  • Keegan, W. J. and Green, M. C. (2013). Global Marketing (Seventh Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc.
  • Kelly , H., Bengtsson, N., Lin, M., and Baker, J. (2016). Annual Shipping Outlook 2017 . Lloyd’s List Webinar.Access Date: December 1, 2016.
  • Kim, Y.S., Street, N.W., Russell, J.G., and Menczer, F. (2005). Customer Targeting: A Neural Network Approach Guided by Genetic Algorithms. Management Science, 51(2), 264-276.
  • Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2004). Principles of Marketing (Tenth Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Kumar, S. and Hoffmann, J. (2002). Globalisation:The Maritime Nexus. C. T. Grammenos, & C. T. Grammenos (Ed.) in The Handbook of Maritime Economics and Business (2nd Ed.). London: LLP, Informa Professional.
  • Lovelock, C. H. (1996). Services Marketing (Third Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Lovelock, C. and Wright, L. (2002). Principles of Service Marketing and Management (Second Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Lun, Y. V., Lai, K.-H., and Cheng, T. E. (2010). Shipping and Logistics Management. London: Springer.
  • Luo, M., Fan , L., and Liu, L. (2009). An Econometric Analysis for Container Shipping Market . Maritime Policy and Management, 36(6), 507-523.
  • Makridakis, S., Wheelwright, S. C., and Hyndman, R. J. (1998). Forecasting: Methods and Applications (Third Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Malhotra, N. (1996). The Impact of the Academy Of Marketing Science on Marketing Scholarship: An Analysis of the Research Published in JAMS. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(4), 291-298.
  • Monroe, K. (2003). Pricing:Making Profitable Decisions, 3rd Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Möller, B. and Reuter, U. (2007). Uncertainty Forecasting in Engineering. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Munim , Z. and Schramm, H. (2016). Forecasting Container Shipping Freight Rates for the Far East–Northern Europe Trade Lane. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 19(1), 1-20.
  • Nagle, T. T. and Holden, R. K. (2002). The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: A Guide to Profitable Decision Making (Third Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education International.
  • Nielsen , P., Jiang , L., Rytter, N., and Chen, G. (2014). An Investigation of Forecast Horizon and Observation Fit’s Influence on an Econometric Rate Forecast Model in the Liner Shipping Industry. Maritime Policy and Management, 41(7), 667–682.
  • Oxenfeldt, A. R. (1973). A Decision-making Structure for Pricing Decisions. Journal of Marketing, 37, 48-53.
  • Öztemel, E. (2012). Yapay Sinir Ağları (3. Basım). İstanbul: Papatya Yayıncılık.
  • Penpece, D. and Elma, O. E. (2014). Predicting Sales Revenue by Using Artificial Neural Network in Grocery Retailing Industry: A Case Study in Turkey. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 5(5), 435
  • Phillips, R. L. (2005). Pricing and Revenue Optimization. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Rao, V. R. and Kartono, B. (2009). Pricing Objectives and Strategies: A Cross- Country Survey. V. R. Rao (Ed.) in, Handbook of Pricing Research in Marketing (9-36). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Rao, V. R. and Steckel, J. H. (1995). A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Price Responses to Environmental Changes. Marketing Letters, 6(1), 5-14.
  • Sağıroğlu, Ş., Beşdok, E., and Erler, M. (2003). Mühendislikte Yapay Zeka Uygulamaları 1: Yapay Sinir Ağları. Kayseri: Ufuk Yayıncılık.
  • Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods For Business:A Skill-Building Approach (Fourth Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Shapiro, B. P. (1968). The Psychology of Pricing. Harvard Business Review, 46(4), 14-25.
  • Shipley, D. D. and Jobber, D. (2001). Integrative pricing via the pricing wheel. Industrial Marketing Management, 30(3), 301-314.
  • Simon, H. (1982). Preis Management. Weisbaden: Gabler.
  • Simon, H. (1992). Pricing Opportunities and How to Exploit Them. Sloan Management Review, 33(2), 55-65.
  • Stopford, M. (2009a). Maritime Economics (Third Edition). New York: Routledge.
  • Stopford, M. (2009b). Clarkson Research, from http://www.clarksons.net/archive/ research/freestuff/RINA%20President%27s%20Invitation%20Lecture%20 11%20Nov%202009.pdf Sys, C. (2009). Is the Container Liner Shipping Industry an Oligopoly? TransportPolicy, 16(5), 259-270.
  • The World Bank. (2016). http://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi , Access Date: January 3, 2017
  • Turban, E., Aronson, J. E., Liang, T. P., and Sharda, R. (2007). Decision Support and Business Intelligence Systems (Eighth Ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Turban, E., McLean, E., and Wetherbe, J. (2002). Information Technology for Management: Transforming Business in the Digital Economy (3rd Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • Udell, J. G. (1964). How Important Is Pricing in Competitive Strategy? Journal of Marketing, 28, 44-48.
  • Yao, J., Teng, N., Poh, H. and Tan, J. (1998). Forecasting and Analysis of Marketing Data Using Neural Networks. Journal of Information Science and Engineering, 14(4), 523-545.
  • UNCTAD. (2010). Review of Maritime Transport.
  • UNCTAD. (2015a). Review of Maritime Transport.
  • UNCTAD. (2015b). World Investment Report: Reforming International Investment Governance. Geneva: United Nations Publication.
  • UNCTAD. (2016). Review of Maritime Transport.
  • West, P., Brockett, P., and Golden, L. (1997). A Comparative Analysis of Neural Network and Statistical Methods for Predicting Consumer Choice. Market- ing Science, 16(4), 370-391.
  • Zhang, G., Patuwo, B., and Hu, M. (1998). Forecasting with Artificial Neural Net- works: The State of the Art. International Journal of Forecasting, 14(1), 35–62.
Toplam 68 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Ceren Akman Bıyık Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Tanyeri Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 21

Kaynak Göster

APA Akman Bıyık, C., & Tanyeri, M. (2018). DÜZENLİ HAT TAŞIMACILIĞI LINER SEKTÖRÜNDE FİYATLANDIRMA KARARLARI: YAPAY SİNİR AĞLARI ÜZERİNE BİR ÇALIŞMA. Pazarlama Ve Pazarlama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(21), 125-150.