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Dissecting the Economic Feasibility and Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles: A Case Study of India

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 04 Sayı: 01, 55 - 69, 31.07.2024

Öz

Fuel supplies for conventional vehicles are vulnerable to scarcity, which could ultimately lead to an increase in fuel prices. There has been a realization regarding national energy security as a result of these high gasoline costs, which further increase the overall cost of ownership. Additionally, the emissions from burning conventional fuels make consideration of the already pressing environmental issues necessary. On the other hand, because they have low running costs and no tailpipe emissions, electric vehicles are being considered as a viable alternative to conventional automobiles. But when a vehicle's whole life cycle is taken into account, the common-sense belief that electric vehicles are cheaper and emit no emissions may be misleading. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both the economic and environmental elements of whether electric vehicles are a viable alternative to conventional automobiles. In this article, a life cycle analysis—both economic and environmental—between battery-electric and conventional automobiles is presented in the context of India. For financial analysis, a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model is created to show how compatible battery-electric vehicles are. OpenLCA software, which is based on the ReCePi 2016 technique, is used to conduct the environmental analysis for all impact categories at both the mid-point and end-point levels. According to the findings, electric vehicles are more expensive than conventional automobiles in India based on current data and regulations. However, it is shown that electric vehicles have cost parity and can sometimes even become more inexpensive than conventional automobiles by using specific optimizing factors in sensitivity analysis. The results of environmental studies show that battery electric vehicles emit fewer greenhouse gases (GHGs) than do conventional automobiles. Battery electric vehicles, however, had less of an impact in ten of the eighteen impact categories that were examined, and they even have a lower impact score at the end-point level.

