Bilingual first language acquisition and phonemic phenomenon

Abstract

The most important stage of the sound phenomenon for children covers the time that starts from the mother's womb and continues until the school period. A child starting school (6:5 or 7 years old) is just learning to write. However, he acquired the language/s/ almost entirely thanks to the sound in the mentioned period. In this respect, the processing of language and sound in the brain of newborn babies becomes important. The language acquisition level of newborns may vary in terms of such reasons as genetics, ability, and frequency of exposure, environmental factors, and whether they are physically and mentally healthy or not. This study deals with the question of what kind of a connection is there between the phenomenon of sound, especially the sound of music, and the acquisition of two languages in early childhood. In short, the subjects of language acquisition and musical sound in early childhood have been investigated in the literature with a qualitative method. Another question is how do the two languages acquired in early childhood stay with each other in a developmental relation. In the study, it was understood that there is not a single result from the studies on children grown up monolingual or bilingual in early childhood. The opinion that the sooner one or two languages are learned in early childhood (usually by exposure to the sound) the better the acquisition would be is outweighed, though there are different opinions about the results of the scientists. In addition, since it was concluded that there is a developmentally parallel relationship between the sound of music and the acquisition of language by newborns, it means that ontology gives us the summary of phylogenesis.

Keywords

• Language acquisition
• first language acquisition
• music in early childhood
• early bilingualism
• bilingual first language acquisition

Kaynakça

1. Akbulut, Y. (2007). Bilingual acquisition and cognitive development in early childhood: challenges to the research paradigm. Retrieved from: http://ilkogretim-online.org.tr/vol6say3/v6s3m32.pdf. Last visit: 11.06.2023.
2. Aronin, L. , Hufeisen, B. (2009): The Exploration of Multilingualism. AILA Applied Linguistics Series 6. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Amsterdam.
3. Auer, P., Wei, L. (2009). Introduction: Multilingualism as a problem? Monolingualism as a problem? In: Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. Edited by Auer, Peter and Wei, Li. Mouton de Gruyter. NewYork.
4. Baker C., (2006). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Multilingual Matters.
5. Baker, Colin (2011): Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 5th edition. Multilingual Matters. New York.
6. Bialystok, El. (1991). Language Processing in bilingual children. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
7. Birnholz, J., and Benacerraf, B. (1983). The development of human fetal hearing. Science 222, 516–518.
8. Brandt A., Gebrian M., Slevc L.R. (2012). Music and language acquisition. Frontiers in psychology.

