Uluslararası Hukukta Andlaşma Akdetme Yetkisi ve Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi Madde 46 Kapsamında Andlaşmaların Geçersizliği

Öz

Devletlerin bir andlaşma ile bağlanma süreçlerinde iç hukuklarında uygulanacak usule ilişkin düzenlemeleri, uluslararası hukuk ile iç hukukun kesiştiği sınırlı alanlardan biri olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bununla birlikte devletlerin bu alandaki düzenlemelerinin çeşitli usulleri içerdiği gözlenmektedir. Geleneksel olarak yürütmenin elinde olan andlaşma akdetme yetkisinin demokratikleşme süreçleriyle birlikte yasama ile paylaşılan bir uygulama halini aldığı görülmektedir. Kimi devletlerde bu süreçlere anayasa mahkemeleri veya benzer yetkiyle donatılmış yargı organlarının da dahil olması mümkün olabilir. Hatta halk oylamasından geçmesi öngörülen andlaşma akdetme usulleri de mevcuttur. İç hukukta öngörülen bu kuralların ihlal edilmesi yoluyla bir uluslararası andlaşmaya taraf olan devlet, andlaşmanın geçersizliğini 1969 Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi’nin (VAHS) 46. maddesine dayanarak ileri sürebilir. Uluslararasıcılık ile anayasalcılığı bağdaştırıcı bir çözüm sunar gibi gözüken bu hüküm, gerçekte son derece zor ve istisnaî bir uygulamaya sahiptir. Gerek devletlerin andlaşma akdetme konusundaki kurallarının karmaşık olması gerekse genel bir sınıflandırmayı zorlaştıracak kadar çeşitli olması, konuyu daha da çetrefilli hale getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, ilgili hükmün hazırlık çalışmaları, kapsamı ve sınırlarını ayrıntılı bir biçimde incelemektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, VAHS’nin hazırlık çalışmalarında da en tartışmalı konulardan biri olan bu geçersizlik gerekçesinin neden son derece istisnaî ve ileri sürüldüğünde başarı şansının zayıf olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Bunların yanında, bu hükmün şu anda akademik çevrelerde tartışılmakta olan andlaşmalardan çekilmeye ilişkin kurallara benzer şekilde uygulanabilirliği de ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Andlaşmalar hukuku
• andlaşma akdetme yetkisi
• Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi
• madde 46
• andlaşmaların geçersizliği
• T.C. Anayasası madde 90
• yetkili temsilci
• İstanbul Sözleşmesi

The Competence to Conclude Treaties in International Law and the Invalidity of Treaties within the Scope of Article 46 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

Öz

The regulations governing the domestic procedures that states are to follow in their processes regarding the conclusion of a treaty represent one of the limited areas where international law intersects with domestic law. Nonetheless, the regulations in this area include various procedures. The power to conclude treaties, traditionally vested in the executive, has become a practice shared with the legislature in line with democratization processes. Constitutional courts or judicial bodies with similar powers may be able to be involved in these processes in some states. Other states even have treatyconcluding procedures that require a referendum. If a state becomes a party to an international treaty in violation these rules of domestic law, it may invoke the treaty’s invalidity under Article 46 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). While this provision may seem to challenge both internationalism and constitutionalism, its practical application proves to be extremely difficult and rare. Both the complexity of states’ rules on treaty-making and their diverse nature further complicates the matter to the extent that a general categorization becomes challenging. The study delves into the development, scope, and limitations of the relevant provision in VCLT and analyzes why this ground of invalidity, which was one of the most controversial issues in the preparatory work of the VCLT, is highly exceptional and unlikely to succeed if invoked. In addition, this study addresses the applicability of this provision to the rules on withdrawal from treaties that are currently under discussion in academia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Law of Treaties
