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İNDİRİM SİSTEMLERİ: AB VE ABD UYGULAMALARI IŞIĞINDA TEST ÖNERİLERİ VE AB UYGULAMASINDAKİ SON GELİŞMELER

Yıl 2011, Sayı: 45, 3 - 53, 01.03.2011

Öz

Genelde tek taraflı eylemler özelde indirim sistemleri bağlamında hakkaniyetli rekabet kapsamındaki uygulamalar ile rekabet karşıtı uygulamaları birbirinden ayırt etmek rekabet hukukunun en tartışmalı alanlarından birisidir. Halihazırda indirim sistemleri bakımından ABD ve AB uygulamaları arasındaki temel farklılığın ve bu farklılıklar arasında kendine yer bulan yeni test önerilerinin varlığı, konuya ilişkin bir fikir birliğine henüz varılamadığının açık bir göstergesidir. Bu çerçevede, konuya ilişkin gereksinim duyulan yeni araştırma ve deneyimler doğrultusunda hatalı yaptırım riskinin minimize edilmesini temin edebilecek, etki bazlı bir yaklaşıma dayanan, açık, anlaşılır ve başarılı bir şekilde yönetilebilir bir test tüm tarafların makul bulabileceği bir çözüm getirebilecektir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın amacı, indirim sistemleri bakımından hakkaniyetli rekabet kapsamındaki uygulamalar ile rekabet karşıtı uygulamaları birbirinden ayırt edebilecek ölçütlere sahip uygun bir test bulmak adına, ABD ve AB uygulamalarını ele alarak söz konusu uygulamaları bu çerçevede değerlendirmektir. İki uygulama arasındaki farklardan beslenen ve öğretide vücut bulan yeni test önerilerine, uygun bir testin olası eksikliklerinin anlaşılabilmesi bakımından bu çalışmada ayrıca yer verilmektedir. Çalışmada son olarak, AB uygulamasında yaşanan son gelişmeler, biçimsel bir yaklaşım benimsediği yönünde ciddi eleştiriler alan AB uygulamasının, biçimsel bir yaklaşımdan etki bazlı bir yaklaşıma geçiş sürecinin neresinde yer aldığını ortaya koymak bakımından ayrıca ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelenmektedir

