The Effect of Occupational Health and Safety Practices on the Psychological Contract: A Research in the Cement Sector

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 560 - 587, 30.10.2022

Ahmet Tambay Adnan Çelik

https://doi.org/10.33723/rs.1181232

Öz

With the effect of increasing industrialization and technological developments in the world, the emergence of new risks has become inevitable. It is important to determine the impact of these possible risks on the human factor, which is expressed as the workforce, and to create the necessary conditions for a safe and healthy work environment by employers. This situation will create the perception that the requirements of the psychological contract based on the principle of reciprocity are fulfilled in the employees. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of occupational health and safety practices in the cement industry on the psychological contracts of employees. The data of the research were obtained from the Cement production facilities operating in the Central Anatolia region between December 2017 and February 2018 by the survey method. In the light of the findings obtained from 409 questionnaires suitable for the analysis, there was found a negative (-.17) and a significantly low relationship between occupational health and safety practices and the transactional psychological contract dimension at the p < .001 level, and a positive (.23) significantly relationship with the relational psychological contract dimension.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Occupational Health and Safety, Psychological Contract, Transactional, Relational

İŞ SAĞLIĞI VE GÜVENLİĞİ UYGULAMALARININ PSİKOLOJİK SÖZLEŞMEYE ETKİSİ: ÇİMENTO SEKTÖRÜNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Öz

Dünyada artan sanayileşme ve teknolojik gelişmelerin etkisiyle yeni risklerin ortaya çıkması kaçınılmaz hale gelmiştir. Bu muhtemel risklerin, işgücü olarak ifade edilen insan faktörü üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi ve işverenler tarafından güvenli ve sağlıklı bir iş ortamı için gerekli koşulların oluşturulması önemlidir. Bu durum çalışanlarda karşılıklılık ilkesine dayanan psikolojik sözleşmenin gereklerinin yerine getirilme algısı yaratacaktır. Çalışmanın amacı çimento endüstrisindeki iş sağlığı ve güvenliği uygulamalarının çalışanların psikolojik sözleşmeleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın verileri Aralık 2017 ve Şubat 2018 tarihleri arasında Orta Anadolu bölgesinde faaliyette bulunan çimento üretim tesislerinden anket yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Analize uygun 409 anketten elde edilen bulgular ışığında iş sağlığı ve güvenliği uygulamaları ile işlemsel psikolojik sözleşme boyutu arasında p < .001 düzeyinde negatif (-.17) yönde anlamlı düşük bir ilişki, ilişkisel psikolojik sözleşme boyutuyla ise pozitif (.23) yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, Psikolojik Sözleşme, İşlemsel, İlişkisel