• competence to conclude treaties
• Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
• Article 46
• invalidity of treaties
• Article 90 of the Turkish Constitution
• authorized representative
• Istanbul Convention

Kaynakça

1. Acer Y and Kaya İ, Uluslararası Hukuk Temel Ders Kitabı İngilizce Özetli (13th edn, Seçkin Yayıncılık 2022). google scholar
2. Aksar Y, Teoride ve Uygulamada Uluslararası Hukuk I (7th edn, Seçkin 2023). google scholar
3. Aksenova M and Marchuk I, ‘Reinventing or Rediscovering International Law? The Russian Constitutional Court’s Uneasy Dialogue with the European Court of Human Rights’ (2018) 16 International Journal of Constitutional Law 1322-1346. google scholar
4. Aktaş M, Türk Hukukunda Uluslararası Andlaşmaların Bağlayıcılık Kazanması (Yetkin Yayıncılık 2022). google scholar
5. Alnıaçık A, ‘Turkey’s Withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention and Normalization of Male Violence’ (Cambridge Core blog, 3 April 2021) Erişim Tarihi 12 Eylül 2023. google scholar
6. Angelet N and Leidgens T, ‘Article 8 1969 Vienna Convention’ in Olivier Corten and Pierre Klein (eds), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, vol 1 (Oxford University Press 2011). google scholar
7. Arsava AF, ‘Uluslararası Hukuk Anlaşmalarının Geçici Uygulanması’ (2020) 8 Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi 45-68. google scholar
8. Aust A, ‘Pacta Sunt Servanda’, Anne Peters and Rüdiger Wolfrum (eds), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online, Oxford University Press 2007). google scholar

9. ——, Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2013). google scholar
10. Aust HP and Kleinlein T, ‘Introduction: Bridges under Construction and Shifting Boundaries’ in Helmut Philipp Aust and Thomas Kleinlein (eds), Encounters between Foreign Relations Law and International Law: Bridges and Boundaries (Cambridge University Press 2021). google scholar
11. Aybay R, ‘Taraf Mıyız, Değil Miyiz? Tuhaf Bir Durum: Türkiye ve AİHS’ye Ek 4. Protokol’ (2003) 44 Açık Sayfa 16-17. google scholar
12. ——, ‘Uluslararası Antlaşmaların Türk Hukukundaki Yeri’ (2007) TBB Dergisi 187-213. google scholar
13. ——, ‘Uluslararası Antlaşmalar Konusunda Türk Hukukunun Önemli Bir Eksikliği: Ön-Denetim’ (2008) 32 Mülkiye Dergisi 17-47. google scholar
14. Azaria D, ‘Provisional Application of Treaties’ in Duncan B Hollis (ed), The Oxford guide to treaties (Second edition, Oxford University Press 2020). google scholar
15. Bal A, ‘Uluslararası Andlaşmaların Anayasa Mahkemesi Tarafından Denetlenmesi’ (2014) 1 Legal Hukuk Dergisi (Akademik Yaşamının 55. Yılı Onuruna Rona Aybay’a Armağan - Özel Sayı) 454-504. google scholar
16. Barrett J and Beckman R, Handbook on Good Treaty Practice (Cambridge University Press 2020). google scholar
17. Başlar K, ‘Uluslararası Antlaşmaların Onaylanması, Üstünlüğü ve Anayasal Denetimi Üzerine’ (2011) 24 Milletlerarası Hukuk ve Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk Bülteni 279-336. google scholar
18. Binder C, ‘The Pacta Sunt Servanda Rule in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties: a Pillar and Its Safeguards’ in Isabelle Buffard and others (eds), International Law between Universalism and Fragmentation (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2008). google scholar
19. Bothe M, ‘Article 46 1969 Vienna Convention’ in Olivier Corten and Pierre Klein (eds), The Vienna Conventions on the Law of Treaties, vol 2 (Oxford University Press 2011). google scholar
20. Çağlayan S and Yüzbaşı F, ‘Uluslararası Antlaşmaların Onaylanmasını Uygun Bulan Kanunların İptali İstemleri Hakkında Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi nın Tutumu (2017) 5 Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi 189-217. google scholar