Kaynakça

  • ANTITRUST MODERNIZATION COMMISSION (2007), “Competition and Monopoly: Single Firm Conduct Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act”, http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/reports/236681.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • ARITÜRK, R. Ö. (2008), “Birleşmelerin Kontrolünde Kullanılan Esasa İlişkin
  • Test AB Deneyimi ve Türkiye için Çıkarımlar”, Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezleri Serisi, No:91, Ankara. BACON, K. (2007), “European Court of Justice Upholds Judgment of the European Court of First Instance in the British Airways/Virgin Saga”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1077127, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • BRENNAN, T. J. (2007), “Bundled Rebates as Exclusionary, Not Predatory”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=992907, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION (2009), “Guidance on its enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 (EC) to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings”, http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/art82/discpaper2005.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • DG COMPETITION (2005), “Discussion Paper on the application of Article 82 of the Treaty to exclusionary abuses”, Brussels, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:045: :0020:EN:PDF
  • ECOMOMIDES, N. (2009), “Loyalty/Requirement Rebates and the Antitrust
  • Modernization Commission: What is the Appropriate Liability Standard?” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1370699
  • ECOMOMIDES, N. ve I. LIANOS (2009), ,“The Elusive Antitrust Standard on
  • Bundling in Europe and in the United States in the Aftermath of the Microsoft Cases”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1078932, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • ELHAUGE, E. (2008), “How Loyalty Discounts Can Perversely Discourage
  • Discounting”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1275529, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • ELHAUGE, E. (2009), “Tying, Bundled Discounts, and the Death of the Single
  • Monopoly Profit Theory”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1345239, Erişim Tarihi:10.01.2010
  • FAELLA, G. (2009), “Foreclosure, Predation and Competition on the Merits
  • An Analysis of Bundled Discounts”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1324607, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • FEDERICO, G. (2009), “The Intel Decision: Some Economic Remarks” https://www.esmt.org/fm/312/03_Federico_Intel.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • GERADIN, D. (2008), “A Proposed Test for Separating Pro-Competitive
  • Loyalty Rebates from Anti-Competitive Ones”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1308484, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • GERADIN, D. (2009), “The Decision Of The Commission Of 13may 2009 In
  • The Intel Case: Where Is The Foreclosure And Consumer Harm?” http://www.intel.com/pressroom/legal/docs/Damian_paper.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • GERADIN, D. ve N. PETIT (2005) “Price Discrimination under EC
  • Competition Law: The Need for a case-by- case Approach”, http://www.coleurop.org/content/gclc/documents/GCLC%20WP%2007-05.pdf
  • HEIMLER, A. (2008), “Fıdelıty Dıscounts And Rebates Not Justıfıed By The Costs : In Whıch Cases Should A Domınant Enterprıse Be Forbıdden Such
  • Pratıces?” www.wettbewerbszentrale.de/media/getlivedoc.aspx?ID=28384
  • HOVENKAMP, H. (2005), “The Antitrust Enterprise: Principle and Execution”
  • Harvard University Pres, Cambridge, MA and London. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION NETWORK (2009), “Report on the Analysis of Loyalty Discounts and Rebates Under Unilateral Conduct Laws“, http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/uploads/library/doc357.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • KALLAUGHER, J. (2005), “Rebates Revisited (Again) - The Continuing Article 82 Debate” http://www.coleurop.be/content/gclc/documents/Paper%20Kallauger.doc, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • KOCABAŞ, B. (2008), “İndirim Sistemleri ve Rekabet: Tek Taraflı Davranışlar
  • Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”, Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezleri Serisi, No: 90, Ankara LAMBERT, T. A. (2006), “Antitrust Analysis of Bundled Discounts”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=948484, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • LANDE, R. H. (2009), “The Price of Abuse: Intel and the European
  • Commission Decision”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1434985, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • MAIER-RIGAUD, F. P. (2006), “Article 82 Rebates: Four Common Fallacies”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=910805, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • O’DONOUGHE, R. ve A. J. PADILLA (2006), The Law and Economics of
  • Article 82 EC, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. PEARSON, H. (2009), “Headline-Grabbing Intel Fine Hides Article 82 EC
  • Enforcement Concerns”, https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/file/view/6014, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • THE OFFICE OF FAIR TRADING (2005), “Selective Price Cuts and Fidelity
  • Discounts”, Economic Discussion Paper, http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/comp_policy/oft804.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • ÜNSAL, E. (2000) “Mikro İktisat”, 3. Baskı, İmaj Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • WILLIG, R. D ve J. M. ORSZAG ve G. LEVIN (2009),“An Economıc
  • Perspectıve On The Antıtrust Case Agaınst Intel”, http://www.ccianet.org/CCIA/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000290/Wil lig-Orszag-Levin.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010

REBATES: TEST PROPOSALS IN THE LIGHT OF EU AND THE USA EXPERIENCES AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN EU

Yıl 2011, Sayı: 45, 3 - 53, 01.03.2011

Öz

Generally in respect of unilateral conducts and specifically in respect of rebates, to distinguish the practices competition on the merits from anticompetitive practices, is one of the most controversial subjects of competition law. The existence of the main difference between EU and the US experiences and the existence of new test proposals stemming from this difference are clear indications of the fact that there is no consensus regarding this subject yet. From this perspective, in the light of new researchs and experiences needed regarding this subject; a clear, apparent, easy to administrate and effects-based test assuring to minimize the risk of false enforcements can bring such solution all sides find plausible. In this context, the purpose of this paper is, in the name of finding a proper test, including criteria which are capable of distinguishing the practices competition on the merits from anticompetitive practices in respect of rebates, to deal with the EU and the US experiences from the perspective abovementioned. New test proposals, being fed by the differences between these two experinces and apearing in the doctrine are also evaluated in this paper, in respect of comprehending the likely deficiencies of a proper test. Lastly, in this paper, in order to determine where EU practice, which is being criticised of adopting a formalistic approach, is in the process of transition from a formalistic approach to an effects-based approach; new developments in EU experince are discussed in detail.

