COVID-19: Perceptions of public transit passengers on its management and influence on sustainable transport in Ibadan

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 02 Sayı: 02, 118 - 130, 31.12.2022

Adeyinka Ajayı

Öz

This research is an empirical assessment of how the outbreak of Covid-19 impacted the public transit system and the achievement of sustainable public transport during the period of partial restriction in Ibadan. Multistage and random sampling techniques were used in selecting 181 participants for the study. Two hypotheses were tested, results from the first regression model showed the five selected socioeconomic variables and dreadful perception of the public transit system as an epicenter of the contagion by the passengers explained a moderate 52% of the variance and was a significant determinant of public transit usage during the studied period (R2 = .0.52, F(6,175) = 7.6, p < .005). Furthermore, the regression model for the second hypothesis which explained a paltry 24% variance revealed that respondents' trip decisions during the period of the partial lockdown were not significantly determined by their belief in the government-formulated measures against the pandemic, safety practices deployed in the management of public transit system, their economic situations and their desires to help in the achievement of sustainable urban transport (R2 = .0.24, F (6,175) = 1.63, p >.005). The paper presents a novel attempt that aid the understanding of the dynamics between the SES of passengers using the public transit system, and the management of an outbreak of public health emergencies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Covid-19, Socioeconomic Situation, Public Transit Management, Dreadful Perception, Public Health Emergency, Sustainable Transport