21. Çalı B, ‘Withdrawal from the Istanbul Convention by Turkey: A Testing Problem for the Council of Europe’ (EJIL: Talk!, 22 March 2021) Erişim Tarihi 12 Eylül 2023. google scholar
22. Çalı B and Helfer LR, ‘The Gender of Treaty Withdrawal: Lessons from the Istanbul Convention’ (EJIL: Talk!, 28 November 2022) Erişim Tarihi 12 Eylül 2023. google scholar
23. Çelik E, ‘Andlaşma Yapma Yetkisi’ (1965) 31 İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası 363-396. google scholar
24. ——, Milletlerarası Hukuk, Birinci Cilt (2nd edn, Filiz 1987). google scholar
25. Durmuş MT, ‘Cumhurbaşkanının Uluslararası Sözleşmeler Üzerindeki Tasarruf Yetkisi ve Türkiye’nin İstanbul Sözleşmesi’nden Ayrılmasının Hukuki Analizi’ (2021) 29 Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1969-2007. google scholar
26. Erdal S, ‘Uluslararası Andlaşmaların Hukuksal Geçerliliği’ (2015) 23 Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 71-94. google scholar
27. Erklner HH, Devletin Haksız Fiilden Kaynaklanan Uluslararası Sorumluluğu (On İki Levha 2010). google scholar
28. Erson Asar B, ‘Diplomatik İlişkileri Yürüten Devlet Görevlileri’ (2013) 12 İstanbul Kültür Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 63-89. google scholar
29. Fellmeth AX and Horwitz M, Guide to Latin in International Law (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2021). google scholar
30. Fitzmaurice G, ‘Do Treaties Need Ratification?’ (1934) 15 British Yearbook of International Law 113. google scholar
31. Foakes J, The Position of Heads of State and Senior Officials in International Law (Oxford University Press 2014). google scholar
32. Geck WK, ‘The Conclusion of Treaties in Violation of the Internal Law of a Party. Comments on Arts. 6,43’ (1967) 27 Zeitschrift für auslandisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht 429-450. google scholar
33. Gedik Ö, ‘Türkiye Cumhuriyeti İle Rusya Federasyonu Araslnda Bir Nükleer Güç Santralinin Yaplmlna İlişkin Antlaşmanln Hukuki Niteliğinden Hareketle 1982 Anayasasl Madde 90’ln İncelenmesi’ (2014) 3 Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 359-373. google scholar
34. Gözler K, ‘Uluslararasl Andlaşmalarl Akdetme ve Onaylama Yetkisi’ (2001) 56 (2) Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 71-101. google scholar
35. ——, ‘Cumhurbaşkanlnln Uluslararasl Sözleşmeleri Feshetme Yetkisi Var Ml?’ Erişim Tarihi 9 Ağustos 2023. google scholar
36. ——, ‘İstanbul Sözleşmesinin Feshine İlişkin Danlştay Kararl Hakklnda’ Erişim Tarihi 8 Eylül 2023. google scholar
37. Göztepe E, ‘Türkiye Avrupa İnsan Haklarl Sözleşmesi’ne Ek 4. Protokolle Bağll Mldlr? Anayasa Mahkemesi’ne Bireysel Başvuru Hakkl Açlslndan Bir Değerlendirme’ (2014) I Legal Hukuk Dergisi (Akademik Yaşamlnln 55. Ylll Onuruna Rona Aybay’a Armağan - Özel Sayl) 1115-1144. google scholar
38. Halatçı Ulusoy Ü, Türk Hukukunda Cumhurbaşkanlığı Hükümet Sistemine Göre Uluslararası Antlaşmaların Yapımı ve Sona Ermesi (Yetkin 2021). google scholar
39. Helfer LR, ‘Treaty Exit and Intra-Branch Conflict at the Interface of International and Domestic Law’, in Curtis A Bradley (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Foreign Relations Law (Oxford University Press 2019). google scholar
40. Hoffmeister F, ‘Article 7’ in Oliver Dörr and Kirsten Schmalenbach (eds), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2nd edn, Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2018). google scholar
41. Kaya İ, Uluslararası Hukukta Temel Belgeler- Basic Documents in International Law (4th edn, Seçkin 2020). google scholar
42. Karaoğlu AO, ‘Türk Hukukunda Milletlerarasl Andlaşmalardan Tek Tarafll Çekilme’ (2021) 16 Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 1083-1106. google scholar
43. Kearney RD, ‘Internal Limitations on External Commitments — Article 46 of the Treaties Convention’ (1969) 4 The International Lawyer 1-21. google scholar
