BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Travma Sonrası Gelişim, Büyüme, Kimlik Gelişimi ve Sosyal İlişkiler

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 858 - 872, 01.01.2017

Öz

Travma kişide kontrolü kaybetme hissi yaratan ve sonucunda kontrolsüz tepkiler bırakan olağanüstü durumlar olarak tanımlanır. Travma sonrası gelişim ise, ciddi stres içeren bir durumun ardından ortaya çıkan olumlu psikolojik değişimdir. Kişiyi travma öncesi durumdan daha güçlü hale getirmesi de mümkündür. Travmatik olayın ardından yaşanan süreçte zaman içinde gelişebileceği gibi, bazı bireylerdeki değişim olaydan sonra birden de ortaya çıkabilir. Travmatik olaydan sonra birden iyileşme gösterebilir. Travma sonrası büyüme zaman içinde gelişebilir. Travma sonrası büyüme ile ilgili değişkenler şöyle sıralanır: Bilişsel değerlendirme tehdit algısı, farkındalık, kontrol . Sosyo-demografik özellikler cinsiyet, yaş, sosyoekonomik ve eğitim düzeyi . Kişilik özellikleri psikolojik sağlamlık, dayanıklılık, iyimserlik, tutarlılık algısı . İnsanların travma ile başa çıkma tarzları ise: Sosyal destek ve duygudurum düzenlemesidir. Travma sonrası büyüme bireyde şu boyutlarda değişime uğratır; 1 Kendilik algısında yaşanan değişim 2 Kişilerarası ilişkilerde değişimdir. Travma sonrası büyümenin evreleri ise şöyle sıralanabilir: Doğal olarak karışık ve karmaşık olan süreci düzenleme girişimidir. Birinci evrenin ana görevi güvenliğin tesis edilmesidir. İkinci evrenin ana görevi hatırlama ve yastır. Üçüncü evrenin ana görevi hayatla yeniden bağ kurmaktır. Yaşanan travmaya verilen bir diğer tepki biçimi ise travma sonrası gelişimdir. Yaşanan travma sonrası bireyler, bu olumsuz yaşantı sonucunda yenik düşüp travma sonrası stres bozukluğu yaşayabilirler. Bunun dışında, yaşanan travmaya bir anlam yükleyerek yaşanan bu olumsuzluktan sonra gelişim de gösterebilirler

