Araştırma Makalesi

Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh

Sayı: 25 20 Ekim 2023
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Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh

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When man and woman pray adjacent to each other in a congregational prayer under certain conditions, this constitutes the phenomenon referred to in classical manuals of Islamic law as muḥāḏāt (adjacency with women). There are various scenarios under which muḥāḏāt can lead either to the invalidation of the prayer of the man or the woman or even worse all the participants. The sababs (reasons) behind the relevant legal rulings on muḥāḏāt in its various scenarios are outlined in detail in classical manuals of the Ḥanafī school, which will also be presented here briefly. This paper, however, seeks to find out the ḥikma (philosophy of law), as opposed to, the sabab, behind invalidation of prayer in congregational regular prayer in cases of muḥāḏāt. In fact, it particularly attempts to answer, for the first time in literature, the question of why the prayer of a man praying adjacent to a woman becomes invalid if they pray in congregation and yet it remains valid if they pray by themselves or in a congregational funeral prayer. What is it with congregational regular prayers that makes the difference? These questions constitute an important gap in the previous literature. To fill this gap, this paper, falling back upon classical manuals of Ḥanafī Fiqh, argues that this seems to have much to do with the legal ruling on ištibāh (doubtfulness) with regard to the position of the imām in congregational prayers, which requires participants to maintain sight of the imām directly or indirectly, which, as will be illustrated, seems to be hindered when muḥāḏāt occurs, thus causing the invalidation of prayer. Filling this gap becomes urgent and relevant especially when one considers the fact that this gap has been misused in recent scholarship to accuse Ḥanafīs of not relying on the Qurʾān and the Sunna for law-making in Islamic law and instead simply repeating the laws that existed before. It was also maintained by some contemporary scholars, again partly by using this gap in the literature, that uṣūl al-fiqh was used not to derive laws from the sources of Islamic law, the primary ones of which are the Qurʾān and the Sunna, as claimed by classical jurists, but rather to cover up this surreptitious use of existing laws and then making them appear as laws derived from the Qurʾān and the Sunna. By exploring the philosophy of law behind the legal ruling on muḥāḏāt, the present work illustrates that these accusations have no basis. Finally, revealing the relationship between ištibāh and muḥāḏāt al-nisāʾ for the first time also has the cumulative effect of substantiating idea that it is far more objective and feasible to rely on sabab (reason) or ʿilla (ratio legis), whichever applies, as opposed to ḥikma in deriving laws from the sources of Islamic law.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. ʿAbd al-Ġanī al-Ġanīmī al-Maydānī. al-Lubāb fī Šarḥ al-Kitāb. Istanbul: Āsitāna, n.d.
  2. Jackson, Sherman. “Fiction and Formalism: Toward a Functional Analysis of uṣūl al-fiqh.” In Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, edited by Bernard Weiss, 177-201. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 2002.
  3. Al-Kāsānī, ʿAlā al-Dīn Abū Bakr b. Masʿūd al-Kāsānī al-Ḥanafī. Badāʾiʿ al-Ṣanāʾiʿ fī Tartīb al-Sharāʾiʿ. Beirut: Dār Kitāb al-ʿArabiyya, 1974.
  4. Korucu, Bünyamin. "Fıkıhta İnsan Davranışının Ölçülmesi". In Universal Journal of Theology 5 / 2 (Aralık 2020): 43-76.
  5. Lane, E. W. An Arabic-English Lexicon Derived from the Best and Most Copious Eastern Sources. Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1968.
  6. Al-Marġinānī, Burhān al-Dīn Abī al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Abī Bakr al-Farġānī. al-Hidāya Šarḥ Bidāya al-Mubtadī. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAdnān Darwīš. Beirut: Dār al-Arqam, n.d.
  7. Molla Khusraw, Ġurar al-Aḥkām. Istanbul: Fazilet Neşriyat, 2015.
  8. Molla Khusraw, Durar al-Ḥukkām Šarḥ Ġurar al-Aḥkām. Istanbul: Fazilet Neşriyat, 2015.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

İslam Hukuku

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

20 Ekim 2023

Gönderilme Tarihi

25 Ağustos 2023

Kabul Tarihi

11 Ekim 2023

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2023 Sayı: 25

Kaynak Göster

APA
Topal, A. (2023). Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi, 25, 31-43. https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1350080
AMA
1.Topal A. Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi. 2023;(25):31-43. doi:10.32950/rid.1350080
Chicago
Topal, Ahmet. 2023. “Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh”. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi, sy 25: 31-43. https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1350080.
EndNote
Topal A (01 Ekim 2023) Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi 25 31–43.
IEEE
[1]A. Topal, “Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh”, Rize İlahiyat Dergisi, sy 25, ss. 31–43, Eki. 2023, doi: 10.32950/rid.1350080.
ISNAD
Topal, Ahmet. “Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh”. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi. 25 (01 Ekim 2023): 31-43. https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1350080.
JAMA
1.Topal A. Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi. 2023;:31–43.
MLA
Topal, Ahmet. “Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh”. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi, sy 25, Ekim 2023, ss. 31-43, doi:10.32950/rid.1350080.
Vancouver
1.Ahmet Topal. Sabab or Ḥikma? : The Relationship between Muḥāḏāt al-Nisāʾ (Adjacency with Women) and the Ištibāh. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi. 01 Ekim 2023;(25):31-43. doi:10.32950/rid.1350080