Volcanic Landscape: Change in the Close Surroundings of Crater Lake, Example of Nemrut Lake

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 37 - 55, 26.03.2026

Talha Aksoy

https://doi.org/10.48123/rsgis.1727475

https://izlik.org/JA75ML43ZU

Öz

This study analyzes the land cover change and its potential drivers in the Nemrut Caldera, Turkey, between 1990 and 2018, using a GIS-based approach with CORINE, ASTER, and CHIRPS data. The results reveal a significant ecological succession in an area of 418 hectares, corresponding to 7.7% of the study area. The dominant change is the conversion of 314 hectares of sparsely vegetated areas and 50 hectares of bare rock into denser vegetation formations (Transitional Woodland-Shrub), exhibiting processes of both primary and secondary succession. A net decrease of 6 hectares was also measured in water surfaces. The absence of a significant long-term trend in precipitation suggests that the driving force behind this transformation may be natural succession supported by the caldera's conservation status and favorable micro-topography, rather than direct climatic change. However, it should also be considered that this net change might have been influenced by the dry and wet periods within the analysis period. By highlighting the ecosystem's resilience and dynamic mosaic structure, this research provides a critical baseline for the sustainable management of this important volcanic landscape.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nemrut caldera , Remote sensing , GIS , Ecological succession , Volcanic landscape , CORINE

Volkanik Peyzaj: Krater Gölü Yakın Çevresi Değişimi Nemrut Gölü Örneği

https://izlik.org/JA75ML43ZU

Öz

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki Nemrut Kalderası'nda 1990-2018 arasındaki arazi örtüsü değişimini ve potansiyel etkenlerini, CORINE, ASTER ve CHIRPS verilerini kullanarak CBS tabanlı bir yaklaşımla analiz etmektedir. Sonuçlar, çalışma alanının %7,7'sine denk gelen 418 hektarlık bir alanda önemli bir ekolojik süksesyon (ardıllaşma) yaşandığını ortaya koymuştur. Baskın değişim, 314 hektar seyrek bitki örtülü alanın ve 50 hektar çıplak kayanın daha yoğun bitki formasyonlarına (Geçişli Orman-Çalılık Alanları) dönüşerek birincil ve ikincil süksesyon süreçlerini sergilemesidir. Su yüzeyinde ise 6 hektarlık net bir azalma ölçülmüştür. Yağışlarda belirgin bir uzun vadeli trendin olmaması, bu dönüşümün arkasındaki itici gücün doğrudan iklimsel bir değişimden çok, Kalderanın koruma statüsü ve elverişli mikro-topoğrafyası ile desteklenen doğal süksesyon olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Ancak, bu net değişimin, analiz periyodu içindeki kurak ve yağışlı dönemlerden etkilenmiş olabileceği de göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Bu araştırma, ekosistemin direncini ve dinamik mozaik yapısını vurgulayarak, bu önemli volkanik peyzajın sürdürülebilir yönetimi için kritik bir temel sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nemrut kalderası , Uzaktan algılama , CBS , Ekolojik süksesyon , Volkanik peyzaj , CORINE