Kaynakça

  • Bostock, L., Sheikh, A. I., ve Barton, S. (2009). Posttraumatic growth and optimism in health- related trauma: A systematic review.Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, V:16/4, Pp:4281-296.
  • Bowlby, J. (I980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  • Calhoun, L. G. ve Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Future directions. Ed. R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park ve L. G. Calhoun. Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., ve Tedeschi, R. G. (2013). The relationship of core belief challenge, rumination, disclosure, and sociocultural elements to posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma, V:5/1, Pp:150-155
  • Christopher, M., Lowson, R., ve Peck, H. (2004). Creating agile supply chains in the fashion industry. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 32/8, Pp. 367-376
  • Collins, M. D., Lawson, P. A., Willems, A., Cordoba, J. J., Fernandez Garayzabal, J., Garcia, P., Cai, J., Hippe, H., ve Farrow, J. A. E. (1994). The phylogeny of the genus Clostridium: proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations. Int J Syst Bacteriol. V:44, Pp:812-826.
  • Connor-Smith, J.K., ve Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: a meta-analysis. J. Personal. Social Psychology. V:93, Pp:1080-1107
  • Foa, E. B., ve Riggs, D. S. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Ed. J. Oldham, M. B. Riba ve A. Tasman. American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, V:12, Pp:273-303.
  • Garnefsk, N., Koopman, H., Kraaij, V., ve Cate, R. (2009). Brief report: Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological adjustment in adolescents with a chronic disease. Journal of Adolescence. V:32, Pp:449-454.
  • Haid, R.W. (2006). Lumbar interbody fusion: stateof-the-art technical advances. Invited submission from the joint section meeting on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves. J. Neurosurg Spine 1: 24-30.
  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery, Basic Books, New York.
  • Helgeson, V,S., Reynolds, K.A., ve Tomich, P.LA. (2006). A metaanalytic Review of Benefit Finding and Growth. J. Consult Clin Psychol. V:74/5, Pp:797-816
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions. New York: Free Press.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (2004). Posttaumatic Growth: Three Explanatory Models, Psychological Inquiry. V:15, Pp:30-34
  • Joseph, S., Williams, R., ve Yule, W. (1997). Post-traumatic Stress: Psychosocial Perspectives on PTSD and Treatment. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Linley, P. A. ve Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, V:17, Pp:11-21.
  • Mikulincer, M., ve Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Morris,A.S., Robinson, L., ve Eisenberg, N. (2005). Applying a multimethod perspective to the study of developmental psychology. In: Eid M, Diener E, editors. Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology. Pp: 371-384Washington, DC: APA Books.
  • Nisbett, R.E. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently and why. New York: Free Press
  • O’Leary, V. E. ve Ickovics, J. R. (1995). Resilience and thriving in response to challenge: An opportunity for a pradigm shift in women’s health. Women’s Health: Research on Gender, Behavior, and Policy, V:1, Pp:121-142.
  • Parekh, B. (2002). Çok kültürlülüğü Yeniden Düşünmek; Kültürel Çeşitlilik ve Siyasi Teori. Bilge Tanrıseven (Çev.), Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Pargament K. I., Smith B. W., Koenig H. G., ve Perez L. (1998) ‘Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. V:374, Pp:710-24.
  • Salo, J.A., Quota, S., ve Punamaki, R. (2005). Adult attachment, posttraumatic growth and negative emotions among former political prisoners. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, V:18, Pp:361- 378.
  • Santrock, J. W. (1997). Life-span development. (6th ed.). Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers.
  • Sears, H. A., Byers, E. S., Whelan, J.J.,ve Saint-Pierre, M. (2006). If it hurts you, then it is not ajoke": Adolescents ideas about girls' and boys' use and experience of abusive behavior in dating relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence V:21, Pp:1191-1207.
  • Schaefer, J. A. ve Moos, R. H. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. Ed. B. N. Carpenter. Personal coping, theory, research, and application. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Schwartzberg, S. S., ve Janoff-Bulman, R. (1991). Grief and the search for meaning: Exploring the assumptive worlds of bereaved college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. V:10, Pp:270-288
  • Taku, K., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., ve Calhoun, L. G. (2009). The culture of disclosure: Effects of perceived reactions to disclosure on posttraumatic growth and distress in Japan. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, V:29/10, 1226-1243.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, V:9, Pp:455-471.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., ve Calhoun, L. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual issues. Ed. R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park ve L. G. Calhoun. Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., ve Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, V:15, Pp:1-18.
  • Tennen, H., ve Affleck, G. (1998). Personality and transformation in the face of adversity. Ed. R. G.
  • Tedeschi, C. L. Park ve L. G. Calhoun. Posttraumaticthe aftermath of crisis. Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. growth:Positive changes in Turner, R.J.,ve Lloyd, D.A. (1995). Lifetime traumas and mental health: The significance of cumulative adversity. J. Health Soc Behav. V:36, pp:360-376
  • Van Dijk, Teun. (2007). “Comments on Context and Conversation”. In Discourse and Contemporary Social Change, edited by Norman Fairclough, Giuseppina Cortese and Patrizia Ardizzone, Pp:281-316. Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Weiss, T. (2002). Posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer and their husbands: An intersubjective validation study. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, V:20, Pp:65-80.
  • Whisman, M. A., ve Wagers, T. P. (2005). Assessing relationship betrayals. Journal of Clinical Psychology. V:61, Pp:1383-1391.

