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A Multi-Scale Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assesment (C-VRA) Methodology for Corporate Scale Investments: West Bank-Palestine Case Study

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 269 - 292, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1267489

Öz

Assessing climate vulnerability and risk has become a critical part of feasibility studies for infrastructure investments due to the increased frequency and severity of atmospheric disasters. However, evaluating climate parameters and disturbances can become challenging in vulnerable regions, such as the dry Mediterranean terrain. This is why climate vulnerability and risk assessment (C-VRA) should cover several parameters and factors besides climate analysis. In our case, the political stress and conflicts between Palestine and Israel settlements in the West Bank add additional risks and vulnerabilities. Our paper presents a C-VRA in the Nabi Saleh Village-West Bank of Palestine, where a dairy factory with a wastewater treatment plant will be built. The factory is estimated to use around 120 m3 of water daily and produce wastewater that will be treated and reused for agricultural irrigation. Unfortunately, the current practice in the region is to use untreated wastewater to irrigate trees and vegetables without restraint since the treatment capacity is low, and a large part of the wastewater is discharged untreated into the streams. The dairy factory is planned on a ridge at the upper watershed (headwater) of the 1795.04 km2 Yarkon Rive r basin. The local communities in the region are vulnerable to climate change impacts and related atmospheric disasters due to poverty, agriculture dependency, and political issues. To evaluate future climate projections, we used the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment Report 6 (IPCC AR6) methodology. We also used the Mann-Kendal test to analyze the historical trend of climate parameters and projections for three scenarios (optimistic, moderate, and pessimistic) of AR6 for a future period until 2080, considering the life span of the investments and water-specific physical climate risks. Results showed that the historical temperature had a statistically significant increasing trend projected to continue in the next 60 years. Additionally, according to all three scenarios, the precipitation in the region will decrease in the coming decades. As a result, we identified one high (water scarcity) and two moderate-level risks (rainfall decrease and drought) for the corporate, all related to water security. Our methodology incorporates basin-scale assessments with regional and local vulnerabilities, making it a potential tool for critical infrastructure investments elsewhere.