Kaynakça

• [1] Nigeria Centre for Disease Control.: Covid-19 Outbreak in Nigeria. Situation Report. Available online: (2020)https://ncdc.gov.ng/news/227/first-case-of-corona-virus-disease-confirmed- in-nigeria Accessed on 15th of May, 2020. 2020
• [2] World Health Organization.: United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Considerations for school-related public health measures in the context of COVID-19. Annex to Considerations in adjusting public health and social measures in the context of Covid-19. Available online: https://apps.who.int>iris>handle 2020
• [3] M. Nicola Z. Alsafi C. Sohrabi, et al. “The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review”. International Journal of Surgery (London, England). Jun, 78:185-193. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018. 2020
• [4] PricewaterhouseCoopers.: Macroeconomic impact of COVID-19 in China and policy suggestions. https://www.pwccn.com/en/covid-19/macroeconomic-impact-covid19-policy-suggestions.pdf. Accessed 4th June, 2020. 2020
• [5] B. Dhar, “Impact of COVID-19 on Chinese Economy”. Economic Affairs. 9. 23-26 2020
• [6] T. Packard, J. Koettl, and C. Montenegro, In From the Shadow Integrating Europe’s Informal Labor. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9550-9. 2012
• [7] M. Arbex, R. Freguglia, and C. Flavia, “Informal economy and spatial mobility: Are informal workers economic refugees”. Journal of Economic Studies. 40. 10.1108/JES-08-2011-0104.201. 2013
• [8] V. Almenar, J. Sánchez, and J. Sapena, “Measuring the shadow economy and its drivers: the case of peripheral EMU countries”. Economic Research- Ekonomska Istraživanja 33:1, 2904-2918, DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2019.1706601. 2020
• [9] Carsten ten Brink: “More than 60 per cent of the world’s employed population are in the informal economy”. ILO Home. 30th April. https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_627189/lang--en/index.htm , 2018
• [10] Nigeria Bureau of Statistics.: https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary?queries[search. Accessed 6th June 2020. 2020
• [11] P. Aytyon, S. Murray and J. Hampton, “Terrorism, dread risk and bicycle accidents”. Judgment and Decision Making, 14, 3, pg. 280-287. 2019
• [12] International Energy Agency: Changes in transport behaviour during the Covid-19 crisis, IEA, Paris. https://www.iea.org/articles/changes-in-transport-behaviour-during-the-covid-19-crisis (assessed 4th June, 2020). 2020
• [13] L. Budd, and S. Ison, “Responsible Transport: A post-COVID agenda for transport policy and practice”. TRIP. 6. Pg 1-4. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100151 2590-1982, 2020
• [14] G. Bonaccorsi, F. Pierri, M. Cinelli, A. Flori, A. Galeazzi, F. Porceli, A. Schmidt, C. Valenisie A. Scala, W. Quattrociocchi and F. Pammolli, “Economic and social consequences of human mobility restrictions under COVID-19”. PNAS. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007658117. 2020
• [15] UITP b.: Public Transport after COVID-19 current and future challenges in 5 major cities.(2020) https://www.uitp.org/news/public-transport-after-covid-19-current-and-future-challenges-in-5-major-cities/ (assessed 4th May, 2020). 2020
• [16] D. Loske, “The impact of COVID-19 on transport volume and freight capacity dynamics: An empirical analysis in German food retail logistics”. TRIP, 6, 1-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100165. 2020
• [17] A Aloi, B Alonso, J Benavente, R. Cordera, E. Echániz, F. González, C.L. Ladisa, et al. “Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban mobility: empirical evidence from the City of Santander (Spain)”. Sustainabilit 12 (9), 3870. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093870. 2020
• [18] F. Schneider, and C.C. Williams, The shadow economy. “The Institute of Economic Affairs”. 2 Lord North Street Westminster London sw1p 3lb in association with Profile Books Ltd. 2013
• [19] A. Sinha, and R. Kabur, “Informality: Concepts, Facts and Models Introduction to a Special Issue of Margin”— The Journal of Applied Economic Research 6, pp.91-102. 2012.
• [20] D. Brown, and G. McGrahanan, “The urban informal economy, local inclusion and achieving a global green transformation. Habitat International, 53, pg 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.11.002 2015
• [21] A. Kiaga, F. Lapeyre, and P. Marcadent, The impact of the Covid-19 on the informal economy in Africa and the related policy responses 1. International Labor Organization. 14th April 2020. Available online: www.ilo.org>wcms_741864 Accessed 18th of May, 2020
• [22] F. Schneider, “Shadow economies around the world: What do we really know” European Journal of Political Economy 21:3 : 598–642. 2005
• [23] A. Brodeur, A. Gray, A. Islam, S.J. and Bhuiyan, “A literature review of the economics of COVID- 19”. Discussion Paper Series, Institute of Labor Economics. Initiated by Deutsche Post Foundation. www.iza.org. (accessed 4th November, 2020), 2020
• [24] N. Donthu, and A. Gustafasson, Effects of COVID-19 on business and research. Journal of Business Research. 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.06.008. 2020
• [25] C. Devonshire-Ellis, A. Livermore, R. Kapur, M. Kotova, P. Varejao, and D. Shira, D, The current social and economic impact of COVID-19 upon The BRICS nations. April 13, (2020). https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2020/04/12/current-social-economic-impact-covid-19- upon-brics-nations/ 2020
• [26] S. Chaudhuri, and M. Hernandez, “Nigeria’s Economy Faces Worst Recession in Four Decades, says New World Bank Report”, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/pressrelease/2020/06/25/nigerias-economy-faces-worst-recession-in-four-decades-says-new-world bank-report. (Accessed 22nd of May, 2020), 2020