Destekleyen Kurum

Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra 415 414, India

Teşekkür

the paper comes from the SEMIT 2023, Paper ID: 1330-SEMIT2023

Kaynakça

  • [1] K. Petrauskiene˙ , M. Skvarnavicˇi_ute˙ , J. Dvarioniene˙ , Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of electric and conventional vehicles in Lithuania, J. Clean.Prod. 246.
  • [2] Kalghatgi, G., 2018. Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport? Appl. Energy 225 (May), 965.
  • [3] Hauschild, M.Z., Rosenbaum, R.K. and Olsen, S.I., 2018. Life cycle assessment. Springer International Publishing, Cham.
  • [4] Global EV Outlook 2022, available at https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022.
  • [5] Lieven, T., Mühlmeier, S., Henkel, S., Waller, J.F., 2011. Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany. Transport. Res. Transport Environ. 16 (3), 236–243.
  • [6] O. Heidrich, G. A. Hill, M. Neaimeh, Y. Huebner, P. T. Blythe, and R. J. Dawson, “How do cities support electric vehicles and what difference does it make?,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 123, no. May, pp. 17–23, 2017
  • [7] India’s crude imports from Russia up 7.2 times in April-May 2022. Available at : https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2022/jul/14/indiascrude-imports-from-russia-up-72-timesin-april-may-2022-2476374.html#:~:text=India%20is%20the%20world's%20third,and%2014%25%20from%20the%20US
  • [8] India's oil import bill doubles to $119 billion in FY22. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oilgas/indias-oil-import-bill-doubles-to-usd-119-bn-infy22/articleshow/91049349.cms
  • [9] Total CO2 emissions-India. available at: https://www.iea.org/countries/india
  • [10] Sales of electric vehicles across India from financial year 2020 to 2022, by type, available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1234761/india-electric-vehiclesales-by-type/
  • [11] Seixas, J., Sim˜oes, S., Dias, L., Kanudia, A., Fortes, P., Gargiulo, M., 2015. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of electric vehicles in European countries using integrated modeling. Energy Pol. 80, 165–176.
  • [12] A. P. Bhosale, S. Sharma, and S. A. Mastud, “Characterizing the economic competitiveness of battery electric vehicles in India,” Asian Transp. Stud., vol. 8, no. 274, p. 100069, 2022.
  • [13] Zhao, X., Doering, O.C., Tyner, W.E., 2015. The economic competitiveness and emissions of battery electric vehicles in China. Appl. Energy 156, 666–675.
  • [14] Diao, Q., Sun, W., Yuan, X., Li, L., Zheng, Z., 2016. Life-cycle private-cost-based competitiveness analysis of electric vehicles in China considering the intangible cost of traffic policies. Appl.Energy 178, 567–578.
  • [15] Kara, S., Li, W., Sadjiva, N., 2017. Life cycle cost analysis of electrical vehicles in Australia. Procedia CIRP 61, 767–772.
  • [16] L´evay, P.Z., Drossinos, Y., Thiel, C., 2017. The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: a pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership. Energy Pol. 105 (October2016), 524–533.
  • [17] Palmer, K., Tate, J.E., Wadud, Z., Nellthorp, J., 2018. Total cost of ownership and market share for hybrid and electric vehicles in the UK, US and Japan. Appl. Energy 209 (November 2017), 108–119.
  • [18] Potk´any, M., Lesníkov´a, P., 2019. The amount of subsidy for the electric vehicle in Slovakia through a strategic cost calculation.Transport. Res. Proc. 40, 1168–1175.
  • [19] Lieven, T., Mühlmeier, S., Henkel, S., Waller, J.F., 2011. Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany. Transport. Res. Transport Environ. 16 (3), 236–243.
  • [20] Bubeck, S., Tomaschek, J., Fahl, U., 2016. Perspectives of electric mobility: total cost of ownership of electric vehicles in Germany.Transport Pol. 50, 63–77.
  • [21] Tseng, H.K., Wu, J.S., Liu, X., 2013. Affordability of electric vehicles for a sustainable transport system: an economic and environmental analysis. Energy Pol. 61, 441–447.
  • [22] Wu, L., Liu, S., Liu, D., Fang, Z., Xu, H., 2015a. Modelling and forecasting CO2 emissions in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries using a novel multi-variable grey model. Energy 79 (C), 489–495
  • [23] Mitropoulos, L.K., Prevedouros, P.D., Kopelias, P., 2017. Total cost of ownership and externalities of conventional, hybrid and electric vehicle. Transport. Res. Proc. 24, 267–274.
  • [24] Newbery, D., Strbac, G., 2016. What is needed for battery electric vehicles to become socially cost competitive? Econ. Transport. 5.
  • [25] Lucas A, Civa CA, Neto RC. Life cycle analysis of energy supply infrastructure for conventional and electric vehicles. Energy Pol 2012;41:537–47
  • [26] Ma H, Balthasar F, Tait N, Riera-Palou X, Harrison A. A new comparison between the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles. Energy Pol 2012;44:160–73
  • [27] K. Premrudee, U. Jantima, A. Kittinan, L. Naruetep, K. Kittiwan, B. Sudkla, Life cycle assessment of lead acid battery. case study for Thailand, Environ. Prot. Eng. 39 (1) (2013) 101–114,
  • [28] M. Held and M. Baumann, “Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Management,” Towar. Life Cycle Sustain. Manag., pp. 535–546, 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-1899-9.
  • [29] J. Van Mierlo, M. Messagie, and S. Rangaraju, “Comparative environmental assessment of alternative fueled vehicles using a life cycle assessment,” Transp. Res. Procedia, vol. 25, pp. 3435–3445.
  • [30] L. L. P. de Souza, E. E. S. Lora, J. C. E. Palacio, M. H. Rocha, M., “Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional vehicles with different fuel options, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles for a sustainable transportation system in Brazil,” J.Clean. Prod., vol. 203, pp. 444–468, 2018.
  • [31] G. Zhou, X. Ou, and X. Zhang, “Development of electric vehicles use in China: A study from the perspective of life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions,” Energy Policy, vol. 59, no. 2013, pp. 875–884, 2013.
  • [32] Q. Qiao, F. Zhao, Z. Liu, and H. Hao, “Electric vehicle recycling in China: Economic and environmental benefits,” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., vol. 140, no. July 2018, pp. 45–53, 2019.
  • [33] Gilmore, E.A., Patwardhan, A., 2016. Passenger vehicles that minimize the costs of ownership and environmental damages in the Indian market. Appl. Energy 184, 863–872.
  • [34] Messagie, M., Lebeau, K., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., van Mierlo, J., 2013. Environmental and financial evaluation of passenger vehicle technologies in Belgium. Sustainability 5 (12),5020–5033..

Dissecting the Economic Feasibility and Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles: A Case Study of India

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 04 Sayı: 01, 55 - 69, 31.07.2024

