Braimoh, D. & Osiki, J. O. (2008). The impact of technology on accessibility and pedagogy: the right to education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 6 (1), 53- 62.
Brown, T. H. (2005). Towards a model for m-learning in Africa. International Journal on E- Learning, 4 (3), 299-315.
Butler, D. (2006). The web-wide world. Nature, 439, 776-778.
Castell, M. (1996). The information age: Economy, society, and culture, Volume 1: The rise of the network society. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Cheneau-Loquay, A. (2007). From networks to uses patterns: the digital divide as seen from Africa. GeoJournal, 68, 55-70.
Clarke, D. (2011): Current status of mapping in Africa. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from Committee on Development Information Science and Technology (CODIST-II) Web site: http://repository.uneca.org/codist/?q=node/147
Dobson, J. E. (2004). The GIS-Revolution in science and society. In: Brunn, S., Cutter, S. & Harrington Jr., J. (Eds.). Geography and Technology (pp. 573-587). Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Farrell, G. & Shafika, I. (2007). Survey of ICT and education in Africa: A summary report, based on 53 country surveys. Washington, DC: infoDev / World Bank
Golledge, R.G. (2002). The nature of geographic knowledge. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92 (1), 1-14.
Gore, A. (1998). The Digital Earth: Understanding our planet in the 21st Century. Speech given at the California Science Center, Los Angeles, California, on January 31, 1998. Retrieved
portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=6210 2011, from Open Geospatial Consortium Web
site: Gryl, I. & Jekel, T. (2011). Re-centering GI in secondary education: Towards a spatial citizenship approach. Cartographica (in press).
Gulati, S. (2008). Technology-enhanced learning in developing nations: A review. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9 (1), 1-16.
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (Ed.) (2010). Measuring the information society. Geneve: ITU.
Kitaw, Y. (2006). E-Government in @frica. Prospects, challenges and practices. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from ITU Personal Home Pages Web site: http://people.itu.int/~kitaw/egov
Kyem, P. (2006). Finding common ground in land use conflicts using PGIS: lessons from Ghana. Participatory learning and action, 54, 36-40.
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw- Hill.
Minang, P. A. & McCall, M. K. (2006). Participatory GIS and local knowledge enhancement for community carbon forestry planning: an example from Cameroon. Participatory learning and action, 54, 85-91.
NRC (National research Council) (Ed.) (2002). Down to Earth: Geographical Information for Sustainable Development in Africa. Washington, D.C.: National academic Press.
OECD (2003). Checklist for e-government leaders. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from OECD Web site: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/58/11923037.pdf
OECD & African Development Bank (Ed.) (2009). African economic outlook 2009. Paris: OECD.
O’Reilly, T. (2005). What is web 2.0. Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from O’Reilly Web site: http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
Pityana, N. B. (2009). Open distance learning in the developing world: trends, progress and challenges. Keynote speech on the World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education 7-10 June 2009, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from University of South Africa Web site: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/411?show=full
Rambaldi, G., Kwalu Kyem, A.P., Mbile, P., McCall, M. & Weiner D. (2006). Participatory spatial information management and communication in developing countries. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 25 (1), 1-9 .
Sarno, E. (2011). Geography and citizenship education: Migrations and pathways of educational research. Review of International Geographical Education Online (RIGEO), 1 (1), 72-83.
Schulze, U., Kanwischer, D., & Reudenbach, C. (2011). Competence Dimensions in a Bologna-oriented GIS Education. In: Jekel, T., Koller, A., Donert, K. & Vogler, R. (Eds.): Learning with GI 2011. Implementing Digital Earth in Education (pp. 108-117). Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag.
Schuppan, T. (2009). E-Government in developing countries: Experiences from sub-Saharan Africa. Government Information Quarterly, (26), 118-127.
Steinmann, R., Krek, A. & Blaschke, T. (2005). Can online map-based applications improve citizen participation? In: Böhlen, M., Gamper, J. & Polasek, W. (Eds.): E-Government: Towards electronic democracy. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 25-35). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Stevens, D. (2007). Geospatial iInformation, sustainable development and decision making in develeoment countries. In: Zeil, P. & Kienberger, S. (Eds.): Geoinformation and Development. Bridging the divide through partnerships (pp. 202-207). Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag.