Kaynakça

  • Anker, Yaakov, Vladimir Mirlas, Alexander Gimburg, Michael Zilberbrand, F. Nakonechny, Itzhak Meir, and M. Inbar. (2019). “Effect of Rapid Urbanization on Mediterranean Karstic Mountainous Drainage Basins.” Sustainable Cities and Society 51:101704. doi: 10.1016/J.SCS.2019.101704.
  • Anon. (2019). “ANNUAL REPORT ‫السنوي‬ ‫التقرير‬ 2.”‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
  • Anon. (2016). Initial National Communication of Palestine.4
  • Babut, M., Oen, A., Hollert, H., Apitz, S.E., Heise, S., White, S. (2007). Prioritisation at River Basin Scale, Risk Assessment at Site-Specific Scale: Suggested Approaches, Editor(s): Susanne Heise, Sustainable Management of Sediment Resources, Elsevier, Volume 3, Pages 107-151, ISSN 1872-1990.
  • Bağçaci, S., Ç., Yucel, İ., Duzenli, E., Yilmaz, M.T. (2021). Intercomparison of the expected change in the temperature and the precipitation retrieved from CMIP6 and CMIP5 climate projections: A Mediterranean hot spot case, Turkey. Atmospheric Research, Volume 256, 105576.
  • Benito, G., Vázquez-Tarrío, D. (2022). 9.30 - Hazardous Processes: Flooding, Editor(s): John (Jack) F. Shroder, Treatise on Geomorphology (Second Edition), Academic Press, Pages 715-743.
  • Cohen-Shacham, E., Walters, G., Janzen, C., & Maginnis, S. (2016). Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, 97, 2016-2036.
  • Crews, Timothy E., and Brian E. Rumsey. (2017). “Sustainability What Agriculture Can Learn from Native Ecosystems in Building Soil Organic Matter: A Review.” doi: 10.3390/su9040578.
  • EBRD/CPI. (2018). “Implementing the EBRD Green Economy Transition.” 28(3):20.
  • Giordano, T. (2012). Adaptive planning for climate resilient long-lived infrastructures, Utilities Policy, Volume 23, Pages 80-89.
  • GIZ. (2014). Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in Occupied PALEsTINIAN Territories.
  • GCF. (2019). Climate Resilient Transformation with the Green Climate Fund State of Palestine 2019 State of Palestine’s Country Programme for the Green Climate Fund State of Palestine’s Country Programme for the Green Climate Fund Climate Resilient Transformation with the Green Climate Fund.
  • Hanieh, Ahmed Abu, Mohammad Karaeen, and Afif Hasan. (2020). “Towards a Sustainability Model for Olive Sector in Palestine.” Procedia Manufacturing 43:269–76. doi: 10.1016/J.PROMFG.2020.02.153.
  • Jaspers. (2017). The Basics of Climate Change Adaptation Vulnerability and Risk Assessment.
  • Inter-American Development Bank. (2019). A Framework and Principles for Climate Resilience Metrics in Financing Operations | Publications.
  • IPCC: Climate Change (2021). The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, in press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021. 
  • IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.: [Core writing team, R.K. Pachauri and L. A. Meyer (eds.)].
  • Jones, J. A. A. (2014). “Water Sustainability ustainabiliPerspective.” Water Sustainability. doi: 10.4324/9780203785386.
  • Khaled H.(2008). Trend detection in hydrologic data: The Mann–Kendall trend test under the scaling hypothesis, Journal of Hydrology, Volume 349, Issues 3–4, Pages 350-363.
  • Kliot, N. (1986). “Man’s Impact on River Basins: An Israeli Case Study.” Applied Geography 6(2):163–78. doi: 10.1016/0143-6228(86)90017-2.
  • Kourgialas, N.N. (2021). Hydroclimatic impact on mediterranean tree crops area – Mapping hydrological extremes (drought/flood) prone parcels, Journal of Hydrology, Volume 596, 125684.
  • Maruani, Tseira, and Irit Amit-Cohen. (2009). “The Effectiveness of the Protection of Riparian Landscapes in Israel.” Land Use Policy 26(4):911–18. doi: 10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2008.11.002.
  • McNeill, L. S., M. N. Almasri, and N. Mizyed. (2009). “A Sustainable Approach for Reusing Treated Wastewater in Agricultural Irrigation in the West Bank – Palestine.” Desalination 248(1–3):315–21. doi: 10.1016/J.DESAL.2008.05.070.
  • Mendes, M.P., Rodriguez-Galiano, V., Aragones, D. (2022). Evaluating the BFAST method to detect and characterise changing trends in water time series: A case study on the impact of droughts on the Mediterranean climate, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 846, 157428.
  • National Adaptation Plan of Palestine (2021). State of Palestine’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP). 217 pages. UNFCCC.
  • National Communication of Palestine (2016). State of Palestine’s Initial National Communication Report. 184 pages. UNFCCC.
  • OCHA, (2012). Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Annual Report. www.unocha.org/annualreport/2012.
  • P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, R. van Diemen, E. Haughey, J. Malley, M. Pathak, J. Portugal Pereira (eds.) Technical Summary, (2019). In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M, Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. In press.
  • Salimi, M., Al-Ghamdi, S.G. (2020). Climate change impacts on critical urban infrastructure and urban resiliency strategies for the Middle East, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 54, 101948.
  • Samhan, S., Al-Sa’ed, R., Assaf, K., Friese, K., Afferden, M., Muller, R., Tumpling, W, Ghanem, M., Ali, W., and O. Zimmo. (2011). Wastewater Management Overview in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. D. Barcelo´ and M. Petrovic (eds.), Waste Water Treatment and Reuse in the Mediterranean Region, Hdb Env Chem (2011) 14: 229–248.
  • Shwartz, Assaf, Susan Shirley, and Salit Kark. (2008). “How Do Habitat Variability and Management Regime Shape the Spatial Heterogeneity of Birds within a Large Mediterranean Urban Park” Landscape and Urban Planning 84(3–4):219–29. doi: 10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2007.08.003.
  • Tesdell, Omar, Yusra Othman, Yara Dowani, Samir Khraishi, Mary Deeik, Fouad Muaddi, Brandon Schlautman, Aubrey Streit Krug, and David Van Tassel. (2020). “Envisioning Perennial Agroecosystems in Palestine.” Journal of Arid Environments 175:104085. doi: 10.1016/J.JARIDENV.2019.104085.
  • Thawaba, S, Abu Madi, M., Ozerol, G. (2017). Effect of land-use/land-cover change on the future of rainfed agriculture in the Jenin Governorate, Palestine. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11889/4902.
  • The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. (2012). “An Nabi Salih Village Profile.”
  • Tramblay, Y., Koutroulis, A., Samaniego, L., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Volaire, F., Boone, A., Le Page, M., Llasat, M.C., Albergel, C., Burak, S., Cailleret, M., Cindrić Kalin, K., Davi, H., Dupuy, J.L., Greve, P., Grillakis, M., Hanich, L., Jarlan, L., Martin-StPaul, N., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Mouillot, F., Pulido-Velazquez, D., Quintana-Seguí, P., Renard, D., Turco, M., Türkeş, M., Trigo, R., Vidal, J.P., Vilagrosa, A., Zribi, M., Polcher, J. (2020). Challenges for drought assessment in the Mediterranean region under future climate scenarios, Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 210, 103348.
  • UNDP.(2009). Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the Occupied Palestinian Territory Final Report of Consultants* to the UNDP/PAPP Initiative: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Programme of Action for the Palestinian Authority.
  • UNEP. (2020). State of Environment and Outlook Report for the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2020.
  • World Bank. (2021). West Bank and Gaza Environment Priorities.
  • World Bank. (2018). What a Waste 2.0 by World Bank Group Publications - Issuu.
  • Ziad Mimi. (2014). Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) Development Account Project 121C “ROA-207”: Strengthening National Capacities to Manage Water Scarcity and Drought in West Asia and North Africa Progress for the Implementation of the National Drought Management Plan for Palestine National Consultancy Assignment Technical Advisory Service for Developing and Implementing Mitigation and Preparedness Drought Management Plans in Pilot Project Countries.