Öz

Fuel supplies for conventional vehicles are vulnerable to scarcity, which could ultimately lead to an increase in fuel prices. There has been a realization regarding national energy security as a result of these high gasoline costs, which further increase the overall cost of ownership. Additionally, the emissions from burning conventional fuels make consideration of the already pressing environmental issues necessary. On the other hand, because they have low running costs and no tailpipe emissions, electric vehicles are being considered as a viable alternative to conventional automobiles. But when a vehicle's whole life cycle is taken into account, the common-sense belief that electric vehicles are cheaper and emit no emissions may be misleading. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both the economic and environmental elements of whether electric vehicles are a viable alternative to conventional automobiles. In this article, a life cycle analysis—both economic and environmental—between battery-electric and conventional automobiles is presented in the context of India. For financial analysis, a Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) model is created to show how compatible battery-electric vehicles are. OpenLCA software, which is based on the ReCePi 2016 technique, is used to conduct the environmental analysis for all impact categories at both the mid-point and end-point levels. According to the findings, electric vehicles are more expensive than conventional automobiles in India based on current data and regulations. However, it is shown that electric vehicles have cost parity and can sometimes even become more inexpensive than conventional automobiles by using specific optimizing factors in sensitivity analysis. The results of environmental studies show that battery electric vehicles emit fewer greenhouse gases (GHGs) than do conventional automobiles. Battery electric vehicles, however, had less of an impact in ten of the eighteen impact categories that were examined, and they even have a lower impact score at the end-point level.

Kaynakça

  • [1] K. Petrauskiene˙ , M. Skvarnavicˇi_ute˙ , J. Dvarioniene˙ , Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of electric and conventional vehicles in Lithuania, J. Clean.Prod. 246.
  • [2] Kalghatgi, G., 2018. Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport? Appl. Energy 225 (May), 965.
  • [3] Hauschild, M.Z., Rosenbaum, R.K. and Olsen, S.I., 2018. Life cycle assessment. Springer International Publishing, Cham.
  • [4] Global EV Outlook 2022, available at https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022.
  • [5] Lieven, T., Mühlmeier, S., Henkel, S., Waller, J.F., 2011. Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany. Transport. Res. Transport Environ. 16 (3), 236–243.
  • [6] O. Heidrich, G. A. Hill, M. Neaimeh, Y. Huebner, P. T. Blythe, and R. J. Dawson, “How do cities support electric vehicles and what difference does it make?,” Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change, vol. 123, no. May, pp. 17–23, 2017
  • [7] India’s crude imports from Russia up 7.2 times in April-May 2022. Available at : https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2022/jul/14/indiascrude-imports-from-russia-up-72-timesin-april-may-2022-2476374.html#:~:text=India%20is%20the%20world's%20third,and%2014%25%20from%20the%20US
  • [8] India's oil import bill doubles to $119 billion in FY22. Available at: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/oilgas/indias-oil-import-bill-doubles-to-usd-119-bn-infy22/articleshow/91049349.cms
  • [9] Total CO2 emissions-India. available at: https://www.iea.org/countries/india
  • [10] Sales of electric vehicles across India from financial year 2020 to 2022, by type, available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1234761/india-electric-vehiclesales-by-type/
  • [11] Seixas, J., Sim˜oes, S., Dias, L., Kanudia, A., Fortes, P., Gargiulo, M., 2015. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of electric vehicles in European countries using integrated modeling. Energy Pol. 80, 165–176.
  • [12] A. P. Bhosale, S. Sharma, and S. A. Mastud, “Characterizing the economic competitiveness of battery electric vehicles in India,” Asian Transp. Stud., vol. 8, no. 274, p. 100069, 2022.
  • [13] Zhao, X., Doering, O.C., Tyner, W.E., 2015. The economic competitiveness and emissions of battery electric vehicles in China. Appl. Energy 156, 666–675.
  • [14] Diao, Q., Sun, W., Yuan, X., Li, L., Zheng, Z., 2016. Life-cycle private-cost-based competitiveness analysis of electric vehicles in China considering the intangible cost of traffic policies. Appl.Energy 178, 567–578.
  • [15] Kara, S., Li, W., Sadjiva, N., 2017. Life cycle cost analysis of electrical vehicles in Australia. Procedia CIRP 61, 767–772.
  • [16] L´evay, P.Z., Drossinos, Y., Thiel, C., 2017. The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: a pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership. Energy Pol. 105 (October2016), 524–533.
  • [17] Palmer, K., Tate, J.E., Wadud, Z., Nellthorp, J., 2018. Total cost of ownership and market share for hybrid and electric vehicles in the UK, US and Japan. Appl. Energy 209 (November 2017), 108–119.
  • [18] Potk´any, M., Lesníkov´a, P., 2019. The amount of subsidy for the electric vehicle in Slovakia through a strategic cost calculation.Transport. Res. Proc. 40, 1168–1175.
  • [19] Lieven, T., Mühlmeier, S., Henkel, S., Waller, J.F., 2011. Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany. Transport. Res. Transport Environ. 16 (3), 236–243.
  • [20] Bubeck, S., Tomaschek, J., Fahl, U., 2016. Perspectives of electric mobility: total cost of ownership of electric vehicles in Germany.Transport Pol. 50, 63–77.
  • [21] Tseng, H.K., Wu, J.S., Liu, X., 2013. Affordability of electric vehicles for a sustainable transport system: an economic and environmental analysis. Energy Pol. 61, 441–447.
  • [22] Wu, L., Liu, S., Liu, D., Fang, Z., Xu, H., 2015a. Modelling and forecasting CO2 emissions in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries using a novel multi-variable grey model. Energy 79 (C), 489–495
  • [23] Mitropoulos, L.K., Prevedouros, P.D., Kopelias, P., 2017. Total cost of ownership and externalities of conventional, hybrid and electric vehicle. Transport. Res. Proc. 24, 267–274.
  • [24] Newbery, D., Strbac, G., 2016. What is needed for battery electric vehicles to become socially cost competitive? Econ. Transport. 5.
  • [25] Lucas A, Civa CA, Neto RC. Life cycle analysis of energy supply infrastructure for conventional and electric vehicles. Energy Pol 2012;41:537–47
  • [26] Ma H, Balthasar F, Tait N, Riera-Palou X, Harrison A. A new comparison between the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles. Energy Pol 2012;44:160–73
  • [27] K. Premrudee, U. Jantima, A. Kittinan, L. Naruetep, K. Kittiwan, B. Sudkla, Life cycle assessment of lead acid battery. case study for Thailand, Environ. Prot. Eng. 39 (1) (2013) 101–114,
  • [28] M. Held and M. Baumann, “Towards Life Cycle Sustainability Management,” Towar. Life Cycle Sustain. Manag., pp. 535–546, 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-1899-9.
  • [29] J. Van Mierlo, M. Messagie, and S. Rangaraju, “Comparative environmental assessment of alternative fueled vehicles using a life cycle assessment,” Transp. Res. Procedia, vol. 25, pp. 3435–3445.
  • [30] L. L. P. de Souza, E. E. S. Lora, J. C. E. Palacio, M. H. Rocha, M., “Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of conventional vehicles with different fuel options, plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles for a sustainable transportation system in Brazil,” J.Clean. Prod., vol. 203, pp. 444–468, 2018.
  • [31] G. Zhou, X. Ou, and X. Zhang, “Development of electric vehicles use in China: A study from the perspective of life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions,” Energy Policy, vol. 59, no. 2013, pp. 875–884, 2013.
  • [32] Q. Qiao, F. Zhao, Z. Liu, and H. Hao, “Electric vehicle recycling in China: Economic and environmental benefits,” Resour. Conserv. Recycl., vol. 140, no. July 2018, pp. 45–53, 2019.
  • [33] Gilmore, E.A., Patwardhan, A., 2016. Passenger vehicles that minimize the costs of ownership and environmental damages in the Indian market. Appl. Energy 184, 863–872.
  • [34] Messagie, M., Lebeau, K., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., van Mierlo, J., 2013. Environmental and financial evaluation of passenger vehicle technologies in Belgium. Sustainability 5 (12),5020–5033..
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevresel Olarak Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Amrut Bhosale 0000-0002-8211-8912