44. Klabbers J, ‘The Validity and Invalidity of Treaties’ in Duncan B Hollis (ed), The Oxford guide to treaties (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2020). google scholar
45. Kolb R, The Law of Treaties: An Introduction (Edward Elgar Publishing 2016). google scholar
46. ——, Good Faith in International Law (Hart Publishing 2017). google scholar
47. Kovacs P, ‘Article 7 1969 Vienna Convention’ in Olivier Corten and Pierre Klein (eds), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, vol 1 (Oxford University Press 2011). google scholar
48. Köybaşı S, ‘Yargı Denetiminden Milletlerarası Andlaşmalar Yoluyla Kaçmak: Akkuyu Nükleer Güç Santrali Andlaşması’ (2014) 3 Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi 343-357. google scholar
49. Krieger H, ‘Article 68’ in Oliver Dörr and Kirsten Schmalenbach (eds), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2018). google scholar
50. Lenowitz JA, Constitutional Ratification without Reason (Oxford University Press 2022). google scholar
51. Meray S, Devletler Hukukuna Giriş İkinci Cilt (4th edn, Ankara Üniversitesi Basımevi 1975). google scholar
52. Meron T, ‘Article 46 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Ultra Vires Treaties): Some Recent Cases’ (1979) 49 British Yearbook of International Law 175-199. google scholar
53. Morelli A, Withdrawal from Multilateral Treaties (Brill Nijhoff 2022). google scholar
54. Nollkaemper A, ‘Rethinking the Supremacy of International Law’ (2010) 65 Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht 65-85. google scholar
55. ——, ‘The Effects of Treaties in Domestic Law’ in Christian J Tams, Antonios Tzanakopoulos and Andreas Zimmermann (eds), Research Handbook on the Law of Treaties (Edward Elgar 2014). google scholar
56. Öktem E, ‘Uluslararası Andlaşmanın İmza İle Onay Arasındaki Hukuki Rejim’ (2014) 13 GÜHFD (Doç.Dr. Melike Batur Yamaner’in Anısına Armağan) 461-504. google scholar
57. Pazarcı H, Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri 1. Kitap (15th edn, Turhan Kitabevi Yayınları 2021). google scholar
58. Peters A, ‘Treaty-Making Power’ in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed), The Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online, Oxford University Press 2009). google scholar
59. Petrig A, ‘Democratic Participation in International Lawmaking in Switzerland after the “Age of Treaties”’ in Helmut Philipp Aust and Thomas Kleinlein (eds), Encounters between Foreign Relations Law and International Law (Cambridge University Press 2021). google scholar
60. Pirim CZ, ‘The Legal Effects of the New Presidential System on Turkey’s Treaty-Making Practice’ (2022) 33 European Journal of International Law 579-606. google scholar
61. Rensmann T, ‘Article 46’ in Oliver Dörr and Kirsten Schmalenbach (eds), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (2nd edn, Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2018). google scholar
62. Roberts I, ‘Formal Aspects of Diplomatic Relations: Precedence among Heads of State and States, Selection, Agrement, Precedence among Heads of Mission, Charges d’Affaires, Credentials, Full Powers for Heads of Mission’ in Roberts Ivor (ed), Satow’s Diplomatic Practice, vol 1 (Oxford University Press 2016). google scholar
63. Rozakis CL, ‘The Law on Invalidity of Treaties’ (1974) 16 Archiv des Völkerrechts 150-193. google scholar
64. Schröder M and Schwerdtfeger A, ‘Treaties, Validity’ in Anne Peters (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (online, Oxford University Press 2022). google scholar
65. Stanford JS, ‘The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties’ (1970) 20 The University of Toronto Law Journal 18-47. google scholar
66. Swaine ET, ‘International Foreign Relations Law: Executive Authority in Entering and Exiting Treaties’ in Helmut Philipp Aust and Thomas Kleinlein (eds), Encounters between Foreign Relations Law and International Law (Cambridge University Press 2021). google scholar