Kaynakça

  • ANTITRUST MODERNIZATION COMMISSION (2007), “Competition and Monopoly: Single Firm Conduct Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act”, http://www.justice.gov/atr/public/reports/236681.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • ARITÜRK, R. Ö. (2008), “Birleşmelerin Kontrolünde Kullanılan Esasa İlişkin
  • Test AB Deneyimi ve Türkiye için Çıkarımlar”, Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezleri Serisi, No:91, Ankara. BACON, K. (2007), “European Court of Justice Upholds Judgment of the European Court of First Instance in the British Airways/Virgin Saga”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1077127, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • BRENNAN, T. J. (2007), “Bundled Rebates as Exclusionary, Not Predatory”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=992907, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION (2009), “Guidance on its enforcement priorities in applying Article 82 (EC) to abusive exclusionary conduct by dominant undertakings”, http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/art82/discpaper2005.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • DG COMPETITION (2005), “Discussion Paper on the application of Article 82 of the Treaty to exclusionary abuses”, Brussels, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2009:045: :0020:EN:PDF
  • ECOMOMIDES, N. (2009), “Loyalty/Requirement Rebates and the Antitrust
  • Modernization Commission: What is the Appropriate Liability Standard?” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1370699
  • ECOMOMIDES, N. ve I. LIANOS (2009), ,“The Elusive Antitrust Standard on
  • Bundling in Europe and in the United States in the Aftermath of the Microsoft Cases”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1078932, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • ELHAUGE, E. (2008), “How Loyalty Discounts Can Perversely Discourage
  • Discounting”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1275529, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • ELHAUGE, E. (2009), “Tying, Bundled Discounts, and the Death of the Single
  • Monopoly Profit Theory”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1345239, Erişim Tarihi:10.01.2010
  • FAELLA, G. (2009), “Foreclosure, Predation and Competition on the Merits
  • An Analysis of Bundled Discounts”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1324607, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • FEDERICO, G. (2009), “The Intel Decision: Some Economic Remarks” https://www.esmt.org/fm/312/03_Federico_Intel.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • GERADIN, D. (2008), “A Proposed Test for Separating Pro-Competitive
  • Loyalty Rebates from Anti-Competitive Ones”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1308484, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • GERADIN, D. (2009), “The Decision Of The Commission Of 13may 2009 In
  • The Intel Case: Where Is The Foreclosure And Consumer Harm?” http://www.intel.com/pressroom/legal/docs/Damian_paper.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • GERADIN, D. ve N. PETIT (2005) “Price Discrimination under EC
  • Competition Law: The Need for a case-by- case Approach”, http://www.coleurop.org/content/gclc/documents/GCLC%20WP%2007-05.pdf
  • HEIMLER, A. (2008), “Fıdelıty Dıscounts And Rebates Not Justıfıed By The Costs : In Whıch Cases Should A Domınant Enterprıse Be Forbıdden Such
  • Pratıces?” www.wettbewerbszentrale.de/media/getlivedoc.aspx?ID=28384
  • HOVENKAMP, H. (2005), “The Antitrust Enterprise: Principle and Execution”
  • Harvard University Pres, Cambridge, MA and London. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION NETWORK (2009), “Report on the Analysis of Loyalty Discounts and Rebates Under Unilateral Conduct Laws“, http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/uploads/library/doc357.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • KALLAUGHER, J. (2005), “Rebates Revisited (Again) - The Continuing Article 82 Debate” http://www.coleurop.be/content/gclc/documents/Paper%20Kallauger.doc, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • KOCABAŞ, B. (2008), “İndirim Sistemleri ve Rekabet: Tek Taraflı Davranışlar
  • Açısından Bir Değerlendirme”, Rekabet Kurumu Uzmanlık Tezleri Serisi, No: 90, Ankara LAMBERT, T. A. (2006), “Antitrust Analysis of Bundled Discounts”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=948484, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • LANDE, R. H. (2009), “The Price of Abuse: Intel and the European
  • Commission Decision”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1434985, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • MAIER-RIGAUD, F. P. (2006), “Article 82 Rebates: Four Common Fallacies”, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=910805, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • O’DONOUGHE, R. ve A. J. PADILLA (2006), The Law and Economics of
  • Article 82 EC, Hart Publishing, Oxford and Portland. PEARSON, H. (2009), “Headline-Grabbing Intel Fine Hides Article 82 EC
  • Enforcement Concerns”, https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/file/view/6014, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • THE OFFICE OF FAIR TRADING (2005), “Selective Price Cuts and Fidelity
  • Discounts”, Economic Discussion Paper, http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/comp_policy/oft804.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
  • ÜNSAL, E. (2000) “Mikro İktisat”, 3. Baskı, İmaj Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • WILLIG, R. D ve J. M. ORSZAG ve G. LEVIN (2009),“An Economıc
  • Perspectıve On The Antıtrust Case Agaınst Intel”, http://www.ccianet.org/CCIA/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000000290/Wil lig-Orszag-Levin.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2010
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Remzi Özge Arıtürk Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Sayı: 45

Kaynak Göster

APA Arıtürk, R. Ö. (2011). İNDİRİM SİSTEMLERİ: AB VE ABD UYGULAMALARI IŞIĞINDA TEST ÖNERİLERİ VE AB UYGULAMASINDAKİ SON GELİŞMELER. Rekabet Dergisi(45), 3-53.