THE RELATION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL REFUGEES: THE CASE OF ASIA

Öz

In today's globalized world, it is seen that the displaced population reached a level that can be interpreted as the highest value in the human history. Thus, various researchers have conducted studies to theorise the concept of the displaced people and migration. Because scholars and policy-makers have not agreed on the fact that environmental change has affected the displaced people and hence, they should be classified as “Environmental Refugees” and given refugee status, the topic in question is evaluated as problematic. The current paper focuses on this argument and discusses how environmental change has influenced migration in Asia in which half of the world's population reside, and economic and social changes occur in a short time and at a great rate. The paper also explains the “Environmental Refugees” term and argues that the term can be used to describe people who have left their origins because of environmental change.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Asia
• Emigration
• Environmental Refugees
• Environmental Change

THE RELATION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL REFUGEES: THE CASE OF ASIA

Öz

Günümüzün küreselleşen dünyasında yerinden edilmiş nüfusun insanlık tarihinin en yüksek değeri olarak yorumlanabilecek bir düzeye ulaştığı görülmektedir. Bu nedenle, çeşitli araştırmacılar yerinden edilmiş insanlar ve göç kavramını teorileştirmek için çalışmalar yürütmüştür. Akademisyenler ve politikaya yön verenler, çevresel değişimin yerlerinden edilmiş insanları etkilediği ve dolayısıyla "Çevre Mültecileri” olarak sınıflandırılmaları ve mülteci statüsü verilmesi gerektiği konusunda hemfikir olmadıkları için söz konusu konu sorunlu olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu makale bu argümana odaklanmakta ve çevresel değişimin dünya nüfusunun yarısının ikamet ettiği ve ekonomik ve sosyal değişimlerin kısa sürede ve büyük oranda meydana geldiği Asya'da göçü nasıl etkilediğini tartışmaktadır. Makale ayrıca “Çevre Mültecileri” terimini açıklamakta ve bu terimin çevresel değişim nedeniyle kökenlerini terk eden insanları tanımlamak için kullanılabileceğini savunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Asya
• Göç
• İklim Mültecileri
• Çevresel Değişim

Kaynakça

1. Badjeck, M. C., Allison, E. H., Halls, A. S., & Dulvy, N. K. (2010). Impacts of climate variability and change on fishery-based livelihoods. Marine policy, 34(3), 375-383.
2. Bates, D. C. (2002). Environmental refugees? Classifying human migrations caused by environmental change. Population and environment, 23(5), 465-477.
3. Bilici, İ. (2017). The effect of environmental change on human migration in the context of Asia [Conference presentation abstract]. XIV. European Conference on Social and Behavioral Sciences, Odesa, Ukraine.
4. Black, R., Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., Dercon, S., Geddes, A., & Thomas, D. (2011). The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global environmental change, 21, 3-11.
5. Castles, S. (2002). Environmental change and forced migration: making sense of the debate. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/3de344fd9.html
6. Geddes, A., Adger, W.N., Arnell, N.W., Black, R., Thomas D.S.G. (2012). Migration, Environmental Change, and the Challenges of Governance. Environmental and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30(6), 951-967.
7. Heinonen, M. (2013). Migration and the false promise of growth. On The Horizon-The Strategic Planning Resource for Education Professionals, 21(3), 197-208.
8. Hugo, G. (1996). Environmental concerns and international migration. International migration review, 30(1), 105-131.

9. Islam, M. (1992). Natural calamities and environmental refugees in Bangladesh. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees, 5-10.
10. Keane, D. (2003). The environmental causes and consequences of migration: a search for the meaning of environmental refugees. Georgetown International Environmental Law Review, 16, 209-223.
11. Massey, D. S., Axinn, W. G., & Ghimire, D. J. (2010). Environmental change and out-migration: Evidence from Nepal. Population and environment, 32(2-3), 109-136.
12. McLeman, R. A. (2011). Settlement abandonment in the context of global environmental change. Global Environmental Change, 21, 108-120.
13. Myers, N. (1993). Environmental refugees in a globally warmed world. Bioscience, 43(11), 752-761.
14. Myers, N. (1997). Environmental refugees. Population and environment, 19(2), 167-182.
15. Myers, N. (2002). Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 357(1420), 609-613.
16. Refugees (n.d). Retrieved from: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c125.html
17. Suhrke, A. (1994). Environmental Degradation and Population Flows. Journal of International Affairs, 47(2), 473-496.
18. Waldinger, M. (2015). The effects of climate change on internal and international migration: implications for developing countries. Retrieved from http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp- content/uploads/2015/05/Working-Paper-192-Waldinger.pdf
19. Warner, K., Hamza, M., Oliver-Smith, A., Renauld, F., & Julca, A. (2009). Climate change, environmental degradation and migration. Natural Hazards, 5(3), 689-715.
20. Westing, A. H. (1992). Environmental refugees: a growing category of displaced persons. Environmental Conservation, 19(3), 201-207.