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“FRAND” İlkeleri Çerçevesinde Lisanslanan “Standarda Esas Patentler”e Dair Mahkeme Emri Uygulamaları: AB Rekabet Hukuku Açısından Değerlendirme

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 67, 32 - 83, 01.06.2017

Öz

Son yıllarda “standarda esas patent1” SEP kavramının rekabet hukuku bağlamındaki birtakım sonuçları bakımından, yeni bir rekabetçi kaygı olarak ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. Belirli bir standardın uygulanabilmesi için zaruri/vazgeçilmez nitelik taşıyan teknolojilere ilişkin patentleri ifade eden SEP2’ler özelinde gündeme gelebilecek rekabet karşıtı uygulamalar temel olarak; SEP sahibinin standardizasyon süreci sırasındaki “yanıltıcı uygulamaları”3 ve standardizasyon faaliyeti tamamlandıktan sonra ex-post gündeme gelebilen “SEP’ ler in stratejik kullanımı”4 şeklinde iki ana başlık altında toplanabilmektedir. Mevcut çalışmanın odaklandığı ikinci gruptaki stratejik uygulamalar, SEP sahibinin elindeki patentli teknolojiyi, ilgili standardın uygulanmasını engellemek için kullanmak suretiyle diğer firmaları piyasadan dışlaması durumunda ortaya çıkabilen “dışlayıcı uygulamalar5”dır. Anılan uygulamalar ise “engelleme6”, “lisanslamanın reddi7” ve “mahkeme emri uygulamaları” şeklinde karşımıza çıkabilmektedir. SEP sahibinin girişebileceği söz konusu “fırsatçı uygulamalar”a8 çözüm getirebilmek amacıyla Standart Belirleme Kuruluşları SBK genellikle katılımcılarının, ellerindeki SEP’leri “adil, makul ve ayrımcı olmayan koşullar FRAND 9” altında lisanslamalarını öngördüğü fikri mülkiyet politikaları hayata geçirmektedir.10Diğer taraftan, günümüzde rekabet hukuku bağlamında anılan uygulamalar arasında en çok tartışılanlardan biri “mahkeme emri uygulamaları”dır. Atlantik’in her iki yakasındaki rekabet otoritelerinin güçlü rekabetçi endişeler dile getiregeldiği mahkeme emri enstrümanı,11 özellikle “FRAND ilkeleri çerçevesinde lisanslanan SEP’ler” bağlamında kullanıldığında engellemeye imkan sağlayabilmesi ve standardizasyon faaliyetini olumsuz etkileyebilmesi yönüyle rekabet hukuku incelemesine tabi tutulmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel olarak cevabını araştırdığı soru ise “FRAND ilkeleri çerçevesinde lisanslanan SEP’lere ilişkin mahkeme emri uygulamaları” meselesinin mehaz Avrupa Birliği AB rekabet hukuku kapsamında nasıl yönetildiği ve “olması gereken hukuk” noktasında nasıl yönetilmesi gerektiğidir. İlgili AB Adalet Divanı ABAD ve Komisyon kararları ile ortaya konan AB rekabet hukuku yaklaşımı ışığında Türk rekabet hukuku literatürüne katkı sunmanın hedeflendiği çalışmada, rekabet hukukunun genel uygulamasında benimsenecek en uygun yöntemin formule edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır

Kaynakça

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  • COTTER, T. F. (2013), “The Comparative Law and Economics of Standard- Essential Patents and FRAND Royalties”, Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal, Forthcoming; Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13-40
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Injunctions Regarding FRAND Encumberd “Standard Essential Patents”: An Analysis In Terms Of EU Competition Law