9. Brauer,J., Friederici, A. D. (2007). Functional neural networks of semantic and syntactic processes in the developing brain. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 19, 1609–1623.
10. Carroll, K. S., Combs, M. C. (2016). Bilingual education in a multilingual world. In G. Hall (Ed.). The Routledge Handbook of English Language Teaching, (191-206). New York: Routledge.
11. Chinaeva, N. V., Mosin, M. V., Mosina, N. M., Vodyasova L. P. (2017). Bilingualism's didactic in Teaching a foreign language. Integration of Education, 4(89), 751-764. Doi: 10.15507/1991-9468.089.021.201704.751-764.
12. Corvalan C. S. (2014). Bilingual language acquisition. University Print House. Cambridge, UK.
13. Costa-Giomi, E. (2003). Young children’ harmonic perception. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 999, 477–484.
14. Cummins, J., Swain, M. (1986). Bilingualism in education: Aspects of theory, research and practice. Routledge.
15. Cummins, J. (1978). Bilingualism and educational Development in Anglophone and Minority Francophone Groups in Canada. Interchange 9 (4): 40-51.
16. Deacon, T. W. (1997). The Symbolic Species: The Coevolution of Language and the Brain. New York, NY: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc.
17. DeHouwer, A. (1990). The Acquisition of Two Languages from Birth: a case study. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
18. DeHouvwer, A. (2008). Bilingual First Language Acquisition. Multilingual Matters. Bristol.
19. Domange, R. (2011). Proficiency, language use and the debate over nativeness. A sociolinguistic survey of South Delhi English. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:460476/FULLTEXT01.pdf (Last Visit 21.06.2023.).
20. Genesee, F., Nicoladis, E., (2006). Bilingual acquisition. In: Hoff, Erik and Shatz, Marylin. Blackwell Handbook of Language Development. Blackwell. Oxford.
21. Gervain,J., Mehler ,J. (2010). Speech perception and language acquisition in the first year of life. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 61, 191–218.
22. Graven, S.N., Browne, J. V. (2008). Auditory development in the fetus and infant. Newborn Infant. Nurs. Rev. 8, 187–193.
23. Grosjean, F.. (2008). Studying Bilinguals. Oxford University Press. Oxford.
24. Friederici, A. D. (1983). Children’s sensitivity to function words during sentence comprehension. Linguistics 21, 717–739.
25. Friederici, A. D., Friedrich, M., Christophe, A. (2007). Brain responses in 4-month-old infants are already language specific. Curr. Biol. 17, 1208–1211.
26. Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Early language acquisition: cracking the speech code. Nat. Rev.Neurosci. 5, 831–843.
27. McCardle, Peggy D., Hoff, E. (2006). Childhood Bilingualism: Research on Infancy Through School Age. Multilingual Matters. New York.
28. Meisel, J. (2008). The bilingual child. In: The Handbook of Bilingualism. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Edited by Bhatia, Tej K. and Ritchie, William C. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
29. Moon, C. ,Cooper, R. P., Fifer, W. P. (1993). Two-day-olds prefer their native language. Infant Behav. Dev. 16, 495–500.
30. Nazzi, T., Bertoncini, J. , Mehler, J. (1998). Language discrimination by newborns: toward an understanding of the role of rhythm. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 24, 756–766.
31. Nuñez, S.C., Dapretto, M., Katzir, T., Starr, A., Bramen, J., Kan, E., Bookheimer, S., and Sowell, E. R. (2011). fMRI of syntactic processing in typically developing children: structural correlates in the inferior frontal gyrus. Dev. Cogn. Neurosci. 1, 313–323.
32. Padilla, A. M., Liebman E. (1975). Language Acquisition in the Bilingual Child. Bilingual review/La Revista Bilingüe 2 (1/2): 34-55.
33. Paradis, J. (2009). Early bilingual and multilingual acquisition in: Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. Edited by Auer, Peter and Wei, Li. Mouton de Gruyter. New York.
34. Ramus,F., Nespor,M., and Mehler, J. (1999). Correlates of linguistic rhythm in the speech signal. Cogni tion 73, 265–292.
35. Saville-Troike M., Barto K., (2016). Introducing Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge University press.
36. Yaş E. (2021). Benefits of Bilingualism on an Individual Basis. International Symposium on Engineering, Natural and Social Sciences ISENS-21: Batman, Turkey. November 2021 (Conference paper).
37. Trainor,L. J., Corrigall, K. A. (2010). Music acquisition and effects of musical experience: in MusicPerception, Vol. 36, eds M. Riess Jones, R. R. Fay, and A. N. Popper(New York, NY: Springer), 89–127.
38. Volterra, V., Taeschner, T. (1978). The acquisition and development of language by bilingual children. Journal of Child Language 5 (2): 311-326.
39. Vouloumanos, A., Werker, J. F. (2007). Listening to language at birth: evidence for a bias for speech in neonates. Dev.Sci. 10, 159–164
40. Werner, L. A., Marean, G. C. (1996). Human Auditory Development. Madison, WI: Brown Bench- mark.
41. Wermke, K., Mende, W. (2009). Musical elements in human infants’ cries: in the beginning is the melody. Music.Sci. 13, 151–175.
42. Wermke, K., Leising, D., Stellzig-Eisenhauer, A. (2007). Relation of melody complexity in infants’ cries to language out come in the second year of life: a longitudinal study. Clin. Linguist.Phon. 21, 961–973.