Post Traumatic Development, Growth, İdentity Development and Social Relations

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 858 - 872, 01.01.2017

Öz

Trauma is defined as extraordinary situations that cause a feeling of losing control over the person and result in uncontrolled reactions. Posttraumatic development is a positive psychological change that occurs after a state of severe stress. It is also possible to make the person stronger than before the trauma. As the traumatic event may develop over time, the change in some individuals may occur suddenly afterwards. He may suddenly recover after his traumatic event. Posttraumatic growth may develop over time. The variables related to posttraumatic growth are as follows: Cognitive assessment threat perception, awareness, control . Socio-demographic characteristics gender, age, socioeconomic and educational level . Personality traits psychological robustness, endurance, optimism, consistency perception . The way people cope with trauma is to organize social support and mood. Posttraumatic growth changes in the following dimensions in the individual; 1 Change in the perception of the self 2 Change in the interpersonal relationship 3 Change in the philosophy of life. The stages of posttraumatic growth can be listed as follows: Naturally complex and complicated process is the attempt to regulate. The primary task of the first universe is to establish safety. The main task of the second universe is recollection and depression. The main task of the third universe is to reconnect with life. Another form of response to living trauma is post-traumatic development. Post-traumatic individuals can fall victim to this negative experience and experience post-traumatic stress disorder. Apart from that, they may show improvement after this negativity which is experienced by giving meaning to living trauma.

Kaynakça

  • Bostock, L., Sheikh, A. I., ve Barton, S. (2009). Posttraumatic growth and optimism in health- related trauma: A systematic review.Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, V:16/4, Pp:4281-296.
  • Bowlby, J. (I980). Attachment and loss, Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books.
  • Calhoun, L. G. ve Tedeschi, R. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Future directions. Ed. R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park ve L. G. Calhoun. Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Calhoun, L. G., Cann, A., ve Tedeschi, R. G. (2013). The relationship of core belief challenge, rumination, disclosure, and sociocultural elements to posttraumatic growth. Psychological Trauma, V:5/1, Pp:150-155
  • Christopher, M., Lowson, R., ve Peck, H. (2004). Creating agile supply chains in the fashion industry. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, Vol. 32/8, Pp. 367-376
  • Collins, M. D., Lawson, P. A., Willems, A., Cordoba, J. J., Fernandez Garayzabal, J., Garcia, P., Cai, J., Hippe, H., ve Farrow, J. A. E. (1994). The phylogeny of the genus Clostridium: proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations. Int J Syst Bacteriol. V:44, Pp:812-826.
  • Connor-Smith, J.K., ve Flachsbart, C. (2007). Relations between personality and coping: a meta-analysis. J. Personal. Social Psychology. V:93, Pp:1080-1107
  • Foa, E. B., ve Riggs, D. S. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Ed. J. Oldham, M. B. Riba ve A. Tasman. American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, V:12, Pp:273-303.
  • Garnefsk, N., Koopman, H., Kraaij, V., ve Cate, R. (2009). Brief report: Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological adjustment in adolescents with a chronic disease. Journal of Adolescence. V:32, Pp:449-454.
  • Haid, R.W. (2006). Lumbar interbody fusion: stateof-the-art technical advances. Invited submission from the joint section meeting on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves. J. Neurosurg Spine 1: 24-30.
  • Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and Recovery, Basic Books, New York.
  • Helgeson, V,S., Reynolds, K.A., ve Tomich, P.LA. (2006). A metaanalytic Review of Benefit Finding and Growth. J. Consult Clin Psychol. V:74/5, Pp:797-816
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions. New York: Free Press.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (2004). Posttaumatic Growth: Three Explanatory Models, Psychological Inquiry. V:15, Pp:30-34
  • Joseph, S., Williams, R., ve Yule, W. (1997). Post-traumatic Stress: Psychosocial Perspectives on PTSD and Treatment. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Linley, P. A. ve Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, V:17, Pp:11-21.
  • Mikulincer, M., ve Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Morris,A.S., Robinson, L., ve Eisenberg, N. (2005). Applying a multimethod perspective to the study of developmental psychology. In: Eid M, Diener E, editors. Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology. Pp: 371-384Washington, DC: APA Books.
  • Nisbett, R.E. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently and why. New York: Free Press
  • O’Leary, V. E. ve Ickovics, J. R. (1995). Resilience and thriving in response to challenge: An opportunity for a pradigm shift in women’s health. Women’s Health: Research on Gender, Behavior, and Policy, V:1, Pp:121-142.
  • Parekh, B. (2002). Çok kültürlülüğü Yeniden Düşünmek; Kültürel Çeşitlilik ve Siyasi Teori. Bilge Tanrıseven (Çev.), Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Pargament K. I., Smith B. W., Koenig H. G., ve Perez L. (1998) ‘Patterns of positive and negative religious coping with major life stressors’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. V:374, Pp:710-24.
  • Salo, J.A., Quota, S., ve Punamaki, R. (2005). Adult attachment, posttraumatic growth and negative emotions among former political prisoners. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, V:18, Pp:361- 378.
  • Santrock, J. W. (1997). Life-span development. (6th ed.). Madison: Brown & Benchmark Publishers.
  • Sears, H. A., Byers, E. S., Whelan, J.J.,ve Saint-Pierre, M. (2006). If it hurts you, then it is not ajoke": Adolescents ideas about girls' and boys' use and experience of abusive behavior in dating relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence V:21, Pp:1191-1207.
  • Schaefer, J. A. ve Moos, R. H. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. Ed. B. N. Carpenter. Personal coping, theory, research, and application. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Schwartzberg, S. S., ve Janoff-Bulman, R. (1991). Grief and the search for meaning: Exploring the assumptive worlds of bereaved college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. V:10, Pp:270-288
  • Taku, K., Tedeschi, R. G., Cann, A., ve Calhoun, L. G. (2009). The culture of disclosure: Effects of perceived reactions to disclosure on posttraumatic growth and distress in Japan. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, V:29/10, 1226-1243.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma and transformation: growing in the aftermath of suffering. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Tedeschi, R. G. ve Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, V:9, Pp:455-471.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Park, C. L., ve Calhoun, L. G. (1998). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual issues. Ed. R. G. Tedeschi, C. L. Park ve L. G. Calhoun. Posttraumatic growth: Positive changes in the aftermath of crisis. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., ve Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, V:15, Pp:1-18.
  • Tennen, H., ve Affleck, G. (1998). Personality and transformation in the face of adversity. Ed. R. G.
  • Tedeschi, C. L. Park ve L. G. Calhoun. Posttraumaticthe aftermath of crisis. Mahwah. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. growth:Positive changes in Turner, R.J.,ve Lloyd, D.A. (1995). Lifetime traumas and mental health: The significance of cumulative adversity. J. Health Soc Behav. V:36, pp:360-376
  • Van Dijk, Teun. (2007). “Comments on Context and Conversation”. In Discourse and Contemporary Social Change, edited by Norman Fairclough, Giuseppina Cortese and Patrizia Ardizzone, Pp:281-316. Bern: Peter Lang.
  • Weiss, T. (2002). Posttraumatic growth in women with breast cancer and their husbands: An intersubjective validation study. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, V:20, Pp:65-80.
  • Whisman, M. A., ve Wagers, T. P. (2005). Assessing relationship betrayals. Journal of Clinical Psychology. V:61, Pp:1383-1391.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yener Özen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