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 67, 32 - 83, 01.06.2017

Öz

Standard essential patents SEPs , which are patents that are declared by their owner as being necessary to implement a technical standard, have been a novel competitive concern along with the traditional competitive concerns as “collusion” or “exclusioniory conducts” in recent years. The anticompetitive practices arising in the SEP context can be divided into two fundemenatal categories as “SEP’s owner’s deceptice practices during the standardization process” and “the strategic licensing practices after the standard has been adopted”. The second category on which this study mainly focus contains three subtititles as “hold-up”, “refusal to license” and “injuction relief”. Injunction relief is one of the most controversial issues in the debate concerning SEPs among other types of strategic practices. Competition authorities on both sides of the Atlantic have expressed strong concerns with such practics, emphazsizing that requesting an injunction against an infiringer of FRAND-encumberd patents could faciliate holdup, distort the licensing negotiations and enable the SEP owner to extract opportunistic licensing terms. In oder to address the risks mentioned above, standard setting organisations usually adopt intellectual property rights policies that require participants to disclose and license their SEP’s free of charge or on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory FRAND terms.The central question the present study adress is how “injunctions” in respect of “FRAND-encumbered SEPs” are treated by competition authorities using antitrust enforcement tools. In that respect, the study aims to contribute a practical discussion on the antitrust liability of SEP owners who use injuctions for FRAND-encumbered SEPs by analysing decisions of European Commission and European Court of Justice. By providing a detailed analysis of the application of Eropean Union EU competition law, the ideal approach for the competition authorities is tried to be proposed

