İngiltere’de 1832 Parlamento Reformu

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 17 - 39, 01.01.2020

Yahya Bağçeci

Öz

19. yüzyılda İngiltere, anayasal monarşi ile yönetiliyordu. Parlamentonun üst kanadını oluşturan Lortlar Kamarası’nın üyeleri kral tarafından atanıyordu. Alt kanadını oluşturan Avam Kamarası ise halkın oylarıyla seçiliyordu. Bu bağlamda kral, Lortlar Kamarası ve Avam Kamarası, sırasıyla monarşi, aristokrasi ve demokrasiye denk gelen unsurlardı. Ancak seçim sisteminde önemli birtakım eksiklik ya da kusurlar vardı. En önemlisi oy kullanma hakkı üzerindeki kısıtlamalar ve halkın seçimlere katılımındaki fırsat eşitsizliğiydi. Koltuk dağılımı Sanayi Devrimi öncesi toplum yapısına göre ayarlanmıştı. Nüfusun büyük artış gösterdiği önemli sanayi merkezleri Avam Kamarası’nda temsil edilmezken, küçük ve önemsiz yerleşim yerleri iki üyeyle temsil edilebiliyordu. Parlamentonun, Sanayi Devrimi’nden doğan yeni bir toplumun ihtiyaçlarına cevap verebilecek hale gelmesi gerektiği açıktı. Reform talebi de herkesten önce Sanayi Devrimi’nin sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan işçi sınıfından geldi. 1830’da Fransa’da X. Charles’ın iktidardan düşmesiyle sonuçlanan Temmuz İhtilali ise İngiltere’de parlamento reformu meselesine bir canlanma getirdi. Ancak reformcuların siyasi değişimi sağlayabilmeleri için yerleşik muhalefetin üstesinden gelmeleri gerekiyordu. Bunun için de öncelikle siyasi liderlik becerisine ve kamuoyu baskısına ihtiyaç vardı. Nitekim bir Whig olan Başbakan Lort Grey reform meselesini ele aldı. Bu çalışmada reform çalışmaları sırasında karşılaşılan zorlukların yanı sıra, 1832 Reform Yasası’nın, İngiltere’de yarım asırdan fazla bir süredir şikâyet edilen bir sistemin hatalarını ne kadar düzeltebildiği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

İngiltere, temsilî demokrasi, Temmuz İhtilali, Lort Grey, 1832 Reform Yasası

Parliamentary Reform of 1832 in England

Öz

In the 19th century, England was ruled by constitutional monarchy. Members of the House of Lords, the upper wing of the parliament, were appointed by the king. The House of Commons, which constitutes the lower wing, was chosen by the votes of the people. In this context, the king, the House of Lords and the House of Commons were elements corresponding to monarchy, aristocracy and democracy respectively. However, there were some important deficiencies or flaws in the electoral system. The most important was the restrictions on the right to vote and inequality of opportunity for public participation in elections. The seat distribution was adjusted for the social structure before the Industrial Revolution. Major industrial centers, where the population increased greatly, were not represented in the House of Commons, while small and insignificant settlements could be represented by two members. It was clear that the parliament should be able to meet the needs of a new society born from the Industrial Revolution. The demand for reform came first from the working class, which emerged as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The July Revolution, which resulted in the fall of Charles X in France in 1830, brought a revival to the issue of parliamentary reform in Britain. However, reformers had to overcome the established opposition to enable political change. For this, political leadership skills and public pressure were needed first. Indeed, Prime Minister Lord Grey, a Whig, addressed the issue of reform. In this study, besides the difficulties encountered during the reform studies, it was tried to reveal how much the Reform Act 1832 was able to correct the mistakes of a system complained for more than half a century in England