Sachin Mastud 0000-0003-3512-9149

Muzammil Bepari 0000-0002-1574-7735

Ketaki Bhosale 0009-0008-2709-5659

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 04 Sayı: 01

Kaynak Göster

IEEE A. Bhosale, S. Mastud, M. Bepari, ve K. Bhosale, “Dissecting the Economic Feasibility and Life Cycle Assessment of Battery Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles: A Case Study of India”, Researcher, c. 04, sy. 01, ss. 55–69, 2024.
  • Yayın hayatına 2013 yılında başlamış olan "Researcher: Social Sciences Studies" (RSSS) dergisi, 2020 Ağustos ayı itibariyle "Researcher" ismiyle Ankara Bilim Üniversitesi bünyesinde faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir.
  • 2021 yılı ve sonrasında Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri alanlarında katkıda bulunmayı hedefleyen özgün araştırma makalelerinin yayımlandığı uluslararası indeksli, ulusal hakemli, bilimsel ve elektronik bir dergidir.
  • Dergi özel sayılar dışında yılda iki kez yayımlanmaktadır. Amaçları doğrultusunda dergimizin yayın odağında; Endüstri Mühendisliği, Yazılım Mühendisliği, Bilgisayar Mühendisliği ve Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği alanları bulunmaktadır.
  • Dergide yayımlanmak üzere gönderilen aday makaleler Türkçe ve İngilizce dillerinde yazılabilir. Dergiye gönderilen makalelerin daha önce başka bir dergide yayımlanmamış veya yayımlanmak üzere başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olması gerekmektedir.