Sui, D. & Morrill, R. (2004). Computers and geography: From automated geography to digital earth. In: Brunn, S., Cutter, S. & Harrington Jr., J. (Eds.). Geography and Technology (pp. 81- 107). Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Taylor, D.R.F. (2004): Capacity building and geographic information technologies in African development. In: Brunn, S., Cutter, S. & Harrington Jr., J. (Eds.). Geography and Technology (pp. 521-546). Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
The Panos Institute West Africa & The United Nations Development Programme (n.d). E- governance and citizen participation in West Africa: Challenges and opportunities. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from the United Nations Development Programme Web site: ictdegov.org/e-gov/panos/UNDP-IPAO-Report-English.pdf
Weiner, D. & Harris, T. M. (2003). Community-integrated GIS for land reform in South Africa. URISA Journal, (15), 61-73.
Wright, J., Treves, R. & Martin, D. (2009). Challenges in the reuse of learning materials: Technical lessons from the delivery of an online GIS MSc Module. Journal of Geography in Higher Education. 33 (1), 78-87.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (Ed.) (2007). Geoinformation in Socio- Economic Development: Determination of Fundamental Datasets for Africa. Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
United Nations (2011). E-government Survey 2010. New York: UN Publishing Section.
Zeil, P. and Kienberger, S. (Eds.) (2007): Geoinformation and Development. Bridging the divide through partnerships. Heidelberg:Herbert Wichmann Verlag.
Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects
Braimoh, D. & Osiki, J. O. (2008). The impact of technology on accessibility and pedagogy: the right to education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 6 (1), 53- 62.
Brown, T. H. (2005). Towards a model for m-learning in Africa. International Journal on E- Learning, 4 (3), 299-315.
Butler, D. (2006). The web-wide world. Nature, 439, 776-778.
Castell, M. (1996). The information age: Economy, society, and culture, Volume 1: The rise of the network society. Oxford, and Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Cheneau-Loquay, A. (2007). From networks to uses patterns: the digital divide as seen from Africa. GeoJournal, 68, 55-70.
Clarke, D. (2011): Current status of mapping in Africa. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from Committee on Development Information Science and Technology (CODIST-II) Web site: http://repository.uneca.org/codist/?q=node/147
Dobson, J. E. (2004). The GIS-Revolution in science and society. In: Brunn, S., Cutter, S. & Harrington Jr., J. (Eds.). Geography and Technology (pp. 573-587). Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Farrell, G. & Shafika, I. (2007). Survey of ICT and education in Africa: A summary report, based on 53 country surveys. Washington, DC: infoDev / World Bank
Golledge, R.G. (2002). The nature of geographic knowledge. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92 (1), 1-14.
Gore, A. (1998). The Digital Earth: Understanding our planet in the 21st Century. Speech given at the California Science Center, Los Angeles, California, on January 31, 1998. Retrieved
portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=6210 2011, from Open Geospatial Consortium Web
site: Gryl, I. & Jekel, T. (2011). Re-centering GI in secondary education: Towards a spatial citizenship approach. Cartographica (in press).
Gulati, S. (2008). Technology-enhanced learning in developing nations: A review. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 9 (1), 1-16.
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) (Ed.) (2010). Measuring the information society. Geneve: ITU.
Kitaw, Y. (2006). E-Government in @frica. Prospects, challenges and practices. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from ITU Personal Home Pages Web site: http://people.itu.int/~kitaw/egov
Kyem, P. (2006). Finding common ground in land use conflicts using PGIS: lessons from Ghana. Participatory learning and action, 54, 36-40.
McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extensions of man. New York: McGraw- Hill.
Minang, P. A. & McCall, M. K. (2006). Participatory GIS and local knowledge enhancement for community carbon forestry planning: an example from Cameroon. Participatory learning and action, 54, 85-91.
NRC (National research Council) (Ed.) (2002). Down to Earth: Geographical Information for Sustainable Development in Africa. Washington, D.C.: National academic Press.
OECD (2003). Checklist for e-government leaders. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from OECD Web site: www.oecd.org/dataoecd/62/58/11923037.pdf
OECD & African Development Bank (Ed.) (2009). African economic outlook 2009. Paris: OECD.