Anahtar Kelimeler

England, representative democracy, July Revolution, Lord Grey, Reform Act 1832

Kaynakça

• An act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales, 7the June 1832. The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 2 & 3 William IV. 1832. London: His Majesty’s statute and law printers, s. 154–206.
• An act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales with an abstract (1835). London: George Eyre and Andrew Spottiswoode, printers to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.
• The Reform Act, June 7th, 1832 with explanatory notes; and an analysis. London: C. G. Cabban.
• House of Commons: HC Deb 01 March 1831 vol 2 cc1061-151; HC Deb 02 March 1831 vol 2 cc1156-253; HC Deb 03 March 1831 vol 2 cc1273-356; HC Deb 04 March 1831 vol 3 cc22-107; HC Deb 07 March 1831 vol 3 cc115-74; HC Deb 08 March 1831 vol 3 cc181-247; HC Deb 09 March 1831 vol 3 cc256-317; HC Deb 21 March 1831 vol 3 cc629-91; HC Deb 19 April 1831 vol 3 cc1605-89; HC Deb 21 April 1831 vol 3 cc1756-805; HC Deb 22 April 1831 vol 3 cc1811-24; HC Deb 06 July 1831 vol 4 cc804-906; HC Deb 03 October 1831 vol 7 cc1039- 118; HC Deb 04 October 1831 vol 7 cc1212-307; HC Deb 17 December 1831 vol 9 cc429-547; HC Deb 23 March 1832 vol 11 cc849-58; HC Deb 05 June 1832 vol 13 cc407-62.
• House of Lords: HL Deb 02 November 1830 vol 1 cc11-53; HL Deb 16 November 1830 vol 1 cc557-9; HL Deb 22 November 1830 vol 1 cc604-18; HL Deb 22 April 1831 vol 3 cc1805-11; HL Deb 03 October 1831 vol 7 cc928-1026; HL Deb 04 October 1831 vol 7 cc1133- 205; HL Deb 05 October 1831 vol 7 cc1334-98; HL Deb 06 October 1831 vol 8 cc67-132; HL Deb 20 October 1831 vol 8 cc926-9; HL Deb 06 December 1831 vol 9 cc1-5; HL Deb 26 March 1832 vol 11 cc858-70; HL Deb 09 April 1832 vol 12 cc1-79; HL Deb 21 May 1832 vol 12 cc1098-135; HL Deb 22 May 1832 vol 12 cc1220-74; HL Deb 23 May 1832 vol 12 cc1375-98; HL Deb 24 May 1832 vol 13 cc19-32; HL Deb 25 May 1832 vol 13 cc111-7; HL Deb 30 May 1832 vol 13 cc181-90.
• Aidt, Toke S. & Raphaël Franck (2013). How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise: voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832. Public Choice. 155 (3/4), s. 229–250.
• Allen, Robert C. (2017). The Industrial Revolution: a very short introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Arnason, Johann P.; Raaflaub, Kurt A. & Wagner, Peter (Eds.) (2013). The Greek polis and the invention of democracy: a politico-cultural transformation and its interpretations. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. Barczewski, Stephanie; Eglin, John; Heathorn, Stephen; Silvestri, Michael & Tusan, Michelle (2015). Britain since 1688: a nation in the world. London and New York: Routledge. Beloff, Max (2013). The age of absolutism 1660-1815. New York: Routledge. Bonnechose, Emile de (1910). France (Revised and Edited by Fred Morrow Fling) (Vol. IX). Chicago: The H. W. Snow and Son Company. Burns, Arthur & Innes, Joanna (Eds.) (2003). Rethinking the age of reform: Britain 1780-1850. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Butler, J. R. M. (1914). The passing of the Great Reform Bill. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. Campbell, Heather M. (Ed). (2011). Advances in democracy: from the French Revolution to the present-day European Union, Britannica Educational Publishing. Cannon, John (1973). Parliamentary reform 1640-1832. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carlyle, Thomas (1840). Chartism. London: James Fraser. Cartledge, Paul (2016). Democracy: a life. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cole, G. D. H. & Postgate, Raymond (1938). The common people 1746-1938. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. Conacher, James B. (1971). The emergence of British parliamentary democracy in the nineteenth century: the passing of the reform acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884-1885. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Crick, Bernard (2002). Democracy a very short introduction, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Crowe, Eyre Evans (1868). The history of France (Vol. V). London: Longmans, Green and Co. Cunningham, Hugh (2014). The challenge of democracy: Britain 1832-1918. London and New York: Routledge. Dahl, Robert A. (2015). On democracy (Second Edition). New Haven, London: Yale University Press. Dicey, A. V. (1905). Lectures on the relation between law and public opinion in England during the nineteenth century. London: Macmillan And Co. Dickinson, H. T. (2002). The British Constitution. A Companion to Eighteenth-Century Britain (Ed. H. T. Dickinson). USA, UK, Australia & Germany: Blackwell Publishing, s. 3-18. Edelstein, Melvin (2016). The French Revolution and the birth of electoral democracy, London and New York: Routledge.
• Evans, Eric J. (1994). The Great Reform Act of 1832. London and New York: Routledge.
• Evans, Eric J. (2013). Parliamentary reform in Britain, c. 1770-1918. London and New York: Routledge.
• Fraser, Antonia (2013). Perilous question: reform or revolution? Britain on the brink, 1832. New York: Public Affairs.
• Gleichen, Edward (1923). France. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
• Grey, Henry Earl (Ed). (1867). The reform act, 1832; the correspondence of the late Earl Grey with his Majesty King William IV. and with Sir Herbert Taylor, from Nov. 1830 to June 1832 (Vol II). London: J. Murray.
