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ENERJİ SEKTÖRÜNDE AYRIŞTIRMA UYGULAMALARI

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 41, 109 - 148, 01.03.2010

Öz

Kamunun tekelinde olan enerji sektöründe enerji şirketlerinin serbest piyasa aktörlerine devri son yıllarda yaygınlaşarak devam etmektedir. Fakat sektörün karakteristik olarak şebeke sistemine bağımlı olması nedeni ile sektörde rekabeti sağlamak için genel rekabet kurallarına ilave olarak yeni düzenlemeler yapılması gerekmektedir. İşte rekabetçi bir piyasa ortamını sağlamak ve özel sektör aktörlerinin şebeke sistemine girişlerini kolaylaştırmak için, ayrıştırma prensibi, temel hukuki ve ekonomik çözüm olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıştırma, enerji sektöründe üretim, iletim, dağıtım ve pazarlama bileşenlerinin birbirinden ayrılmasıdır. Avrupa Birliği AB Enerji Hukuku, ayrıştırma uygulamalarına yönelik, son yıllarda dinamik bir düzenleme sürecinden geçmiştir. Sonuç olarak 2009 yılı itibari ile değişikliğe uğrayan Enerji Direktifleri ile ayrıştırmaya yönelik yeni kurallar getirilmiştir. Benzer olarak Türkiye, enerji sektörünü serbestleştirmek ve aynı zamanda sektörde rekabeti sağlamak için gerekli düzenlemeleri yapma çabası içerisindedir. Bu düzenlemeler ayrıştırma uygulamasına yönelik birçok temel kuralları içermektedir. Ayrıca Türkiye Rekabet Kurumu ayrıştırmaya yönelik düzenlemelerin Türkiye’de uygulanması yönünde çabalar sarf etmektedir. Tüm bu gelişmeler ışığında bu makalede enerji sektöründe ayrıştırma hem kavram olarak hem de AB Hukuku ve Türk Hukukundaki uygulamalar açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma Türk Hukukunun AB Hukuku ile uyumlaştırılma çabalarına ve etkin ayrıştırma uygulamalarının Türkiye Enerji Sektöründe temel kural olmasına bir katkı sağlamayı hedeflemektedir