Kurumsal Yatırımlara Yönelik Çok Ölçekli İklim Kırılganlık ve Risk Değerlendirme (I-KRD) Metodolojisi: Batı Şeria-Filistin Örnek Çalışması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 269 - 292, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1267489

Öz

Atmosferik afetlerin sıklık ve şiddetindeki artış tahminleri nedeniyle, iklim kırılganlığı ve risk değerlendirmeleri (I-KRD), altyapı fizibilite çalışmalarının önemli bileşenleri haline gelmiştir. Genellikle iklim parametrelerinin ve dış etkenlerin temel bir değerlendirmesi olarak ifade edilebilen bu değerlendirmeler, kurak ve yarı kurak Akdeniz gibi hassas bölgelerde zorlu bir teknik çalışma haline gelebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, I-KRD sadece iklim parametrelerinin analizinden ibaret olmayıp, ilgili konuya yönelik çeşitli parametre ve faktörleri de kapsayabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Batı Şeria'daki Filistin ve İsrail yerleşimleri arasındaki politik gerginlik ve çatışmalar, başta su güvenliği ve güvencesi olmak üzere ilişkili ek riskler ve kırılganlıklar dikkate alınmıştır. Makalede, Filistin'in Batı Şeria Nabi Saleh Köyü'nde inşa edilmesi planlanan bir süt fabrikası ve onunla entegre atık su arıtma tesisine yönelik bir I-KRD çalışmasının yaklaşım ve metodolojisi sunulmuştur. Fabrikanın günde yaklaşık 120 m3 su kullanıp, çıkan atık suyu arıtıp, tarımsal sulama için yeniden kullanımı planlanmıştır. Bölgede arıtma kapasitesinin düşük olması nedeniyle atık suların büyük bir kısmı, halihazırda, arıtılmadan tarımsal amaçlı kullanılmakta veya derelere deşarj edilmektedir. Süt fabrikası, 1795.04 km2’ lik Yarkon Nehri havzasının yukarı havzasında (memba kısmında) bir sırt üzerinde planlanmıştır. Bölgedeki yerel topluluklar, yoksulluk, tarıma bağımlılık ve politik sorunlar nedeniyle iklim değişikliğinin etkilerine ve buna bağlı atmosferik afetlere karşı büyük ölçüde savunmasızdır. Analiz kapsamında gelecekteki iklim risklerini değerlendirmek için Hükümetler arası İklim Değişikliği Değerlendirme Raporu 6 (IPCC AR6) metodolojisi baz alınmıştır. İklim parametrelerinin tarihsel eğilimini analiz etmek için Mann-Kendall testi, yatırımların ömrü ve suya özgü fiziksel iklim risklerini göz önünde bulunduracak şekilde 2080 yılına kadarki dönemi yansıtacak şekilde iyimser (SSP1-1.9), orta (SSP2-4.5) ve kötümser (SSP5-8.5) olmak üzere üç farklı senaryo için AR6 projeksiyonlarına yer verilmiştir. Sonuçlar, geçmiş ortalama sıcaklığın önümüzdeki 60 yılda devam etmesi öngörülen istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir artış eğilimine sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Dahası, her üç senaryoya göre de bölgedeki yağışların önümüzdeki on yıllarda azalması beklenmektedir. Bundan yola çıkılarak, yatırım için tümü su güvencesi ile ilgili olacak şekilde bir yüksek (su kıtlığı) ve iki orta düzeyde risk (yağış azalması ve kuraklık) belirlenmiştir. Havza ölçeğinde değerlendirmelerle bölgesel ve yerel kırılganlıkları birleştiren çok ölçekli metodolojimiz, çeşitli kritik altyapı yatırımlarına uyarlanma ve uygulanma potansiyeline sahiptir.