• Guizot, M. & Witt, Madame Guizot, (1900). France (Translated By Robert Black) (Vol. VI). New York: Peter Fenelon Collier & Son.
• Hansen, Mogens Herman (1999). The Athenian democracy in the age of Demosthenes: structure, principles, and ideology (Translated by J. A. Crook). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Hayward, Arthur L. (2009). The days of Dickens: a glance at some aspects of early Victorian life in London. Oxfordshire and New York: Routledge.
• Headlam, Cecil (1913). The making of nations France, London: Adam & Charles Black. Held, David (2006). Models of democracy, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
• Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1999). Industry and empire: from 1750 to the present day (Revised and Updated With Chris Wrigley). New York: The New Press.
• Hudson, Nora Eileen (1936). Ultra-Royalism and the French Restoration, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hume, David (1836). History of England: From the death of George the Second in 1760 (Vol XXI). London: A. J. Valpy.
• Jervis, William Henley (1867). A history of France: from the earliest times to the establishment of the second empire in 1852. New York: Harper & Brothers.
• Lemmings, David (Ed.) (2005). The British and their laws in the eighteenth century. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
• LoPatin, Nancy D. (1999). Political unions, popular politics and the Great Reform Act of 1832. London: Macmillan Press.
• Mackey, Thomas C. (2002). The Reform Act of 1832. Events that Changed Great Britain since 1689 (Eds. Frank W. Thackeray, John E. Findling). Westport, Connecticut, London: Greenwood Publishing Group, s. 75-92.
• Maddicott, John (2012). Origins and beginnings to 1215. A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland & Scotland (Ed. Clyve Jones). Suffolk UK: The Boydell Press, s. 3-9.
• Marsh, Carole (2005). Industrial Revolution from muscles to machines: 1750-1900. Gallopade International.
• May, Thomas Erskine (1861). The constitutional history of England since the accession of George the third 1760-1860 (Vol. I). London: Longman, Green and Roberts.
• Molesworth, William Nassau (1865). The history of the Reform Bill of 1832. London: Chapman and Hall; Manchester: Ireland and Co.
• Moret, Frédéric (2015). The end of the urban ancient regime in England. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
• O'Gorman, Frank (1989). Voters, patrons, and parties: the unreformed electoral system of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Phillips, John A. & Wetherell, Charles (1995). The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England. American Historical Review, 100 (2), s. 411–436.
• Phillips, John A. (1982). Electoral behavior in unreformed England: plumpers, splitters, and straights. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Pilbeam, Pamela M. (1991). The 1830 Revolution in France, Hampshire and London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Poole, Steve (2000). The politics of regicide in England, 1760-1850: troublesome subjects. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
• Popkin, Jeremy D. (2002). Press, revolution, and social identities in France, 1830-1835, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
• Porritt, Edward (1911). Barriers against democracy in the British electoral system. Political Science Quarterly, 26 (1), s. 1-31.
• Roberts, Matthew (2009). Political movements in urban England, 1832-1914, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Robinson, Eric W. (1997). The first democracies: early popular government outside Athens. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
• Ross, Stewart (2002). Events and outcomes: the French Revolution. London: Evans Brothers.
• Royle, Edward (2012). Modern Britain: a social history 1750-2011. London and New York: Bloomsbury.
• Rudé, George (1967). English rural and urban disturbances on the eve of the first reform bill, 1830-1831. Past & Present. 37 (1), s. 87-102.
• Rule, John & Wells, Roger A. E. (1997). Crime, protest and popular politics in southern England, 1740-1850. London and Rio Grande: The Hambledon Press.
• Seymour, Charles (1915). Electoral reform in England and Wales: the development and operation of the parliamentary franchise, 1832-1885. New Haven: Yale University Press; London: Oxford University Press.
• Smith, E. A. (1992). Reform or revolution? A diary of reform in England, 1830-2. Sutton Publishing.
• Smith, Nigel (2009). Events and outcomes industrial revolution. London: Evans Brothers. Trevelyan, G. M. (1920). Lord Grey of the Reform Bill: being the life of Charles, Second Earl Grey. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
• Trevelyan, G. M. (1922). British history in the nineteenth century and after (1782–1901). London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
• Urbinati, Nadia (2006). Representative democracy: principles and genealogy, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
• Waller, Sally (2002). France in revolution, 1776-1830. Oxford: Heinemann.
• Woodward, Ernest Llewellyn (1938). The age of reform, 1815-1870. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
• Wooley, S. F. (1938). The personnel of the parliament of 1833. English History Review, 53 (210), s. 240-262.