Kaynakça

  • AID, R., C.A.G. PORCHET ve N. TOUZI (2008), “Forward Hedging and Vertical Integration: Theory and Evidence from the French Electricity Market” http://www.istfin.eco.usi.ch/g_chemla.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2009.
  • AKCOLLU, Y. (2003), Elektrik Sektöründe Rekabet ve Regülasyon, Rekabet Kurumu, Ankara.
  • AKCOLLU, Y. (2009), “Türkiye ve AB Enerji Piyasalarında Yaşanan
  • Serbestleştirme ve Özelleştirme Sonucunda Gelinen Durum, Mevcut Rekabet Ortamı ve Bundan Sonra Yapılması Gerekenler”, http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/8c77b10cb0d2c65_ek.pdf?tipi=2&turu=X&sube=7, Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2009.
  • ALBERS, M. (2002), “Energy Liberalisation and EC Competition Law”
  • Fordham Journal of International Law, No:25. ALESINA, A. (2004), “Economic impact of regulatory reforms in the electricity supply industry: a panel data analysis for OECD Countries” Energy Policy, No: (6).
  • ANRE, P. A. (2008), “Legal Unbundling and the Next Step to Promote
  • Competition” Wec Regional Energy Forum, http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/assessment_of_energy_policy_and_pr actices/default.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2009.
  • ATİYAS, İ. (2006a), “Elektrik Sektörünün Yeniden Yapılanması Sürecinde
  • Dağıtım Faaliyetlerinde Dikey Ayrıştırma” Rekabet Forumu, No: 22. ATİYAS, İ. (2006b), Elektrik Sektöründe Serbestleşme ve Düzenleyici Reform, TESEV, Ankara.
  • BHAR, E.L. ve M.E. MACDONALD (2000-2001), “A Comparative Overview of the Unbundling of Gas Distribution Services in North America”, Alta. Law Review. No: 38.
  • CHAO, H., S. OREN ve R. WILSON (2005), “Restructured Electricity Markets
  • Reevaluation of Vertical Integration and Unbundling”, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/hepg/Papers/Chao_Oren_Wilson_Reevaluation_Ve rtical_Integration_Unbundling.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2009.
  • COPENHAGENS ECONOMICS (2005), “Market Opening in Network Industries” www.copenhageneconomics.com/.../DWSDownload.aspx?...%2FFiles%2FFiler
  • %2FPublikationer%2FMarket_opening, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009.
  • DAVIES, S. ve C. W. PRICE (2007), “Does ownership unbundling matter?
  • Evidence from UK energy markets”, ESRC Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia http://web.econ.ku.dk/cie/Workshops/CIE%20Workshop%202008/Papers/Davie s%20Waddams%20Unbundling%20corr.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009.
  • DOMANICA, F. (2006), “Liberalisation of the European Electricity Industry
  • Internal Market or National Champions?”, http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/p001227.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009.
  • ERGEG (2008), “Status Review of the Liberalisation and Implementation of the Energy Regulatory Framework”, http://www.energy-regulators.eu, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009.
  • EROĞLU, M. (2008), Multinational Enterprises and Tort Liabilities, Edward Elgar, İngiltere.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2007), Inquiry pursuant to Article 17 of
  • Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 into the European gas and electricity sectors (Final Report), http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006DC0851:EN:NOT, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009
  • EUROPEAN REGULATORS GROUP FOR ELECTRICITY AND GAS (2005), “A Preliminary Assessment of the European Energy Market” http://www.energy- regulators.eu/portal/page/portal/EER_HOME/EER_INITIATIVES/GRI/North_
  • West/Meetings/RCC_meetings/2nd_NNW_RCC/DD/08-09- %20%20Regulatory%20Coordination%20and%20Investment%20Priorit.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009
  • GIVAJA, A. (2006), “When Parents Pay for Their Children’s Wrongs
  • Attribution of Liability for EC Antitrust Infringements in Parent-subsidiary Scenarios” World Competition, No: 29. GOMEZ-ACEBO, P., S.L. ABOGADOS ve R. CHARLES (2006), “Unbundling of Electricity and Gas Transmission and Distribution System”, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/electricity/publications/doc/2006_03_08_final_comm on_report.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009
  • JAMASB, T. ve M. POLLITT (2005), “Electricity Market Reform in the European Union: Review of Progress toward Liberalization & Integration”, http://ideas.repec.org/p/mee/wpaper/0503.html, Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2009.
  • KALDIRIMCI, N. (2007), “Enerji ve Telekomünikasyon Bağlamında
  • Türkiye’de Şebeke Endüstrilerinde Genel Rekabet Sorunları”, http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/index.php?Sayfa=sayfahtml&Id=652, Erişim Tarihi: 12.2009.
  • MULDER M., V. SHESTALOVA ve M. LIJESEN (2005), “Vertical separation of the energy-distribution industry. An assessment of several options for unbundling”, http://www.cpb.nl/eng/pub/cpbreeksen/document/84/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2009.
  • OECD (2001), International Energy Agency/Organisation for Economic
  • Cooperation and Development, Competition in Electricity Markets, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), The benefits and costs of structural separation, OECD Paris.
  • OSBORNE, I. ve A. HAASTEREN (2006), “European Energy Sector -
  • QuoVadis? First results of the Sector Inquiry”, Competition Policy Newsletter, Spring 2006.
  • PAŞAOĞLU, Ö. (2003), Doğal Tekellerde Regülasyon ve Rekabet Bir Örnek
  • İngiliz Elektrik Sektörünün Yeniden Yapılandırılması, Rekabet Kurumu, Ankara. POLLITT, M. (2007), “The arguments for and against ownership unbundling of energy transmission Networks”, http://www.electricitypolicy.org.uk/pubs/wp/eprg0714.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2009.
  • PWC (2008), “Privatization of the Turkish Electricity Distribution Companies”, http://www.pwc.com/tr_TR/tr/assets/ins-sol/publ/privitization.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.12.2009.
  • ROGGENKAMP, M.M. (2006), “Ownership unbundling of energy distribution companies: the Netherlands” International Energy Law & Taxation Review.
  • THOMAS, S. (2007), “Unbundling of electricity transmission networks
  • Analysis of the European Commission’s position”, www.psiru.org/reports/2007
  • E-Unbundling.doc, Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2009.
  • TONJES, C. (2005), “Ownership Unbundling of Energy Distribution
  • Companies in the Netherlands”, http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2005/20050819_ciep_briefing_unbundli ng.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2009
  • VAN DER WOUDE, M. (2005), “Recent Development in EU Competition
  • Law--Facing the Network” (der.) ROGGENKAMP, M. ve U. HAMMERS, European Energy Law Report II, Energy & Law, Vol.3, Intersentia, Antwerp, Oxford. VAN KOTEN, S. ve A. ORTMANN (2007), “The Unbundling Regime for
  • Electricity Utilities in the EU: A Case of Legislative and Regulatory Capture?”, http://www.cerge.cuni.cz/pdf/wp/Wp328.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2009.
  • WILIS, P. ve P. HUGHES (2008), “Structual Remedies in Article 82 Energy
  • Cases”, The Competition Law Review, No: 4. ZAFIROVA, Z. (2007), “Unbundling the Network: the Case for Ownership
  • Unbundling?”, International Energy & Taxation Review.