IEEE Y. Özen, “Travma Sonrası Gelişim, Büyüme, Kimlik Gelişimi ve Sosyal İlişkiler”, Researcher, c. 5, sy. 4, ss. 858–872, 2017.
  • Yayın hayatına 2013 yılında başlamış olan "Researcher: Social Sciences Studies" (RSSS) dergisi, 2020 Ağustos ayı itibariyle "Researcher" ismiyle Ankara Bilim Üniversitesi bünyesinde faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir.
  • 2021 yılı ve sonrasında Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri alanlarında katkıda bulunmayı hedefleyen özgün araştırma makalelerinin yayımlandığı uluslararası indeksli, ulusal hakemli, bilimsel ve elektronik bir dergidir.
  • Dergi özel sayılar dışında yılda iki kez yayımlanmaktadır. Amaçları doğrultusunda dergimizin yayın odağında; Endüstri Mühendisliği, Yazılım Mühendisliği, Bilgisayar Mühendisliği ve Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği alanları bulunmaktadır.
  • Dergide yayımlanmak üzere gönderilen aday makaleler Türkçe ve İngilizce dillerinde yazılabilir. Dergiye gönderilen makalelerin daha önce başka bir dergide yayımlanmamış veya yayımlanmak üzere başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olması gerekmektedir.