Kaynakça

  • AIPPI Special Committee On Patents and Standards (Q222) (2014), “Availability of injunctive relief for FRAND-committed standard essential patents, incl. FRAND-defence in patent infringement proceedings” Report -Work Plan Item #5, http://aippi.org/download/commitees/222/ Report222AIPPI+report+on+the+availability+of+injunctive+relief+for+
  • FRANDcommitted+standard+essential+patentsEnglish.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2015.
  • ANGELOV, M. (2013), The “Unexceptional Circumstances” Test: Implications for FRAND commitments from the Essential Facilities doctrine under Article 102 TFEU”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2324072, Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2015.
  • ARIÖZ, A., ÖZBEK, Ö. C. (2010), “Hakim Durumun Kötüye Kullanılmasının Sonucu Olarak Zorunlu Lisanslama: Değerlendirme Kriterleri ve Uygulanan Standartlar”, Rekabet Dergisi, Vol:11, No: 3, s.1-49
  • ARMSTRONG, A., MUELLER, J. ve SYRETT, T. (2014), ‘The Smartphone Royalty Stack: Surveying Royalty Demands for the Components Within Modern Smartphones’, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2443848
  • BAYRAMOĞLU, S. N. (2012), Rekabet Hukukunda Fikri Mülkiyet Haklarının Toplu Yönetimi: Patent Havuzları ve Standart Belirleme, Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara
  • BEKKERS, R. (2015) “Concerns And Evidence For Ex-Post Hold-Up With Essential Patents”, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2663939, Erişim Tarihi: 05.02.2016.
  • BERA, R. K. (2015), “Standard-Essential Patents (SEPs) and ‘fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing”, Acadinnet Education Services, India Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560037, India, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=2557390, Erişim Tarihi: 02.02.2016
  • BIRD, R. (2013), “A Guide to Patent Litigation”, June 2013, http://www. freshfields.com/uploadedFiles/SiteWide/Knowledge/A%20guide%20to%20 patent%20litigation%20in%20Spain(1).pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2016.
  • BROOKS, R. G. ve GERADIN, D. 2010, “Interpreting and Enforcing the Voluntary FRAND Commitment”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers. cfm?abstract_id=1645878, Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2016.
  • CARLTON, D. ve SHAMPINE, A. (2013), “An Economic Interpretation of FRAND”, http://ssrn.com/abstract=2256007, Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2016.
  • COTTER, T. F. (2009), “Patent Holdup, Patent Remedies, and Antitrust Responses”, 34 Journal of Corporate Law 1151, Vol:34:4, s.101-158
  • COTTER, T. F. (2013), “The Comparative Law and Economics of Standard- Essential Patents and FRAND Royalties”, Texas Intellectual Property Law Journal, Forthcoming; Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper No. 13-40
  • COTTER, T.F. ve GOLDEN, J. M. (2015), “Empirical Studies Relating to Patents-Remedies”, Legal Studies Research Paper Series Research Paper No. 15-31
  • DAY, J. (2013), “White Paper: Standards-Essential Patents and Injunctive Relief”, http://www.jonesday.com/standards-essential_patents, Erişim Tarihi: 21.12.2015.
  • DILLICKRATH, T. ve EMANUELSON, D. (2013), “Injunctive Relief and the Noerr-Pennington Doctrine: The Search for Clarity on a Muddied Pitch”, Competition Policy International Antitrust Chronicle, March 2013(1)
  • DOLMANS, M. (2002), “Standards for Standards”, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol: 26, s.163-208
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2011), “A strategic vision for European standards: Moving forward to enhance and accelerate the sustainable growth of the European economy by 2020”, http://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/ j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/viq069b2jhzw, Erişim Tarihi: 20.01.2016.
  • FARRELL, J., HAYES, J., SHAPIRO ve SULLIVAN, T. (2007), “Standard Setting, Patents and Hold-up”, Antitrust Law Journal, Vol. 74, No. 3, s. 603– 670
  • GERADIN, D. ve RATO, M. (2006), “Can Standard-Setting lead to Exploitative Abuse? A Dissonant View on Patent Hold-Up, Royalty Stacking and the Meaning of FRAND”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_ id=946792, Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2016.
  • GILBERT, R. (2011), “Deal or No Deal? Licensing Negotiations in Standard- Setting Organizations”, Antitrust Law Journal, Vol. 77, No. 3, s. 855–888
  • GINSBURG, D. H., OWINGS, M. O. ve WRIGHT, D. W. (2014), “Enjoining Injunctions: the Case Against Antitrust Liability for Standard Essential Patent Holders Who Seek Injunctions”, The Antitrust Source, http://www. americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publishing/antitrust_source/oct14_ ginsburg_10_21f.authcheckdam.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 15.02.2016.
  • GOLDEN, J. M. (2012), “Injunctions as More (or Less) Than ‘Off Switches’: Patent-Infringement Injunctions’ Scope,” 90 Texas Law Review, s.1399-1472
  • JACOB, R. (2013), “Competition Authorities Support Grasshoppers: Competition Law as a threat to Innovation”, Competition Policy International, Vol. 9, No. 2, Autumn 2013
  • JONES, A. (2014), “Standard-essential patents: FRAND commitments, injunctions and the smartphone wars”, King’s College London Dickson Poon School of Law, Legal Studies Research Paper Series, http://ssrn.com/ abstract=2394495
  • KÖKTÜRK, N. S. (2012), Telekomünikasyon Sektöründe Dikey Bütünleşik Firma Davranışlarının Düzenlenmesi: Sektörel Düzenleme ve Rekabet Hukuku, Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara
