Covid-19 Pandemisinde Birinci Derecede Yakınını Kaybetmiş Genç Yetişkinlerde Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu Belirtileri ile Yas Süreci

Öz

Bu araştırma, Covid-19 pandemisi sırasında birinci dereceden yakınını kaybetmiş genç yetişkinlerin travma sonrası stres bozukluğu (TSSB) belirtileri ile yas süreçlerini incelemektedir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak ve fenomenolojik desen çerçevesinde, derinlemesine görüşmeler aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya, Covid-19 kaynaklı birinci dereceden yakınını kaybetmiş 8 genç yetişkin katılmıştır. Katılımcılar, yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim durumu ve psikolojik destek alma durumlarına göre çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Çalışmanın bulguları, katılımcıların deneyimlerini altı ana tema etrafında toplamıştır; kayıp ve yas süreci, düşünceler, duygudurum, davranışlar, başa çıkma stratejileri ve zorluklar. Elde edilen temalar ışığında birtakım öneriler getirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19 pandemisi
• kayıp
• yas
• travma sonrası stres bozukluğu
• genç yetişkin

The grieving process and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in young adults who lost a family member during the COVID-19 pandemic

Öz

This study explores the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the grieving processes of young adults who lost a first-degree relative during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research was performed through in-depth interviews using qualitative research method and within the framework of phenomenological design. The study included eight young adults who had lost a first-degree relative due to Covid-19. Participants varied in age, gender, educational background, and whether they received psychological support. Findings indicate that participants' experiences were categorized into six main themes: loss and grieving process, thoughts, emotions, behaviors, coping strategies, and challenges. Several recommendations were made based on the themes identified.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Covid-19 pandemic
• loss
• grief
• post-traumatic stress disorder
• young adult

Kaynakça

1. Akoğlu, G., & Karaaslan, B. T. (2020). Covid-19 ve izolasyon sürecinin çocuklar üzerindeki olası psikososyal etkileri. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 99-103.
2. Alimoradi, Z., Broström, A., Tsang, H. W., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021). Sleep problems during Covid-19 pandemic and its association to psychological distress: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 36, 100916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100916
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
4. Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469
5. Aslan, H., Aslan, A. M., & Tuzgöl-Dost, M. (2023). COVID-19 pandemic experiences of secondary school students in Turkey. Current Psychology, 42(20), 17244-17259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03111-0
6. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
7. Bridgland, V. M. E., Moeck, E. K., Green, D. M., Swain, T. L., Nayda, D. M., Matson, L. A., ... & Takarangi, M. K. T. (2021). Why the Covid-19 pandemic is a traumatic stressor. PLoS One, 16(1), e0240146. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240146
8. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

9. Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the Covid-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
10. Ceran Yıldırım, G. G., & Başcıllar, M. (2023). Covid-19 pandemisi gölgesindeki salgın: Yas. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 34(1), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1070736
11. Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
12. Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
13. Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Heybati, K., Lohit, S., Abbas, U., ... & Heybati, S. (2023). Prevalence of mental health symptoms in children and adolescents during the Covid‐19 pandemic: A meta‐analysis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1520(1), 53-73. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14947
14. Deng, J., Zhou, F., Hou, W., Silver, Z., Wong, C. Y., Chang, O., ... & Zuo, Q. K. (2021). The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in Covid‐19 patients: A meta‐analysis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1486(1), 90-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14506
15. Deniz, M. E., Kurtuluş, H. Y., & Uzun, G. (2022). Covid-19 pandemisi sürecinde ortaokula devam eden ve Covid-19 geçiren çocukların duygu ve düşünceleri. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 46-59. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.937640
16. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. (2020). Din İşleri Yüksek Kurulu’ndan cenaze işlemleriyle ilgili yeni açıklama. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. https://www.diyanet.gov.tr/tr-TR/Kurumsal/Detay/29470/din-isleri-yuksek-kurulundan-cenaze-islemleriyle-ilgili-yeni-aciklama
17. Dorman-Ilan, S., Hertz-Palmor, N., Brand-Gothelf, A., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Matalon, N., Gross, R., ... & Gothelf, D. (2020). Anxiety and depression symptoms in Covid-19 isolated patients and in their relatives. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 581598. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581598
18. Einvik, G., Dammen, T., Ghanima, W., Heir, T., & Stavem, K. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for post-traumatic stress in hospitalized and non-hospitalized Covid-19 patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 2079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042079
19. Eisma, M. C., Tamminga, A., Smid, G. E., & Boelen, P. A. (2020). Acute grief after deaths due to Covid-19, natural causes and unnatural causes: An empirical comparison. Journal of Affective Disorders, 278, 54-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.049
20. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis (No. 7). WW Norton & company
21. Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
22. Fuller, H. R., & Huseth-Zosel, A. (2021). Lessons in resilience: Initial coping among older adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Gerontologist, 61(1), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnaa170
23. Garbioğlu, A., Balcı, I., Akkaya, H., & Karbeyaz, K. (2020). Covid-19 sürecinin ruhsal etkileri ve intihar ilişkisi. Adli tıp ve covid-19 içinde (ss. 9-12). Türkiye Klinikleri.
24. Giannopoulou, I., Galinaki, S., Kollintza, E., Adamaki, M., Kympouropoulos, S., Alevyzakis, E., ... & Rizos, E. (2021). Covid‑19 and post‑traumatic stress disorder: The perfect ‘storm’ for mental health. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22(4), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320937057
25. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
26. Gunnell, D., Appleby, L., Arensman, E., Hawton, K., John, A., Kapur, N., ... & Yip, P. S. (2020). Suicide risk and prevention during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 468-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30171-1
27. Günlü, A., Asıcı, E., & Çetinkaya, M. (2021). Türkiye’de Covid-19 salgınının ikinci evresinde ebeveynlerde depresyon, anksiyete, stres ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğunun incelenmesi. Aile Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 4(1), 94-124.
28. Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... & Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the Covid-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
29. Hwang, T. J., Rabheru, K., Peisah, C., Reichman, W., & Ikeda, M. (2020). Loneliness and social isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(10), 1217-1220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220000988
30. Işık, M., Kırlı, U., & Özdemir, P. G. (2021). Covid-19 pandemisinde sağlık çalışanlarının ruh sağlığı. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 32(4), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.5080/u25827
31. Kardeş, V. Ç. (2020). Pandemi süreci ve sonrası ruhsal ve davranışsal değerlendirme. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 4(2), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.754693
32. Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., ... & van Vugt, M. (2021). Covid-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63-77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
33. Koenig, H. G. (2020). Maintaining health and well-being by putting faith into action during the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(5), 2205-2214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01035-2
34. Kübler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. Macmillan. Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ... & Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3), e203976-e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
35. Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. Jossey-Bass.
36. Millroth, P., & Frey, R. (2021). Fear and anxiety in the face of Covid-19: Negative dispositions towards risk and uncertainty as vulnerability factors. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 83, 102454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102454
37. Park, C. L. (2020). Meaning making in the context of disasters: Meaning making and adjustment to the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 34(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2020.1812137
38. Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020). Mental health and the Covid-19 pandemic. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 510-512. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2008017
39. Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the Covid-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 75(5), 631-643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
40. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2024). Covid-19 vakası. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/?_Dil=1
41. Sher, L. (2020). The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on suicide rates. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(10), 707-712. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa202
42. Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), S72-S103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
43. Sun, L., Sun, Z., Wu, L., Zhu, Z., Zhang, F., Shang, Z., ... & Liu, N. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors of acute posttraumatic stress symptoms during the Covid-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. MedRxiv, 10. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.06.20032425
44. Talevi, D., Socci, V., Carai, M., Carnaghi, G., Faleri, S., Trebbi, E., ... & Pacitti, F. (2020). Mental health outcomes of the Covid-19 pandemic. Rivista Di Psichiatria, 55(3), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1708/3382.33569
45. Tang, F., Liang, J., Zhang, H., Kelifa, M. M., He, Q., & Wang, P. (2021). Covid-19 related depression and anxiety among quarantined respondents. Psychology & Health, 36(2), 164-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1782410
46. Usher, K., Durkin, J., & Bhullar, N. (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic and mental health impacts. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 315-318. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12726
47. Uzunaslan, İ., Gökearslan, E., & Tek, S. (2021). Covid-19 tanısı konulan bireylerin ev izolasyonuna ilişkin psikolojik deneyimleri. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, Covid-19 Özel Sayı(1), 355-375. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.985618
48. Vahia, I. V., Jeste, D. V., & Reynolds, C. F. (2020). Older adults and the mental health effects of Covid-19. Jama, 324(22), 2253-2254. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.21753
49. Van Tilburg, T. G., Steinmetz, S., Stolte, E., van der Roest, H., & de Vries, D. H. (2020). Loneliness and mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: A study among Dutch older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(7), e249–e255. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa111
50. Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 531-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
51. Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., & White, P. (2020). Grief during the Covid-19 pandemic: Considerations for palliative care providers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60(1), e70-e76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012
52. World Health Organization. (2024). Covid-19 pandemic. https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/Covid-19
53. Wu, P. E., Styra, R., & Gold, W. L. (2021). Mitigating the psychological effects of Covid-19 on health care workers. CMAJ, 193(17), E617-E618. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200519
54. Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., ... & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
55. Xu, F., Wang, X., Yang, Y., Zhang, K., Shi, Y., Xia, L., ... & Liu, H. (2022). Depression and insomnia in Covid-19 survivors: A cross-sectional survey from Chinese rehabilitation centers in Anhui province. Sleep Medicine, 91, 161-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.00
56. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10. bs.). Seçkin Yayıncılık.
57. Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021). Individual differences and changes in subjective wellbeing during the early stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. American Psychologist, 76(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000702