UNBUNDLING IN THE ENERGY SECTOR

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 41, 109 - 148, 01.03.2010

Öz

Transferring energy companies to private actors has been a common practice in recent years. However, due to energy sector’s characteristic dependence on network infrastructure, it requires additional measures to achieve greater competition in the sector. Thus, in order to achieve competition and facilitate network access for third parties, unbundling principles are considered as a main economic and legal tool. Unbundling in energy sector means the separation of production, transmission, distribution and marketing activities. Regarding unbundling, the European Union’s EU legal system has gone through dynamic regulatory process in recent years. As a result, in 2009, the EU has introduced new unbundling rules by changing relevant energy directives. In parallel, Turkey has gone through the liberalization process in the energy sector and introduced new competition rules which contain unbundling rules. Moreover, Turkish Competition Authority, acting as a competition advocate, has been putting some efforts to facilitate application of unbundling rules in Turkey. This article examines the concept of unbundling in energy sector. It also conducts a comparative examination of unbundling rules in the EU and Turkish legal systems. Overall, this article aims to contribute to the harmonization effort of Turkish Energy Law with the EU Energy Law and achieve the most effective unbundling rules in Turkish Energy Law.

Kaynakça

  • AID, R., C.A.G. PORCHET ve N. TOUZI (2008), “Forward Hedging and Vertical Integration: Theory and Evidence from the French Electricity Market” http://www.istfin.eco.usi.ch/g_chemla.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2009.
  • AKCOLLU, Y. (2003), Elektrik Sektöründe Rekabet ve Regülasyon, Rekabet Kurumu, Ankara.
  • AKCOLLU, Y. (2009), “Türkiye ve AB Enerji Piyasalarında Yaşanan
  • Serbestleştirme ve Özelleştirme Sonucunda Gelinen Durum, Mevcut Rekabet Ortamı ve Bundan Sonra Yapılması Gerekenler”, http://www.emo.org.tr/ekler/8c77b10cb0d2c65_ek.pdf?tipi=2&turu=X&sube=7, Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2009.
  • ALBERS, M. (2002), “Energy Liberalisation and EC Competition Law”
  • Fordham Journal of International Law, No:25. ALESINA, A. (2004), “Economic impact of regulatory reforms in the electricity supply industry: a panel data analysis for OECD Countries” Energy Policy, No: (6).
  • ANRE, P. A. (2008), “Legal Unbundling and the Next Step to Promote
  • Competition” Wec Regional Energy Forum, http://www.worldenergy.org/publications/assessment_of_energy_policy_and_pr actices/default.asp, Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2009.
  • ATİYAS, İ. (2006a), “Elektrik Sektörünün Yeniden Yapılanması Sürecinde
  • Dağıtım Faaliyetlerinde Dikey Ayrıştırma” Rekabet Forumu, No: 22. ATİYAS, İ. (2006b), Elektrik Sektöründe Serbestleşme ve Düzenleyici Reform, TESEV, Ankara.
  • BHAR, E.L. ve M.E. MACDONALD (2000-2001), “A Comparative Overview of the Unbundling of Gas Distribution Services in North America”, Alta. Law Review. No: 38.
  • CHAO, H., S. OREN ve R. WILSON (2005), “Restructured Electricity Markets
  • Reevaluation of Vertical Integration and Unbundling”, http://www.hks.harvard.edu/hepg/Papers/Chao_Oren_Wilson_Reevaluation_Ve rtical_Integration_Unbundling.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2009.
  • COPENHAGENS ECONOMICS (2005), “Market Opening in Network Industries” www.copenhageneconomics.com/.../DWSDownload.aspx?...%2FFiles%2FFiler
  • %2FPublikationer%2FMarket_opening, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009.
  • DAVIES, S. ve C. W. PRICE (2007), “Does ownership unbundling matter?
  • Evidence from UK energy markets”, ESRC Centre for Competition Policy, University of East Anglia http://web.econ.ku.dk/cie/Workshops/CIE%20Workshop%202008/Papers/Davie s%20Waddams%20Unbundling%20corr.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009.
  • DOMANICA, F. (2006), “Liberalisation of the European Electricity Industry
  • Internal Market or National Champions?”, http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/p001227.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009.
  • ERGEG (2008), “Status Review of the Liberalisation and Implementation of the Energy Regulatory Framework”, http://www.energy-regulators.eu, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009.
  • EROĞLU, M. (2008), Multinational Enterprises and Tort Liabilities, Edward Elgar, İngiltere.