  • LAYNE-FARRAR, A. ve ERWIN, K. W.(2014), “Methodologies for Calculating FRAND Royalty Rates and Damages: An Analysis of Existing Case Law”, Law360, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2668623, Erişim Tarihi: 06.01.2016.
  • LEMLEY, M., SHAPIRO, C. (2007), ‘Patent Holdup and Royalty Stacking’, Texas Law Review, Vol. 85, s. 1990–2049
  • MARASCO, A. A. (2002) “Standards-Setting Practices: Competition, Innovation and Consumer Welfare”, testimony before the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice, http://www.ftc.gov/opp/intellect/020418marasco. pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 04.01.2016
  • MARINIELLO, M. (2011), ‘Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (FRAND) terms: a challenge for competition authorities’, Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 7(3), pp. 523–541
  • MILLER , J. S. (2006), “Standard Setting, Patents and Access Lock-in: RAND Licensing and the Theory of the Firm”, Lewis & Clark Law School Research Paper Series, http://www.ssrn.com/link/Lewis-Clark-LEG.html, Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2016.
  • OECD (2002) “STANDARD SETTING”, DAF/COMP(2010)33, http:// www.oecd.org/daf/competition/sectors/47381304.pdf
  • OECD (2010), “Policy roundtable on Standard Setting”, DAF/COMP(2010)33, http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/47381304.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2016.
  • OECD (2014a), “Intellectual Property and Standard Setting”, Background note by the Secretariat, DAF/COMP(2014)27, http://www.oecd. org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DAF/ COMP(2014)27&docLanguage=En, Erişim Tarihi: 13.11.2015.
  • OECD (2014b)“ Intellectual Property And Standard Setting”, Note by Germany, DAF/COMP/WD(2014)113, http://www.oecd.org/ officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DAF/COMP/ WD(2014)113&docLanguage=En, Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2016.
  • PETROVCIC, U. (2014), Competition Law and Standard Essential Patents, Kluwer Law International, the Netherlands
  • RAGAVAN, S., BRENDAN M. ve DAVE, R. (2015)* “Frand v. Compulsory Licensing: the Lesser of the Two Evils”, Duke Law & Technology Review, Vol: 14, No:1, s. 83-120
  • SHAPIRO, C. (2001), “Navigating the patent thicket: Cross licenses, patent pools, and standard setting”, in Jaffe A.B., Lerner J. and S. Stern (eds.), Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol. 1, MIT Press, s. 119–150
  • SIDAK, J. (2013), “The Meaning of FRAND, Part I: Royalties”, Journal of Competition Law & Economics, 9(4), s. 931–1055
  • SIEBRASSE, N. V. ve COTTER, F. T. (2015) “The Value of the Standard,” http://ssrn.com/abstract=2636445, Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2016.
  • SPRIGMAN, C. J. (2013) “Berne’s Vanishing Ban on Formalities,” 28 Berkeley Technology Law Journal, s. 1565-1582
  • SRIVASTAVA, S. (2013) “Standard Essential Patents And Competition Law”, Competition Commission Of India New Delhi
  • TOKGÖZ, E. (2015), Düşük Karbon Ekonomisine Geçiş ve Rekabet Politikası, Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara
  • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE AND THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION (2007), “Antitrust Enforcement and Intellectual Property Rights: Promoting Innovation and Competition”, http://www.justice.gov/ atr/public/hearings/ip/222655.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.01.2016
  • U.S. FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION (2011), “The Evolving IP Marketplace: Aligning Patent Notice and Remedies with Competition”, www.ftc.gov/sites/ default/files/documents/reports/evolving-ip-marketplace-aligning-patent- notice-and-remedies-competition-report-federal-trade/110307patentreport. pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2016.
  • US DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE AND US PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE Policy Statement on Remedies for Standards-Essential Patents Subject to Voluntary F/RAND Commitments (Jan 8, 2013), http://www. uspto.gov/about/offices/ogc/Final_DOJPTO_Policy_Statement_on_ FRANDSEPs_1-8-13.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2015.
  • VESTERDORF, B. (2014), “Antitrust Enforcement and Civil Rights: SEPs and FRAND commitments”, Competition Policy International Antitrust Chronicle, August 2014(1)
  • WINSTON, T. (2006), “Innovation and Ex Ante Consideration of Licensing Terms in Standard Setting”, Economic Analysis Group Discussion Paper, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1015059, Erişim Tarihi: 21..01.2016.
  • WONG-ERWIN, K. W. (2014): “Standard-Essential Patents: “The International Landscape” http://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/key-speeches- presentations/standard- essential_patents_the_intl_landscape.pdf.
  • YEŞİL, T. (2017), FRAND Taahhüdü Çerçevesinde Lisanslanan Standarda Esas Patentlere İlişkin Mahkeme Emri Uygulamalarının Rekabet Hukuku Açısından Değerlendirilmesi, Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara
  • AB Ulusal Mahkeme Kararları
  • German Federal Supreme Court, May, 6, 2009, doc. no. KZR 39/06, http:// www.ipeg.eu/blog/wp-content/uploads/EN-Translation-BGH-Orange- Book-Standard-eng.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 02.02.2016.
  • Düsseldorf Higher Regional Court, Order of 21 March 2013, file no 4b O 104/12, GRUR Int. (2013, 547)
  • Landgericht Düsseldorf, InstGE 10, 66, 73 – Videosignal-Encoding III