Kaynakça

  • Anker, Yaakov, Vladimir Mirlas, Alexander Gimburg, Michael Zilberbrand, F. Nakonechny, Itzhak Meir, and M. Inbar. (2019). “Effect of Rapid Urbanization on Mediterranean Karstic Mountainous Drainage Basins.” Sustainable Cities and Society 51:101704. doi: 10.1016/J.SCS.2019.101704.
  • Anon. (2019). “ANNUAL REPORT ‫السنوي‬ ‫التقرير‬ 2.”‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬
  • Anon. (2016). Initial National Communication of Palestine.4
  • Babut, M., Oen, A., Hollert, H., Apitz, S.E., Heise, S., White, S. (2007). Prioritisation at River Basin Scale, Risk Assessment at Site-Specific Scale: Suggested Approaches, Editor(s): Susanne Heise, Sustainable Management of Sediment Resources, Elsevier, Volume 3, Pages 107-151, ISSN 1872-1990.
  • Bağçaci, S., Ç., Yucel, İ., Duzenli, E., Yilmaz, M.T. (2021). Intercomparison of the expected change in the temperature and the precipitation retrieved from CMIP6 and CMIP5 climate projections: A Mediterranean hot spot case, Turkey. Atmospheric Research, Volume 256, 105576.
  • Benito, G., Vázquez-Tarrío, D. (2022). 9.30 - Hazardous Processes: Flooding, Editor(s): John (Jack) F. Shroder, Treatise on Geomorphology (Second Edition), Academic Press, Pages 715-743.
  • Cohen-Shacham, E., Walters, G., Janzen, C., & Maginnis, S. (2016). Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, 97, 2016-2036.
  • Crews, Timothy E., and Brian E. Rumsey. (2017). “Sustainability What Agriculture Can Learn from Native Ecosystems in Building Soil Organic Matter: A Review.” doi: 10.3390/su9040578.
  • EBRD/CPI. (2018). “Implementing the EBRD Green Economy Transition.” 28(3):20.
  • Giordano, T. (2012). Adaptive planning for climate resilient long-lived infrastructures, Utilities Policy, Volume 23, Pages 80-89.
  • GIZ. (2014). Country Report on the Solid Waste Management in Occupied PALEsTINIAN Territories.
  • GCF. (2019). Climate Resilient Transformation with the Green Climate Fund State of Palestine 2019 State of Palestine’s Country Programme for the Green Climate Fund State of Palestine’s Country Programme for the Green Climate Fund Climate Resilient Transformation with the Green Climate Fund.
  • Hanieh, Ahmed Abu, Mohammad Karaeen, and Afif Hasan. (2020). “Towards a Sustainability Model for Olive Sector in Palestine.” Procedia Manufacturing 43:269–76. doi: 10.1016/J.PROMFG.2020.02.153.
  • Jaspers. (2017). The Basics of Climate Change Adaptation Vulnerability and Risk Assessment.
  • Inter-American Development Bank. (2019). A Framework and Principles for Climate Resilience Metrics in Financing Operations | Publications.
  • IPCC: Climate Change (2021). The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B., Cambridge University Press, in press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021. 
  • IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.: [Core writing team, R.K. Pachauri and L. A. Meyer (eds.)].
  • Jones, J. A. A. (2014). “Water Sustainability ustainabiliPerspective.” Water Sustainability. doi: 10.4324/9780203785386.
  • Khaled H.(2008). Trend detection in hydrologic data: The Mann–Kendall trend test under the scaling hypothesis, Journal of Hydrology, Volume 349, Issues 3–4, Pages 350-363.
  • Kliot, N. (1986). “Man’s Impact on River Basins: An Israeli Case Study.” Applied Geography 6(2):163–78. doi: 10.1016/0143-6228(86)90017-2.
  • Kourgialas, N.N. (2021). Hydroclimatic impact on mediterranean tree crops area – Mapping hydrological extremes (drought/flood) prone parcels, Journal of Hydrology, Volume 596, 125684.
  • Maruani, Tseira, and Irit Amit-Cohen. (2009). “The Effectiveness of the Protection of Riparian Landscapes in Israel.” Land Use Policy 26(4):911–18. doi: 10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2008.11.002.
  • McNeill, L. S., M. N. Almasri, and N. Mizyed. (2009). “A Sustainable Approach for Reusing Treated Wastewater in Agricultural Irrigation in the West Bank – Palestine.” Desalination 248(1–3):315–21. doi: 10.1016/J.DESAL.2008.05.070.
  • Mendes, M.P., Rodriguez-Galiano, V., Aragones, D. (2022). Evaluating the BFAST method to detect and characterise changing trends in water time series: A case study on the impact of droughts on the Mediterranean climate, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 846, 157428.