O’Reilly, T. (2005). What is web 2.0. Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from O’Reilly Web site: http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
Pityana, N. B. (2009). Open distance learning in the developing world: trends, progress and challenges. Keynote speech on the World Conference on Open Learning and Distance Education 7-10 June 2009, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from University of South Africa Web site: http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/411?show=full
Rambaldi, G., Kwalu Kyem, A.P., Mbile, P., McCall, M. & Weiner D. (2006). Participatory spatial information management and communication in developing countries. Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 25 (1), 1-9 .
Sarno, E. (2011). Geography and citizenship education: Migrations and pathways of educational research. Review of International Geographical Education Online (RIGEO), 1 (1), 72-83.
Schulze, U., Kanwischer, D., & Reudenbach, C. (2011). Competence Dimensions in a Bologna-oriented GIS Education. In: Jekel, T., Koller, A., Donert, K. & Vogler, R. (Eds.): Learning with GI 2011. Implementing Digital Earth in Education (pp. 108-117). Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag.
Schuppan, T. (2009). E-Government in developing countries: Experiences from sub-Saharan Africa. Government Information Quarterly, (26), 118-127.
Steinmann, R., Krek, A. & Blaschke, T. (2005). Can online map-based applications improve citizen participation? In: Böhlen, M., Gamper, J. & Polasek, W. (Eds.): E-Government: Towards electronic democracy. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 25-35). Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Stevens, D. (2007). Geospatial iInformation, sustainable development and decision making in develeoment countries. In: Zeil, P. & Kienberger, S. (Eds.): Geoinformation and Development. Bridging the divide through partnerships (pp. 202-207). Heidelberg: Herbert Wichmann Verlag.
Sui, D. & Morrill, R. (2004). Computers and geography: From automated geography to digital earth. In: Brunn, S., Cutter, S. & Harrington Jr., J. (Eds.). Geography and Technology (pp. 81- 107). Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Taylor, D.R.F. (2004): Capacity building and geographic information technologies in African development. In: Brunn, S., Cutter, S. & Harrington Jr., J. (Eds.). Geography and Technology (pp. 521-546). Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
The Panos Institute West Africa & The United Nations Development Programme (n.d). E- governance and citizen participation in West Africa: Challenges and opportunities. Retrieved August 30, 2011, from the United Nations Development Programme Web site: ictdegov.org/e-gov/panos/UNDP-IPAO-Report-English.pdf
Weiner, D. & Harris, T. M. (2003). Community-integrated GIS for land reform in South Africa. URISA Journal, (15), 61-73.
Wright, J., Treves, R. & Martin, D. (2009). Challenges in the reuse of learning materials: Technical lessons from the delivery of an online GIS MSc Module. Journal of Geography in Higher Education. 33 (1), 78-87.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (Ed.) (2007). Geoinformation in Socio- Economic Development: Determination of Fundamental Datasets for Africa. Addis Ababa: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
United Nations (2011). E-government Survey 2010. New York: UN Publishing Section.
Zeil, P. and Kienberger, S. (Eds.) (2007): Geoinformation and Development. Bridging the divide through partnerships. Heidelberg:Herbert Wichmann Verlag.
Quennet, D. K. A. F. (2012). Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 2(1), 95-117.
AMA
Quennet DKAF. Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects. Review of International Geographical Education Online. Mart 2012;2(1):95-117.
Chicago
Quennet, Detlef Kanwischer And Fabienne. “Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects”. Review of International Geographical Education Online 2, sy. 1 (Mart 2012): 95-117.
EndNote
Quennet DKAF (01 Mart 2012) Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects. Review of International Geographical Education Online 2 1 95–117.
IEEE
D. K. A. F. Quennet, “Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects”, Review of International Geographical Education Online, c. 2, sy. 1, ss. 95–117, 2012.
ISNAD
Quennet, Detlef Kanwischer And Fabienne. “Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects”. Review of International Geographical Education Online 2/1 (Mart 2012), 95-117.
JAMA
Quennet DKAF. Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects. Review of International Geographical Education Online. 2012;2:95–117.
MLA
Quennet, Detlef Kanwischer And Fabienne. “Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects”. Review of International Geographical Education Online, c. 2, sy. 1, 2012, ss. 95-117.
Vancouver
Quennet DKAF. Distance Education and Spatial Citizenship in Africa – Challenges and Prospects. Review of International Geographical Education Online. 2012;2(1):95-117.