  • Landgericht Mannheim, InstGE 13, 65 – UMTS-fähiges Mobiltelefon II; Landgericht
  • Düsseldorf, openJur 2012, 86155 – UMTS-Mobilstation
  • Landgericht Mannheim, MittdtPatA 2012, 120, 124 – Kartellrechtlicher Zwangslizenzeinwand
  • Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe, GRUR-RR 2007, 177 – Orange Book Standard
  • AB Genel Mahkeme Kararları
  • Case 418-01, IMS Health v. NDC Health, 2004 E.C.R. I-5039.; COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft C(2004) 900
  • Case C-241-242/91 P, RTE&ITP (Magill), [1995] E.C.R. I-743.
  • Case T-201/04, Microsoft, [2007], E.C.R. II-3601
  • Düsseldorf Higher Regional Court, Order of 21 March 2013, file no 4b O 104/12, GRUR Int. 2013, 547.
  • Joined Cases C-241/91 p ve C-242/91 P Radio Telefis Eirann (RTE) ve Independent Television Publications Ltd (ITP) v. Commission of the European Communities, ECR /-00743, at 46 (1995)
  • Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı Kararları
  • ECJ Case 53/87, CICRA v. Renault, 1988 E.C.R. 6039, ¶ 15.
  • European Court of Justice, AB Volvo v Erik Veng (Case 238/87), [1988]
  • European Court of Justice, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd v. ZTE Corp., Case C-170/13, (July, 16, 2015) Komisyon Kararları
  • Case AT.39985 - Motorola - Enforcement of Gprs Standard Essential Patents, http:// ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/39985/39985_928_16. pdf Erişim Tarihi: 03.12.2015
  • Case AT.39939 - Samsung - Enforcement of UMTS Standard Essential Patents http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/39939/39939 _1501_5.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 03.12.2015
  • Case No. COMP/M.6381 Google/Motorola Mobility of 13 February 2012, Public decision http://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/ m6381_20120213_20310_2277480_EN.pdf., Erişim Tarihi: 03.12.2015 Diğer Kaynaklar
  • Advocate General’s Opinion, C-170/13, Huawei/ZTE, http://curia.europa. eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=159827&pageIndex=0& doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=50, Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2015.
  • Antitrust decisions on standard essential patents (SEPs) - Motorola Mobility and Samsung Electronics - Frequently asked questions, http://europa.eu/rapid/ press-release_MEMO-14-322_en.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2015.
  • Antitrust: Commission accepts legally binding commitments by Samsung Electronics on standard essential patent injunctions, http://europa.eu/rapid/ press-release_IP-14-490_en.htm?locale=en , Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2016.
  • Antitrust: Commission finds that Motorola Mobility infringed EU competition rules by misusing standard essential patents, http://europa.eu/rapid/press- release_IP-14-489_en.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2016.
  • Antitrust: Commission sends Statement of Objections to Samsung on potential misuse of mobile phone standard-essential patents http://europa.eu/rapid/ press-release_IP-12-1448_en.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2016.
  • Communication from the Commission - Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreements, Official Journal C, 11, 14.1.2011. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/horizontal.html, Erişim Tarihi: 24.01.2016.
  • Complaint Motorola Mobility LLC, and Google Inc., File No. 121 0120, F.T.C. (June, 3 2013)
  • Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, Erişim Tarihi: 4.11.2015
  • Çin Milli Kalkınma ve Reform Komisyonu (MOFCOM) tarafından InterDigital hakkında verilen karar http://www.law360.com/articles/534395/global- approaches-to-standard-essential-patents Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2016
  • Decision and Order, In the Matter of Motorola Mobility LLC, a limited liability company and Google Inc., a corporation Docket No. C-4410, Decision and Order, http://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ cases/2013/07/130724googlemotorolado.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.12.2015
  • European Commission, Competition Policy Brief, (June, 2014) http:// ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/cpb/2014/008_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.03.2016. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/ 39985/39985_928_16.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2015.
  • Hindistan rekabet otoritesinin Ericcson hakkındaki kararları http://www.cci. gov.in/May2011/OrderOfCommission/261/762013.pdf ve http://www. cci.gov.in/May2011/OrderOfCommission/261/502013.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2016.
  • Press Release, Antitrust: Commission Open Proceedings Against Motorola, IP/12/345 (March, 4, 2012), http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12- 345_en.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2015
  • Press Release, Antitrust: Commission Sends Statement of Objections to Motorola Mobility on Potential Misuse of Mobile Phone Standart-Essential Patents- Qustions and Answers, (May 6, 2013), http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ MEMO-13-403_en.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2016.
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Tuba Yeşil Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 67

Kaynak Göster

APA Yeşil, T. (2017). “FRAND” İlkeleri Çerçevesinde Lisanslanan “Standarda Esas Patentler”e Dair Mahkeme Emri Uygulamaları: AB Rekabet Hukuku Açısından Değerlendirme. Rekabet Dergisi(67), 32-83.