• [27] A. Martin, M. Markhvida, S. Hallegatte, B. Walsh, “Socio-Economic Impacts of COVID-19 on Household Consumption and Poverty”. EconDisCliCha. .4, 453–479 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41885-020-00070-3. 2020
• [28] T. Edwards, Coronavirus: Will London embrace walking and cycling? 4thMay, 2020 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-52532893 (accessed 20 September 2020, 2020
• [29] F. Goodarzian, P. Ghasemi, A. Gunasekaren, et al. “A sustainable-resilience healthcare network for handling COVID-19 pandemic”. Ann Oper Res 312, 761–825 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-021-04238-2. 2022
• [30] E. Tirkolaee, A. Goli, P. Ghasemi, and F. Goodarzian, “Designing a sustainable closed-loop supply chain network of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: Pareto-based algorithms”, Journal of Cleaner Production 333, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130056. 2022
• [31] P. Ghasemi, F. Goodarzian, A. Gunasekaran, and A. Abraham, (Accepted/In press). “A bi-level mathematical model for logistic management considering the evolutionary game with environmental feedbacks”. International Journal of Logistics Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-04-2021-0199 . 2022
• [32] A. Paton, “Fairness, ethnicity, and COVID-19 ethics”. Bioethical Inquiry, 17, 595-600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-09999-2. 2020
• [33] Transformative Urban Mobility: The covid 19 outbreak and implications to public transport some observations. https://www.transformative-mobility.org/news/the-covid-19-outbreak-and-implications-to public-transport-some-observations (assessed10th July, 2020). 2020
• [34] G.A. Churchhill GA, “A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs”. J Mark Res 16:64–73. 1979
• [35] D. Simchi-Levi, P. Kaminsky E. Simchi-Levi, Designing and Managing the Supply. Chain: Concepts, Strategies and Case Studies, “McGraw-Hill”, New-York. 2003
• [36] H. Quesada, R. Gazo, S. Sanchez, Critical factors affecting supply chain management: a case study. “In Groznik A (Ed.): The US Pallet Industry, Pathways to Supply Chain”. Excellence, ISBN: 978–953–51- 0367-7, InTech. 2012
• [37] A.P. Ajayi, “Uber: examination of socio-economic situation of its clienteles and security components in Lagos”, Journal of Transportation Security, 13, 1-17 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12198-020-00216-0. 2020
• [38] E. Zimmerman, and S. Woolf, Understanding the relationship between education and health. Discussion Paper, Institute of Medicine, Washington, DC. Available at: http://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06//understandingtherelationship. (Accessed 2nd June, 2020). 2014
• [39] R.A. Hahn, B.I. & Truman, “Education Improves Public Health and Promotes Health Equity”, International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation, 45(4), 657–678. https://doi.org/10.1177/002073141558598. 2015
• [40] A. P. Ajayi and S.P. Mazinyo, “Socio-economic situation and substance use disorder influences on safety practices among truckers”. The Open Transportation Journal 14:78–85. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874447802014010078. 2020
• [41] H. Oshitani, and Experts Members of The National COVID-19 Cluster Taskforce at Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan.: “Cluster-based approach to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) response in Japan-February-April 2020”. Jpn. J. Infect.Dis. doi:10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.363. 2020
• [42] P. Kowal, and T. Bubela, Legal Issues in Public Health, Editor(s): Stella R. Quah, International Encyclopedia of Public Health (Second Edition), Academic Press, Pages 384-390, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803678-5.00250-2. 2017
• [43] A. Arturo, “With COVID-19, the case for sustainable transport is stronger than ever” https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/covid-19-case-sustainable-transport-stronger-ever 2020
• [44] C. Musselwhite, E. Avineri, and S. Yusak, “The Coronavirus Disease COVID-19 and implications for transport and health”. Journal of Transport & Health, 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100853. 2020
• [45] B. Welle, and S. Avelleda, “Safer More Sustainable Transport in a Post-COVID-19 World, https://thecityfix.com/blog/coronavirus-public-transport-stimulus-packages-ben-welle-sergioavelleda/ (assessed 20th December, 2020). 2020
• [46] D. Pojani, and D Stead, “Policy design for sustainable urban transport in the global south”. Policy design and practice. 1:2, 90-102. DOI:10.1080/25741292.2018.1454291. 2018
• [47] Cigu, E.; Agheorghiesei, D.T.; Gavriluță, A.F.; Toader, E. Transport Infrastructure Development, Public Performance and Long-Run Economic Growth: A Case Study for the Eu-28 Countries. Sustainability 11, 67. 2019
• [48] Department for Transport.: Coronavirus (COVID-19): safer travel guidance for passengers. Department for Transport, United Kingdom. Last updated July 25, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-safer-travel-guidance-for-passengers. (Accessed 31st August, 2020). 2020
• [49] International Association of Public Transport a., Management of COVID-19 guidelines for public transport operators https://cms.uitp.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Corona Virus_EN.pdf. (Assessed 16th September, 2020). 2020
• [50] A. Tirachini, and O. Cats, “COVID-19 and Public Transportation: Current Assessment, Prospects, and Research Needs”. Journal of Public Transportation Vol. 22 No. 1 pp. 1-21.2020
• [51] K. Arnaud, “Urban transport and COVID-19 challenges and prospects in low- and middle-income countries”. Cities and Health.DOI: 10.1080/23748834.2020.1791410. 2020