Kaynakça

• Alkan, H., Toker, M., & Akkaya, İ. (2023). Van Gölü havzası ve civarının depremselliğine genel bir bakış. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(1), 317–333. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1138320
• Aydınözü, D., Ayan, S., & Tunç, H. (2024). Lübnan meşesi (Quercus libani Olivier)’nin İç Anadolu Bölgesi’ndeki yeni yayılış alanı: Kayseri-Pınarbaşı. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(1), 103–109.
• Bachri, S., Fathoni, M., Sumarmi, S., Masruroh, H., Wibowo, N., Khusna, N., ... Yudha, L. (2023). Geomorphological mapping and landform characterization of Semeru Volcano after the eruption in 2021. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1180(1), Article 012004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1180/1/012004
• Chen, S., & Lin, Z. (2025). Research on ecological environment monitoring and protection applications based on remote sensing technology. Academic Journal of Science and Technology, 14(1), 55–57. https://doi.org/10.54097/k03eem97
• Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Duan-lv, C., & Peng, B. (2024). Exploring the impacts of land use and land cover change on ecosystem services in Dongting Lake, China: A spatial and temporal analysis. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12, Article 1395557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1395557
• Çilek, A. (2021). Mapping soil erosion in regulating ecosystem services: The case of Göksu Basin. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(2), 409–419. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaumfd.982792
• Cole, B., Smith, G., Barreda-Bautista, B., Hamer, A., Payne, M., Codd, T., ... Balzter, H. (2022). Dynamic landscapes in the UK driven by pressures from energy production and forestry—Results of the CORINE land cover map 2018. Land, 11(2), Article 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020192
• Gabrielli, S., Spagnolo, M., & Siena, L. (2020). Geomorphology and surface geology of Mount St. Helens Volcano. Journal of Maps, 16(2), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1790048
• Gürbüz, O. (2014). Turizm coğrafyası açısından Nemrut Kalderası. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 30, 255–265.
• Kubacka, M., & Smaga, Ł. (2019). Effectiveness of Natura 2000 areas for environmental protection in 21 European countries. Regional Environmental Change, 19(7), 2079–2088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01543-2
• Kurttaş, T., & Tezcan, L. (2017). Nemrut Kaldera göllerinin su kaynakları potansiyeli. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), Article 823. https://doi.org/10.19113/sdufbed.93985
• Kyzy, K., Atyshov, K., & Lehnert, L. (2025, 27 April–2 May). Analysis of changes in land cover in the Kyrgyz Republic using remote sensing data [Conference Presentation]. EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu25-8744
• Liu, M., Wei, H., Dong, X., Wang, X., Zhao, B., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Integrating land use, ecosystem service, and human well-being: A systematic review. Sustainability, 14(11), Article 6926. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116926
• MacInnes, B., Fitzhugh, B., & Holman, D. (2014). Controlling for landform age when determining the settlement history of the Kuril Islands. Geoarchaeology, 29(3), 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21473
• Mahto, R., Sahu, M., & Soni, P. (2022). Change detection of vegetative covers in Kalara Nala watershed of Damoh District using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 12(12), 1680–1689. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i121611
• Mashala, M., Dube, T., Mudereri, B., Ayisi, K., & Ramudzuli, M. (2023). A systematic review on advancements in remote sensing for assessing and monitoring land use and land cover changes impacts on surface water resources in semi-arid tropical environments. Remote Sensing, 15(16), Article 3926. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15163926
• Mirauda, D., Padula, M., Mirauda, E., Paternò, C., D’Onofrio, F., & Loguercio, D. (2022). A preliminary analysis of anthropogenic and natural impacts on a volcanic lake ecosystem in southern Italy by UAV-based monitoring. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010005
• Mugari, E., & Masundire, H. (2022). Consistent changes in land-use/land-cover in semi-arid areas: Implications on ecosystem service delivery and adaptation in the Limpopo Basin, Botswana. Land, 11(11), Article 2057. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11112057
• Mutaqin, B., Marfai, M., Hadmoko, D., Lavigne, F., Faral, A., Wijayanti, H., ... Riasasi, W. (2021). Geomorphology of the small island of Tidore and Hiri (North Maluku, Indonesia). E3S Web of Conferences, 325, Article 03012. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132503012
• Nolan, J., & Graettinger, A. (2022). Small-volume monogenetic igneous landforms and edifices statistics (SMILES): A catalog of representative mafic volcanic landforms to enable quantitative remote identification. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, Article 910107. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.910107
• Öztürk, A., & Özcan, A. (2021). Uzaktan algılama teknikleri kullanarak RUSLE-C faktör haritalarının oluşturulması: Kırıkkale/Sarıkızlı havzası. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.992673
• Pomatto, E., Devecchi, M., & Larcher, F. (2022). Coevolution between terraced landscapes and rural communities: An integrated approach using expert-based assessment and evaluation of winegrowers’ perceptions (Northwest Piedmont, Italy). Sustainability, 14(14), Article 8624. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148624
• Syed, R., Khan, J., Kumar, R., Lone, F., Mir, S., & Khan, I. (2023). Analysis of changes in land use and land cover in Central Kashmir of the Great Himalayas using geospatial technologies. Environment Conservation Journal, 24(1), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.36953/ecj.12542350
• Szakács, A., & Kovacs, M. (2022). Volcanic landforms and landscapes of the East Carpathians (Romania) and their geoheritage values. Land, 11(7), Article 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11071064
• Tiengo, R., Miguel, S., Uchôa, J., & Gil, A. (2024). A land cover change detection approach to assess the effectiveness of conservation projects: A study case on the EU-funded LIFE projects in São Miguel Island, Azores (2002–2021). Land, 13(5), Article 666. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050666
• Tokgöz, G., & Güngör, O. (2023). Amanos Dağları’nın sağladığı ekosistem hizmetlerinin DPSIR çerçevesi ile incelenmesi. Türkiye Peyzaj Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(2), 120–136. https://doi.org/10.51552/peyad.1365621
• Ursu, A., Stoleriu, C., Ion, C., Jitariu, V., & Enea, A. (2020). Romanian Natura 2000 network: Evaluation of the threats and pressures through the CORINE land cover dataset. Remote Sensing, 12(13), Article 2075. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12132075
• Wang, J., Hu, A., Meng, F., Zhao, W., Yang, Y., Soininen, J., ... Zhou, J. (2022). Embracing mountain microbiome and ecosystem functions under global change. New Phytologist, 234(6), 1987–2002. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.18051
• Wikipedia. (2020, 23 Haziran). Nemrut Gölü. 20.06.2025’te https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrut_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC#/ media/Dosya: Nemrut_Krater_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC.jpg adresinden alındı.
• Yiğit, E., & Var, M. (2023). Ekolojik koridorlarda peyzaj yapısının ve değişiminin tanımlanması: Sazlıdere-Küçükçekmece örneği. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 196–205.
• Zhang, M., Bu, Z., Liu, S., Chen, J., Cui, Y., & Chen, X. (2020). Lake–mire ecosystem transformation and its possible forcing mechanisms in volcanic landform regions: A case study in the Gushantun peatland of Northeast China. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 45(13), 3141–3154. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4956