Fikri Mülkiyet Haklarının Uluslararası Yatırım Tahkiminde Ele Alınmasında Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlar

Öz

Dünya Fikri Mülkiyet Örgütü (WIPO) kapsamında fikri mülkiyet haklarının uluslararası düzeyde korunmasına yönelik akdedilen anlaşmalar, koruma ile ilgili asgari standartları belirleseler de etkin bir yaptırım mekanizmasından yoksundurlar. Bu durum fikri mülkiyet haklarının uluslararası düzeyde korunması konusunda yeni arayışların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bu arayışlar, fikri mülkiyet haklarının uluslararası ticaret ve yatırım anlaşmaları içerisinde ele alınması ile istikametini bulmuştur. Fikri mülkiyet haklarının ticaretle bağlantılı olarak ele alınması konusundaki en somut örnek, Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) kapsamında akdedilen Ticaretle Bağlantılı Fikri Mülkiyet Hakları (TRIPS) Anlaşmasıdır. Ancak TRIPS Anlaşması kapsamındaki Anlaşmazlıkların Halli Mekanizması (AHM) yalnızca devletler tarafından işletilebilmektedir. Hak sahibi tabiiyetinde bulunduğu devleti ikna ederek sürecin başlatılmasını sağlasa ve AHM kapsamında dava kazanılmış olsa dahi fikri mülkiyet hakkı sahibi, kayıpları için tazminat elde edememektedir

Fikri hak sahiplerinin uluslararası alanda devleti doğrudan dava etme ve ortaya çıkan zararın tazmin edilmesi imkânı fikri mülkiyet haklarının bir yatırım türü olarak yatırımların korunması konusunda akdedilen anlaşmaların içerisine doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak alınması yoluyla sağlanmıştır. Böylelikle yatırım anlaşmaları ile öngörülen güvenceler fikri mülkiyet haklarına teşmil edilmiştir. Fikri hak sahiplerinin yatırımcı sıfatıyla ev sahibi devleti doğrudan dava etme imkanına sahip olması aynı zamanda fikri mülkiyet hakları açısından çözüme kavuşmayı bekleyen pek çok problemi de beraberinde getirmiştir. Fikri mülkiyet haklarının yatırım kavramı içerisinde nasıl değerlendirileceği, ulusal ve uluslararası fikri mülkiyet hukuku rejimleri ile kurulan kamu yararı ve özel yarar dengesinin yatırım tahkiminde ne şekilde ele alınacağı ve fikri mülkiyet haklarına yönelik devlet müdahalelerinin ne ölçüde dolaylı kamulaştırma teşkil edebileceği bu sorunların başında gelmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Uluslararası Yatırım Hukuku
• Fikri Mülkiyet Hakları
• Yatırım Tahkimi
• ICSID
• Yatırımın Korunması ve Teşviki Anlaşmaları
• Yatırım
• Dolaylı Kamulaştırma

Problems Arising in Addressing Intellectual Property Rights in International Investment Arbitration

Öz

The agreements concluded under the auspices of the World Intellectual Property Organization (‘WIPO’) aimed at the international protection of intellectual property rights (‘IPRs’) set minimum standards for protection but lack an effective enforcement mechanism. This situation has led to the emergence of new searches for protecting IPRs at the international level. These efforts have found their direction in addressing IPRs within international trade and investment agreements. The most concrete example of addressing IPRs in connection with trade is the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (‘TRIPS’) concluded under the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, only WTO member states can resort to the Dispute Settlement Mechanism (‘DSM’) referred to in the TRIPS Agreement. Even if IPR holders manage to convince their state to initiate the process and the state wins a case under the DSM, IPR holders cannot obtain compensation for their losses.

The ability for IPR holders to directly sue States through investment arbitration at the international level and seek compensation for damages has been facilitated through the inclusion of IPRs, either directly or indirectly, into investment agreements. This inclusion has extended the guarantees provided by investment agreements to IPRs. However, the handling of IPRs in investment arbitration has also led to the emergence of some problematic issues. These include how IPRs are considered within the concept of investment, how the balance between public and private interests established by national and international intellectual property law regimes is addressed in investment arbitration, and to what extent state interventions against IPRs may constitute indirect expropriation.

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