67. Şirin T and Orcan NU, ‘Uluslararası Sözleşmelerden Çekilmenin Anayasal Esasları ve Başlıca Tartışmalar’ (2022) Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi 241-278. google scholar
68. Talmon J, ‘Representatives of States in International Relations’ in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed), Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law, (online, Oxford University Press 2007). google scholar
69. Toluner S, Milleterarası Hukuk İle İç Hukuk Arasındaki İlişkiler (İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları 1973). google scholar
70. ——, Toluner- Milletlerarası Hukuk (Giriş-Kaynaklar) (Derleyen ve Düzenleyenler: Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, Enver Arıkoğlu, Verda Neslihan Akün, Elif Başkaracaoğlu) (2nd edn, Beta 2019). google scholar
71. Türkiye Barolar Birliği, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasa Önerisi (4th edn, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Yayınları) Erişim Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2023. google scholar
72. Tzanakopoulos A, ‘Article.68 1969 Vienna Convention’ in Olivier Corten and Pierre Klein (eds), The Vienna Conventions on the law of treaties: a commentary, vol 2 (Oxford University Press 2011). google scholar
73. Uzun E, ‘Uluslararası Andlaşmaların Geçici Uygulanması - Viyana Andlaşmalar Hukuku Sözleşmesi 25. Madde’ (2018) 9 İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 187-210. google scholar
74. Verdier P-H and Versteeg M, ‘Separation of Powers, Treaty-Making, and Treaty Withdrawal: A Global Survey’ in Curtis A Bradley (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Foreign Relations Law (Oxford University Press 2019). google scholar
75. Villiger ME, Commentary on the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2009). google scholar
76. Wildhaber L, ‘Provisions of Internal Law Regarding Competence to Conclude a Treaty’ (1967) 8 Virginia Journal of International Law 94-150. google scholar
77. Woolaver H, ‘Domestic and International Limitations on Treaty Withdrawal: Lessons from South Africa’s Attempted Departure from the International Criminal Court’ (2017) 111 AJIL Unbound 450-455. google scholar
78. ——, ‘From Joining to Leaving: Domestic Law’s Role in the International Legal Validity of Treaty Withdrawal’ (2019) 30 European Journal of International Law 73-104. google scholar
79. ——, ‘State Engagement with Treaties: Interactions between International and Domestic Law’ in Curtis A Bradley (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Foreign Relations Law (Oxford University Press 2019). google scholar
80. Yıldız C, Anayasaya Uygunluk Bakımından Önleyici Denetim (On İki Levha Yayıncılık 2018). google scholar
81. Yılmaz D, ‘6216 Sayılı Kanundaki “Taraf Olma” Koşulu ve AİHS’e Ek 4. ve 7. Protokollerde google scholar
82. Yer Alan Hakların, Anayasal Temel Haklar Olarak Bireysel Başvuru Yolunda Uygulanabilirliği Hakkında Bir Değerlendirme’ (2015) 64 Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 815-854. google scholar
83. ‘ASP President Welcomes Gambia’s Decision Not to Withdraw from the Rome Statute’ (International Criminal Court) Erişim Tarihi 9 Eylül 2023. google scholar
84. ‘ASP President Welcomes the Revocation of South Africa’s Withdrawal from the Rome Statute’ (International Criminal Court) Erişim Tarihi 9 Ağustos 2023. google scholar
85. International Law Commission, ‘Summaries of the Work of the International Law, Law of Treaties’ Erişim Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2023. google scholar
86. ‘Legal Status of Treaties’ Erişim Tarihi 25 Eylül 2023. google scholar
87. ‘Treaty Ratification’ Erişim Tarihi 25 Eylül 2023. google scholar
88. ‘“Treaty Ratification” on Constitute’ Erişim Tarihi 10 Eylül 2023. google scholar
89. ‘Türkiye’nin İstanbul Sözleşmesi’nden Çekilme Kararı Hukuken Kesinleşti’ Erişim Tarihi 21 Eylül 2023. google scholar
90. Erişim Tarihi 4 Aralık 2023. google scholar
91. Erişim Tarihi 19 Eylül 2023. google scholar
