KNIDIAN AMPHORAE OF THE 4TH – EARLY 3RD CENTURIES BC FROM THE MAEOTIAN NECROPOLEIS OF THE KUBAN

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 47 - 82, 29.03.2023

Sergey Monakhov Elena Kuznetsova

Öz

This paper presents the problems of typology and chronology of amphorae produced in Knidos in the 4th century BC. The history of the archaeological study of the territory, wineries and amphora workshops, in particular, is briefly given. The container pottery of this center is reliably identified starting from the second quarter of the 4th century BC. Based on the materials of excavations of barbarous necropolises located in the Kuban region, a specified dating of individual variants of the containers is provided in the paper. The accompanying inventory justifies narrowing the chronology of specific vessels. In addition to Knidos amphorae, there were container vessels from other centers of production (Mende, Thasos, Sinope), including those with stamps, in the burials. Painted and black-glazed vessels were found in particular burials. The first type of Knidian amphorae had a characteristic morphological feature – a mushroom-shaped rim. Amphorae of this type were produced in two varieties: Large pythoids with a short neck and a low sharp-ridged toe, and fractional, more proportional and tall vessels with a tall neck. In the third quarter of the 4th century BC, they were replaced by vessels with roller-shaped rims. Mainly large pythoids with a flaring neck and a characteristic toe shape were produced as the second type. Only a few vessels of a different morphology with a tall cylindrical neck and a conical body are known (as a sample from the collection of N. Haviaras). The article also presents some stamped Knidian vessels, as well as preliminary results of petrographic studies of some Knidian amphorae.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Knidian amphorae, typology, Kuban river region, Maeotian necropolises, ceramic complexes

Destekleyen Kurum

Russian science foundation

Proje Numarası

18-18-00096 and 22-28-00375

KUBAN’IN MAEOTİS NEKROPOLLERİNDEN MÖ 4. - ERKEN 3. YÜZYILINBAŞLARINA AİT KNIDOS AMPHORALARI

Öz

Bu makale, MÖ 4. yüzyılda Knidos'ta üretilen amphoraların tipolojisi ve kronolojisi ile ilgili sorunları ele almaktadır. Çalışma, bölgenin, özellikle de şarap imalathanelerinin ve amphora atölyelerinin arkeolojik incelemesinin tarihçesini kısaca vermektedir. Bu merkezin saklama kapları MÖ 4. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğinden itibaren güvenilir bir şekilde tanımlanmıştır. Kuban bölgesinde yer almakta olan barbar nekropollerinde yapılan kazılardan elde edilen materyallere dayanarak, kapların özgün çeşitlerinin güncellenmiş bir tarihlendirmesi önerilmiştir. Ekteki envanter, belirli kapların kronolojisininin daraltılmasının gerekçesini de vermektedir. Knidos amphoralarına ek olarak, gömütlerde diğer üretim merkezlerinden (Mende, Thasos, Sinope) damgalı olanlar da dahil olmak üzere başka kaplar da bulunmuştur. Boyalı ve siyah firnisli kaplar ise belirli gömülerde bulunmuştur. İlk tip Knidos kapları, mantar şeklinde karakteristik bir ağız kenarına sahiptir. Bu tipteki amphoralar kısa boyunlu ve alçak keskin kenarlı bir dip kısmına sahip büyük pitoidler veya bölümlü, daha orantılı ve uzun boyunlu kaplar olmak üzere iki ana çeşitte üretilmiştir. MÖ 4. yüzyılın üçüncü çeyreğinde, bu kapların yerini silindir ağızlı kaplar aldı. İkinci tip olarak da çoğunlukla dışa dönük boyunlu ve karakteristik bir dip profili sunan büyük pitoidler üretilmiştir. Uzun silindirik boyunlu ve konik gövdeli farklı bir morfolojiye sahip sadece birkaç kap bilinmektedir (N. Haviaras koleksiyonundan bir örnek şeklinde). Çalışmada ayrıca kimi damgalı Knidos kapları ile kimi Knidos amphoralarının petrografik çalışmalarının ön sonuçları verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Knidian amphoraları, tipoloji, Kuban Nehri Bölgesi, Maeot Nekropolleri, seramik kompleksleri

Proje Numarası

18-18-00096 and 22-28-00375

Kaynakça

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