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Protest Actions Using Holy Books in the Dilemma of Diplomatic Immunity and the Freedom of Expression

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 45 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19, 12.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2025.45.1.1483501

Öz

Recently, there have been frequent protests in front of Embassies in Europe involving the use of holy books. The fact that these actions are carried out in front of Embassies necessitates that the issue be addressed within the framework of diplomatic law. Thus, it is possible to state that States that do not prevent the actions or fail to take the necessary measures to prevent them violate the inviolability of premises and personal inviolability established in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), which also have the value of customary law. However, the fact that the receiving States assess these actions, which result in such violations, under the scope of “freedom of expression” adds a different dimension to the issue. Note that freedom of expression, which is guaranteed by many international instruments, including the European Convention on Human Rights, is one of the indispensable conditions for the existence of a democratic society. However, the exercise of this freedom entails certain duties/responsibilities and that expressions targeting the values underlying the Convention fall outside the scope of freedom. Based on this, it is understood that the actions in question violate the values of “tolerance”, “social peace”, and “prohibition of discrimination” guaranteed by the Convention, incite religious hatred, and stem from a misinterpretation of the scope of freedom of expression by the States that adopted them.

Kaynakça

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Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 45 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19, 12.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2025.45.1.1483501

Öz

Son dönemde Avrupa’daki Büyükelçilikler önünde, kutsal kitapların kullanıldığı; nüshalarının yırtıldığı, yakıldığı ve ayaklar altına alındığı protesto eylemlerine sıklıkla tanık olunmaktadır. Sözü edilen eylemlerin büyük bir çoğunlu ğunda Kur’an’ın kullanıldığı görülmekte; İncil ve Tevrat’ın kullanılacağı benzer eylemler için girişimlerde bulunulduğu da dikkat çekmektedir. Eylemlerin Büyükelçilikler önünde gerçekleştirilmesi; konunun, diplomasi hukuku kuralları bağlamında ele alınmasını gerektirmektedir. Diplomasi ilişkilerinin yürütülmesi bakımından doğurabileceği sonuçlar ve diplomasi temsilcileri üzerinde yaratabileceği etkiler göz önünde bulundurularak analiz edildiğinde; eylemleri engellemeyen/engellemek için gerekli tedbirleri almayan devletlerin (kabul eden devlet), 1961 Diplomasi İlişkileri Hakkında Viyana Sözleşmesi’nde düzenlenen (yapılageliş değeri de taşıyan) bina (m. 22) ve kişi (m. 29) dokunulmaz lıklarını ihlal ettiklerini belirtmek mümkündür. Kabul eden devletlerin, bu ihlalleri beraberinde getiren eylemleri “ifade özgürlüğü” kapsamında değerlendirmesi ise konuya farklı bir boyut kazandırmaktadır. Belirtmek gerekir ki; pek çok uluslararası belge yanında Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi’nde de güvence altına alınan ifade özgürlüğü, demokratik toplumun vazgeçilmez varlık koşullarından biridir. Bununla birlikte, bu özgürlüğün kullanımının belirli görevleri/sorumlulukları beraberinde getirdiği ve Sözleşmenin temelinde yer alan değerleri hedef alan ifadelerin özgürlüğün kapsamının dışında kalacağı da kabul edilmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle, sözü edilen eylemlerde; Sözleşme ile güvence altına alınan “hoşgörü”, “toplumsal barış” ve “ayrımcılık yasağı” gibi değerlerin ihlal edildiği, dini nefretin kışkırtıldığı ve kabul eden devletlerin tutumunun, ifade özgürlüğünün kapsamına ilişkin yanlış bir yorumlamadan kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ağırbaşlı Ş, ‘Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Çerçevesinde Din ve Vicdan Özgürlüğü’ (2012) (101) Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi 83-102. google scholar
  • Bayraktar T, Çakmak UR, Ölmez CB, Açıl M, Tepekaya R and Kaynak AF İnsan Hakları Hukuku Tuğba Bayraktar ve Ufuk Ramazan Çakmak (eds) (Adalet 2022). google scholar
  • Bergmar NM, ‘Demanding Accountability Where Accountability Is Due: A Functional Necessity Approach to Diplomatic Immunity Under the Vienna Convention’ (2014) 47(2) Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 501-530. google scholar
  • Berridge GR and James A, A Dictionary of Diplomacy (2nd edn, Palgrave Macmillan 2003). google scholar
  • Cianitto C, ‘Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Religion: Drawing the Lines Between Hate Speech, Blasphemy and Free Speech’ Religion, Law and Security in Africa M. Christian Green, T. Jeremy Gunn and Mark Hill (eds) (2018) 81-96. google scholar
  • Colletta AJ, ‘Abridgments of Free Speech Which Discriminate on the Basis of Viewpoint: Finzer v. Barry’ (1986) 61(1) St. John’s Law Review 127-142. google scholar
  • Çamyamaç A, ‘Uluslararası Hukukta Elçilik Binalarına Dair Bazı Teknik Konular Üzerine Bir İnceleme’ (2018) 13(145) Terazi Hukuk Dergisi 73-92. google scholar
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  • Fiss J and Kestenbaum JG, ‘Respecting Rights? Measuring the World’s Blasphemy Laws’ (2017) U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom. google scholar
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Toplam 107 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası ve Karşılaştırmalı Hukuk (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Selcen Erdal 0000-0002-1294-3247

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 16 Mayıs 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 45 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Erdal, S. (2025). Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 45(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2025.45.1.1483501
AMA Erdal S. Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri. Public and Private International Law Bulletin. Ağustos 2025;45(1):1-19. doi:10.26650/ppil.2025.45.1.1483501
Chicago Erdal, Selcen. “Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 45, sy. 1 (Ağustos 2025): 1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2025.45.1.1483501.
EndNote Erdal S (01 Ağustos 2025) Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 45 1 1–19.
IEEE S. Erdal, “Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri”, Public and Private International Law Bulletin, c. 45, sy. 1, ss. 1–19, 2025, doi: 10.26650/ppil.2025.45.1.1483501.
ISNAD Erdal, Selcen. “Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin 45/1 (Ağustos2025), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2025.45.1.1483501.
JAMA Erdal S. Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri. Public and Private International Law Bulletin. 2025;45:1–19.
MLA Erdal, Selcen. “Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri”. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, c. 45, sy. 1, 2025, ss. 1-19, doi:10.26650/ppil.2025.45.1.1483501.
Vancouver Erdal S. Diplomatik Dokunulmazlıklar ve İfade Özgürlüğü İkileminde Kutsal Kitapların Kullanıldığı Protesto Eylemleri. Public and Private International Law Bulletin. 2025;45(1):1-19.