  • National Adaptation Plan of Palestine (2021). State of Palestine’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP). 217 pages. UNFCCC.
  • National Communication of Palestine (2016). State of Palestine’s Initial National Communication Report. 184 pages. UNFCCC.
  • OCHA, (2012). Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Annual Report. www.unocha.org/annualreport/2012.
  • P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, R. van Diemen, E. Haughey, J. Malley, M. Pathak, J. Portugal Pereira (eds.) Technical Summary, (2019). In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M, Belkacemi, J. Malley, (eds.)]. In press.
  • Salimi, M., Al-Ghamdi, S.G. (2020). Climate change impacts on critical urban infrastructure and urban resiliency strategies for the Middle East, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 54, 101948.
  • Samhan, S., Al-Sa’ed, R., Assaf, K., Friese, K., Afferden, M., Muller, R., Tumpling, W, Ghanem, M., Ali, W., and O. Zimmo. (2011). Wastewater Management Overview in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. D. Barcelo´ and M. Petrovic (eds.), Waste Water Treatment and Reuse in the Mediterranean Region, Hdb Env Chem (2011) 14: 229–248.
  • Shwartz, Assaf, Susan Shirley, and Salit Kark. (2008). “How Do Habitat Variability and Management Regime Shape the Spatial Heterogeneity of Birds within a Large Mediterranean Urban Park” Landscape and Urban Planning 84(3–4):219–29. doi: 10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2007.08.003.
  • Tesdell, Omar, Yusra Othman, Yara Dowani, Samir Khraishi, Mary Deeik, Fouad Muaddi, Brandon Schlautman, Aubrey Streit Krug, and David Van Tassel. (2020). “Envisioning Perennial Agroecosystems in Palestine.” Journal of Arid Environments 175:104085. doi: 10.1016/J.JARIDENV.2019.104085.
  • Thawaba, S, Abu Madi, M., Ozerol, G. (2017). Effect of land-use/land-cover change on the future of rainfed agriculture in the Jenin Governorate, Palestine. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11889/4902.
  • The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. (2012). “An Nabi Salih Village Profile.”
  • Tramblay, Y., Koutroulis, A., Samaniego, L., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Volaire, F., Boone, A., Le Page, M., Llasat, M.C., Albergel, C., Burak, S., Cailleret, M., Cindrić Kalin, K., Davi, H., Dupuy, J.L., Greve, P., Grillakis, M., Hanich, L., Jarlan, L., Martin-StPaul, N., Martínez-Vilalta, J., Mouillot, F., Pulido-Velazquez, D., Quintana-Seguí, P., Renard, D., Turco, M., Türkeş, M., Trigo, R., Vidal, J.P., Vilagrosa, A., Zribi, M., Polcher, J. (2020). Challenges for drought assessment in the Mediterranean region under future climate scenarios, Earth-Science Reviews, Volume 210, 103348.
  • UNDP.(2009). Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for the Occupied Palestinian Territory Final Report of Consultants* to the UNDP/PAPP Initiative: Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Programme of Action for the Palestinian Authority.
  • UNEP. (2020). State of Environment and Outlook Report for the Occupied Palestinian Territory 2020.
  • World Bank. (2021). West Bank and Gaza Environment Priorities.
  • World Bank. (2018). What a Waste 2.0 by World Bank Group Publications - Issuu.
  • Ziad Mimi. (2014). Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) Development Account Project 121C “ROA-207”: Strengthening National Capacities to Manage Water Scarcity and Drought in West Asia and North Africa Progress for the Implementation of the National Drought Management Plan for Palestine National Consultancy Assignment Technical Advisory Service for Developing and Implementing Mitigation and Preparedness Drought Management Plans in Pilot Project Countries.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Erda Çeler 0000-0002-4587-6677

Yusuf Serengil 0000-0001-5761-9822

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 3 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çeler, E., & Serengil, Y. (2023). A Multi-Scale Climate Vulnerability and Risk Assesment (C-VRA) Methodology for Corporate Scale Investments: West Bank-Palestine Case Study. Resilience, 7(2), 269-292. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.1267489