92. Council of Europe, European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), ‘Judgment No. 21-P/2015 of 14 July 2015 of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (Translated by the European Commission for Democracy Through Law (Venice Commission) CDL-REF(2016)019-e)’ Erişim Tarihi 1 September 2023. google scholar
93. ILC, ‘Report on the Law of Treaties by J.L. Brierly, Special Rapporteur’ (International Law Commission 1950) UN Doc. A/CN.4/23. google scholar
94. ——, ‘Report on the Law of Treaties by H. Lauterpacht, Special Rapporteur’ (International Law Commission 1953) UN Doc. A/CN.4/63. google scholar
95. ——, ‘Report on the Law of Treaties by G.G. Fitzmaurice, Special Rapporteur’ (International Law Commission 1956) A/CN.4/101. google scholar
96. ——, ‘Third Report on the Law of Treaties by Mr. G.G. Fitzmaurice, Special Rapporteur’ (International Law Commission 1958) Yearbook of the International Law Commission. google scholar
97. ——, ‘Fourth Report on the Law of Treaties by Mr. G. G. Fitzmaurice, Special Rapporteur’ (International Law Commission 1959) A/CN.4/120. google scholar
98. ——, ‘Documents of the Fifteenth Session Including the Report of the Commission to the General Assembly’ (International Law Commission 1963) A/CN.4/SER.A/1963/ADD.1. google scholar
99. ——, ‘Second Report on the Law of Treaties by Sir Humphrey Waldock, Special Rapporteur’ (International Law Commission 1963) A/CN4/156 and Add1-3. google scholar
100. ——, ‘Summary Records of the Fifteenth Session 6 May—12 July 1963’ (International Law Commission 1963) A/CN.4/SER.A/1963. google scholar
101. ——, ‘Documents of the First Part of the Seventeenth Session Including the Report of the Commission to the General Assembly’ (International Law Commission 1965) A/CN.4/SER.A/1965/Add.l. google scholar
102. ——, ‘Documents of the Second Part of the Seventeenth Session and of the Eighteenth Session Including the Reports of the Commission to the General Assembly’ (International Law Commission 1966) A/CN.4/SER. A/1966/Add.1. google scholar
103. ——, ‘Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties with Commentaries 1966’ (International Law Commission 1966) A/CN.4/SER. A/1966/Add. 1. google scholar
104. ——, ‘Report of the of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Eighteenth Session, 4 May - 19 July 1966, Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-First Session, Supplement No. 9’ (International Law Commission 1966) A/6309/Rev.1. google scholar
105. ——, ‘Summary Records of the Eighteenth Session 4 May -19 July 1966’ (International Law Commission 1966) Yearbook of the International Law Commission A/CN.4/SER.A/1966. google scholar
106. ——, ‘Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, November 2001, Supplement No. 10 (A/56/10), Chp.IV.E.1’. google scholar
107. Report of International Law Commission on the fifty-eight session, ‘Guiding Principles Applicable to Unilateral Declarations of States Capable of Creating Legal Obligations’ (UN International Law Commission 2006) UN Doc A/61/10. google scholar
108. UN, ‘United Nations Conference on the Law of Treaties, First and Second Sessions Vienna, 26 March-24 May 1968 and 9 April-22 May 1969’. google scholar
109. UN Secretary-General, ‘Summary of Practice of the Secretary-General as Depositary of Multilateral Treaties, Srr/LEG/7/Rewl’. google scholar
110. Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence (adopted 11 May 2011, entered into force 1 August 2014) CETS No. 210. google scholar
111. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted 21 December 1965, entered into force 4 January 1969) 660 UNTS 195. google scholar
112. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entered into force 1 July 2002) 2187 UNTS 90. google scholar
113. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (adopted 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980) 1155 UNTS 331. google scholar
114. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations (adopted 21 March 1986, not yet in force) Doc. A/CONF.129/15. google scholar
115. Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v Turkey), Judgment [1978] ICJ Reports (1978) 3. google scholar
116. Anglo-Iranian Oil Co case (United Kingdom v Iran) (Jurisdiction), Judgment [1952] IC] Reports (I952) 93. google scholar
117. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v Serbia and Montenegro), Preliminary Objections, Judgment [1996] 1CJ Reports (1996) 595. google scholar
118. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment [2006] ICJ Reports (2006) 6. google scholar
119. Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Belgium), Judgment [2002] ICJ Reports (2002) 3. google scholar
120. Case concerning the Arbitral Award made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906, Judgment [1960] ICJ Reports (1960) 192. google scholar
121. Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v Thailand), Merits, Judgment [1962] ICJ Reports (1962) 6. google scholar
122. Dispute Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar) (Judgment of 14 March 2012) ITLOS Reports (2012) 4. google scholar
123. Konstandin Markin v Russia App no 30078/06 (ECHR, 22 March 2012). google scholar
124. Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v Nigeria: Equatorial Guineu intervening), Judgment [2002] 1CJ Reports (2002) 303. google scholar
125. Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Norway v Denmark), Judgement [1933] PICJ Order Series A/ B53 (1933) 22. google scholar
126. Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Between Qatar and Bahrain Jurisdiction und Admissibility, (Qatar v Bahrain), Judgment [1994] ICJ Reports (1994) 112. google scholar
127. Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v Kenya), Preliminary Objections, Judgment [2017] ICJ Reports (2017) 3. google scholar
128. Öcalan v Türkiye App no 46221/99 (ECHR, 12 March 2003). google scholar
129. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment [2007] ICJ Reports (2007) 832. google scholar
130. The SS ‘Wimbledon’ (United Kingdom, France, Italy and Japan v Germany) [1923] PICJ Ser A, No 1 (1933). google scholar
131. Anayasa Mahkemesi, 1963/311-1965/12, 04.03.1965. google scholar
132. Anayasa Mahkemesi, 1997/33, 27.02.1997. google scholar
133. Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2012/86, 31.05.2012. google scholar
134. Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2012/87, 31.05.2012. google scholar
135. Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2012/88, 31.05.2012. google scholar
136. Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2012/1051, 20.02.2014. google scholar
137. Banful and Another vrs Attorney General and Another (J1 7 of 2016) [2017] GHASC 21 (22 June 2017). google scholar
138. Danıştay 10 D, 1493/2489, 28.04.2022. google scholar
139. Danıştay 10 D, 1514/1747, 28.06.2021. google scholar
140. Danıştay İDDK, 2021/698, 04.11.2021. google scholar
141. Democratic Alliance v Minister of International Relations and Cooperations, [2017] (3) SA 212 (S Afr) Democratic Alliance v Minister of International Relations and Cooperation and Others (Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution Intervening) (83145/2016) [2017] ZAGPPHC 53; 2017 (3) SA 212 (GP); [2017] 2 All SA 123 (GP); 2017 (1) SACR 623 (GP) (22 February 2017. google scholar
142. Denunciation of the American Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of the Organization of American States and the consequences for State human rights obligations (interpretation and scope of articles 1, 2, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 a 65 and 78 of the American Convention on Human Rights and 3(l), 17, 45, 53, 106 and 143 of the Charter of the Organization of American States) Advisory Opinion OC-26/20, November 9, 2020 Series A No 26. google scholar
143. R Miller v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2017] 5 (2016/0196). google scholar