Kaynakça

• Abrams, H. K. (2001). A Short History of Occupational Health. Journal of Public Health Policy, 22 (1), 34-80.
• Alli, B. (2008). Fundamental Principles of Occupational Health and Safety (2nd Edition), International Labour Office (İLO), Geneva.
• Altın, M. & Taşdemir, Ş. (2017). İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliğine Giriş, Tanımlar, Önemi, Tarihsel Gelişim Süreci, Uluslararası Sözleşme ve Yönergeler, (Editör: Mustafa Altın ve Şakir Taşdemir), İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, 1-34. Eğitim Yayınevi, Konya.
• Amponsah-Tawiah, K. & Dartey B. K. (2011). Occupational health and safety: Key issues and concerns in Ghana, International Journal of Business Social Science, 2 (14), 119-126. Anderson, N & Schalk, R. (1998). The psychological contract in retrospect and prospect, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19 (1), 637-647.
• Bhagawati, B. (2015). Basics of occupational safety and health. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 9 (8), 91-94.
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick.
• Burns, C. & Conchie, S. (2007). A psychological contract for health and safety, EIASM Workshop on trust within and between organization, 1-34. Amsterdam
• Conway, N. & Briner, R. B. (2005). Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work, A Critical Evaluation of Theory and Research, Oxford University Press Inc, New York.
• Çapık, C. (2014). Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmalarında Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizinin Kullanımı, Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17 (3), 196-205.
• ÇEİS. Hakkımızda. http://www.ceis. org.tr/ 1/kategori/1/ceis.html, Erişim Tarihi: 25.06.2017.
• Çelik, A. H. (2014). İş ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku, Ekin Yayın Dağıtım. Bursa.
• Çelik, H. E. & Yılmaz, V. (2013). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi, Temel Kavramlar-Uygulamalar-Programlama. Anı Yayıncılık, Ankara.
• ÇSGB, Çalışma Genel Müdürlüğü Tarihçesi. https://www.csgb.gov.tr/cgm/Contents/Genel Mudurluk/tarihce, Erişim Tarihi: 05.04.2016.
• Devebakan, N. (2007). Özel Sağlık İşletmelerinde İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği, [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi], Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
• Dikili, A. (2012). Psikolojik Sözleşme ile İş Tatmini İlişkisi: Bir Örnek Olay Çalışması [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi], Sakarya Üniversitesi
• Dilik, S. (1985). Atatürk Döneminde Sosyal Politika, Ankara Üniversitesi S.B.F. Dergisi, 40 (1), 93-102.
• Ergun, A. R. & Çelik, İ. (2011). Turkish History of Occupational Health and Safety. Occupational Health and Safety Magazine, XIX World Congress on Safety and Health at Work, Ministry of Labour and Social Security Publication No: 167, 20-24.
• Freese, C.; Shalk, S. & Croon, M. (2011). The impact of organizational changes on psychological contracts: A longitudinal study, Personnel Review, 40 (4), 404-422.
• Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity a preliminary statement, American Sociological Review, 25 (2), 161-178.
• Grimmer, M. & Oddy, M. (2007). Violation of the Psychological Contract: The Mediating Effect of Relational Versus Transactional Beliefs, Australian Journal of Management, 32 (1), 153-174.
• Guest, D. E. (2004). The psychology of the employment relationship: An analysis based on the psychological contract, International Association for Applied Psychology, 53 (4), 541-555.
• Haq, I. U.; Jam, F. A. & Azeem, M. U. & Ali, M. A. & Fatima, T. (2011). Psychological contract and job outcomes: mediating role of affective commitment, African Journal of Business Management, 5 (19), 7972-7979.
• Ho, R. (2006). Handbook Of Univariate and Multivariate Data Analysis and Interpretation With Spss. Chapman & Hall/CRC, New York.
• Hofmann, D. A. & Morgeson, F. P. (1999). Safety-related behaviour as a social exchange: The role of perceived organizational supportand leader-member Exchange, Journal of Applied Psychology, 84 (2), 286-296.
• Hofmann, D. A.; Morgeson, F. P. & Gerras, S. J. (2003). Climate as a moderator of the relationship between leader-member exchange and content specific citizenship: Safety climate as an exemplar, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (1), 170-178.
• Hooper, D.; Coughlan, J & Mullen, R. M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit, The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6 (1), 53-60.
• İlhan, M. & Çetin, B. (2014). Comparing the Analysis Results of the Structural Equation Models Conducted Using LISREL and AMOS, Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 5 (2), 26-42.
• İSGK (6331 Sayılı İş sağlığı ve Güvenliği Kanunu). T.C. Resmî Gazete, 28339, 30.06.2012, http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6331.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.09. 2015.
• Jong, J.; Schalk, R. & Cuyper, N. (2009). Balanced versus unbalanced psychological contracts in temporary and permanent employment: Associations with employee attitudes, Management and Organization Review, 5 (3), 329-351.
• Karapetrovic, S. & Casadesús, M. (2009). Implementing environmental with other standardized management systems: Scope, sequence, time and integration, Journal of Cleaner Production 17 (5), 533-540.
• Karatay, M. Araştırmada Örnekleme, 80.251.40.59/education.ankara.edu.tr/aksoy/eay/ mkaratay.doc, Erişim Tarihi: 12.11.2017.
• Kaynak, R; Toklu, A. T. & Elçi, M. & Toklu, İ. T. (2016). Effects of occupational health and safety practices on organizational commitment, work alienation, and job performance: Using the PLS-SEM approach, International Journal of Business and Management, 11 (5), 146-166.
• Keskin, Ö. (2011). Osmanlı Devleti’nde Maden Hukukunun Tekâmülü (1861-1906), Ankara Üniversitesi Osmanlı Tarihi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 29, 125-148.
• Matias, J. C. D. O. & Coelho, D. A. (2002). The integration of the standards systems of quality management, environmental management and occupational health and safety management, International Journal of Production Research, 40 (15), 3857-3866.
• McLean P. J.; Kidder, D. L. & Gallagher, D. G. (1998). Fitting square pegs into round holes:Mapping the domain of contingent work arrangements onto the psychological contract, Journal of Organizational Behavior,19 (Special issue), 697–730.