  • EUROPEAN COMMISSION (2007), Inquiry pursuant to Article 17 of
  • Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 into the European gas and electricity sectors (Final Report), http://eur- lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52006DC0851:EN:NOT, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009
  • EUROPEAN REGULATORS GROUP FOR ELECTRICITY AND GAS (2005), “A Preliminary Assessment of the European Energy Market” http://www.energy- regulators.eu/portal/page/portal/EER_HOME/EER_INITIATIVES/GRI/North_
  • West/Meetings/RCC_meetings/2nd_NNW_RCC/DD/08-09- %20%20Regulatory%20Coordination%20and%20Investment%20Priorit.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009
  • GIVAJA, A. (2006), “When Parents Pay for Their Children’s Wrongs
  • Attribution of Liability for EC Antitrust Infringements in Parent-subsidiary Scenarios” World Competition, No: 29. GOMEZ-ACEBO, P., S.L. ABOGADOS ve R. CHARLES (2006), “Unbundling of Electricity and Gas Transmission and Distribution System”, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/electricity/publications/doc/2006_03_08_final_comm on_report.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2009
  • JAMASB, T. ve M. POLLITT (2005), “Electricity Market Reform in the European Union: Review of Progress toward Liberalization & Integration”, http://ideas.repec.org/p/mee/wpaper/0503.html, Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2009.
  • KALDIRIMCI, N. (2007), “Enerji ve Telekomünikasyon Bağlamında
  • Türkiye’de Şebeke Endüstrilerinde Genel Rekabet Sorunları”, http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/index.php?Sayfa=sayfahtml&Id=652, Erişim Tarihi: 12.2009.
  • MULDER M., V. SHESTALOVA ve M. LIJESEN (2005), “Vertical separation of the energy-distribution industry. An assessment of several options for unbundling”, http://www.cpb.nl/eng/pub/cpbreeksen/document/84/, Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2009.
  • OECD (2001), International Energy Agency/Organisation for Economic
  • Cooperation and Development, Competition in Electricity Markets, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), The benefits and costs of structural separation, OECD Paris.
  • OSBORNE, I. ve A. HAASTEREN (2006), “European Energy Sector -
  • QuoVadis? First results of the Sector Inquiry”, Competition Policy Newsletter, Spring 2006.
  • PAŞAOĞLU, Ö. (2003), Doğal Tekellerde Regülasyon ve Rekabet Bir Örnek
  • İngiliz Elektrik Sektörünün Yeniden Yapılandırılması, Rekabet Kurumu, Ankara. POLLITT, M. (2007), “The arguments for and against ownership unbundling of energy transmission Networks”, http://www.electricitypolicy.org.uk/pubs/wp/eprg0714.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 05.12.2009.
  • PWC (2008), “Privatization of the Turkish Electricity Distribution Companies”, http://www.pwc.com/tr_TR/tr/assets/ins-sol/publ/privitization.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 03.12.2009.
  • ROGGENKAMP, M.M. (2006), “Ownership unbundling of energy distribution companies: the Netherlands” International Energy Law & Taxation Review.
  • THOMAS, S. (2007), “Unbundling of electricity transmission networks
  • Analysis of the European Commission’s position”, www.psiru.org/reports/2007
  • E-Unbundling.doc, Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2009.
  • TONJES, C. (2005), “Ownership Unbundling of Energy Distribution
  • Companies in the Netherlands”, http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2005/20050819_ciep_briefing_unbundli ng.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2009
  • VAN DER WOUDE, M. (2005), “Recent Development in EU Competition
  • Law--Facing the Network” (der.) ROGGENKAMP, M. ve U. HAMMERS, European Energy Law Report II, Energy & Law, Vol.3, Intersentia, Antwerp, Oxford. VAN KOTEN, S. ve A. ORTMANN (2007), “The Unbundling Regime for
  • Electricity Utilities in the EU: A Case of Legislative and Regulatory Capture?”, http://www.cerge.cuni.cz/pdf/wp/Wp328.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2009.
  • WILIS, P. ve P. HUGHES (2008), “Structual Remedies in Article 82 Energy
  • Cases”, The Competition Law Review, No: 4. ZAFIROVA, Z. (2007), “Unbundling the Network: the Case for Ownership
  • Unbundling?”, International Energy & Taxation Review.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Muzaffer Eroğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Sayı: 41

Kaynak Göster

APA Eroğlu, M. (2010). ENERJİ SEKTÖRÜNDE AYRIŞTIRMA UYGULAMALARI. Rekabet Dergisi(41), 109-148.