• Macneil, I. R. (1980). The New Social Contract: An Inquiry into Modern Contractual Relations, Yale University Press, New Haven, 134-137.
• Millward, L. J. & Herriot P. (2000). The Psychological Contract in the United Kingdom (Ed. Denise M. Rousseau, René Schalk) Psychological Contracts in Employment: Cross-National Perspectives, 231-249, Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks.
• Millward, L. J. & Hopkins, L. J. (1998). Psychological contracts, organizational and job commitment, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28 (16), 1530-1556.
• Mimaroğlu, H. (2008). Psikolojik Sözleşmenin Personelin Tutum ve Davranışlarına Etkileri: Tıbbi Satış Temsilcileri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi] Çukurova Üniversitesi.
• Morrison, E. W. & Robinson, S. L. (1997). When employees feel betrayed: a model of how psychological contract violation develops, Academy of Management Review, 22 (1), 226-256.
• Newaz, M. T.; Jefferies, M. & Davis, P. & Pillay, M. (2016) Using the Psychological Contract to Measure Safety Outcomes on Construction Sites, (Edited by: P. W. Chan and C. J. Neilson), Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ARCOM Conference. 5-7 September 2016, Manchester, UK, Association of Researchers in Construction Management, 1, 487-496.
• Özgen, H. M. ve Özgen, H. (2010). Psikolojik sözleşme ve boyutlarının iş tatmini, örgütsel bağlılık ve işten ayrılma niyetine etkileri: Tıbbi satış temsilcileri üzerinde bir araştırma, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19 (1), 1-19.
• Parzefall, M-R. & Hakanen, J. (2010). Psychological contract and its motivational and health-enhancing properties, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 25 (1), 4-21.
• Patrick, H. A. (2008). Psychological contract and employment relationship, The Icfai University Journal of Organizational Behavior, 7 (4), 7-24.
• Raja, U.; Johns, G.& Ntalianis, F. (2004). The impact of personality on psychological contracts. The Academy of Management Journal, 47 (3), 350-367.
• Reese, C. D. (2008). Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach, (2nd Edition). Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
• Robinson, S. L. (1996). Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41 (4), 574-599.
• Robinson, S.L.; Kraatz, M. S.& Rousseau, D. M. (1994). Changing obligations and the psychological contract: A longitudinal study, Academy of Management Journal, 37 (1), 137-152.
• Rousseau, D. M. (1989). Psychological and implied contracts in organizations, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2 (2), 121-139.
• Rousseau, D, M. (1990). New hire perceptions of their own and their employers obligations: A study of psychological contracts, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11 (5), 389-400.
• Rousseau, D. M. (1995). Psychological contracts in organizations: Understanding written and unwritten agreements, Sage Publications, Inc. Thousand Oaks
• Rousseau, D. M. (2000). Psychological Contract Inventory Technical Report, Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University Press, PA.
• Rousseau, D. M. and Tijoriwala, S. A. (1998). Assessing psychological contracts: Issues, alternatives and measures, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 679-695.
• Schein, E. H. (1965). Organizational Psychology, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, New York.
• Schreiber, J. B; Nora, A. & Stage, F. K. & Barlow, S. E. & King, J. (2006). Reporting Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results: A Review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99 (6), 323-337.
• Settoon, R. P.; Bennett, N. & Liden, R. C. (1996). Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader-member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81 (3), 219-227.
• Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş, Temel İlkeler ve Lisrel Uygulamaları. Ekinoks Eğitim Danışmanlık Hizmetleri, Ankara.
• Sully, M. (2001). When rules are not enough: Safety regulation and safety culture in the commercial driving context, Paper presented at the Insurance Commission of Western Australia Road Safety Conference, Perth.
• TÇMB. http://www.tcma.org.tr/index.php?page=icerikgoster&menuID=50, Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2017.
• Üngüren, E & Koç, T. S. (2015). İş sağlığı ve güvenliği uygulamaları performans değerlendirme ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışması, Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 5 (2), 124-144.
• Vredenburgh, A. G. (2002). Organizational safety: Which management practices are most effective in reducing employee injury rates? Journal of Safety Research, 33 (2), 259-276.
• Walker, A. (2013). Outcomes associated with breach and fulfillment of the psychological contract of safety, Journal of Safety Research, 47, 31–37.
• Walker, A. & Hutton, D. M. (2006). The application of the psychological contract to workplace safety, Journal of Safety Research, 37 (5), 433-441.
• Yazıcıoğlu, Y. & Erdoğan, S. (2004). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Detay Yayımcılık, Ankara.
• Yılmaz, A. (2012). Psikolojik Sözleşme ve Örgütsel Güven Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Teorik ve Uygulamalı Bir Çalışma [Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi], Selçuk Üniversitesi.
• Yiğit, A. (2012). İş Güvenliği, Alfa Akademi, Bursa.
• Yiğit, N.; Bütüner, S.Ö. & Dertlioğlu, K. (2008). Öğretim amaçlı örütbağ sitesi değerlendirme ölçeği geliştirme. Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, 2 (2), 38-51.
• Zohar, D. (2014). Safety Climate: Conceptualization, Measurment and Improvement, (Edited by: Benjamin Schneider and Karen M. Barbera). The Oxford Handbook of Organizational Climate and Culture, 317-334, Oxford University Press, New York.
• Zohar, D. & Luria, G. (2005). A Multilevel Model of Safety Climate: Cross-Level Relationships Between Organization and Group-Level Climates, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (4), 616-628.
• Zhou, Jianwu, Plaisent, Michel, Zheng, Lili and Bernard, Prosper (2014). Psychological contract, organizational commitment and work satisfaction: Survey of researchers in chinese state owned engineering research institutions, Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2 (9), 217-225.