Türkçeyi göçmenlik ortamında yetişkinken öğrenen anadili İtalyanca olanların artgönderim yorumu

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 14, 384 - 397, 21.03.2019

Anna Lia Ergun

https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.541071

Öz

Son yıllarda gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar,
sözdizimi-söylem arayüzündeki yapıların ikidilliler için yatkın bir alana
dönüştüğünü belirtir (bkz. Sorace, 2011). 
İki farklı dilin sözdizimsel özellikleri, isteğe bağlılığın artmasına
bağlı olarak kısmen çakıştığında (Müller & Hulk 2001), çapraz dilbilimsel
girişimin ortaya çıktığı öne sürülmüştür. Daha sonraki çalışmalar (ör. Sorace
& Serratrice, 2009; Serratrice vb., 2012) tipolojik olarak benzer iki dil
konuşan ikidillilerde çapraz dilbilimsel girişim olduğunu bulmuştur. Son yıllarda
Sorace (2016), bu girişimin iki dilin işlenmesinin bilişsel yüküne bağlı
olabileceğini öne sürmüştür. Bu çalışma tek dilli on iki İtalyandan oluşan
kontrol grubu ile eşleştirilmiş, Türkçeyi göçmenlik ortamında yetişkinken
öğrenen anadili İtalyanca olan on iki İtalyan ile gerçekleştirilmiş karmaşık
cümlelerde geriye dönük artgönderim yorumu üzerine kabul edilebilir
değerlendirme testi (Acceptability Judgment Test) verilerini sunmaktadır.
İtalyanca ve Türkçenin araştırmadaki bağlamlarda, gizli ve açık özne
zamirlerinin öncül önyargıları bakımından farklılık göstermediği
varsayılmaktadır. Çalışmanın odak noktası tümceiçi artgönderimde açık/gizli
öznenin üç durumda kabuledilebilir olduğudur: genel cümleler, niceleyici
cümleler ve dilek/istek cümleleri. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar ikidillilerin ana
cümle öznesine gönderimde bulunarak dilek/istek cümlesindeki içeyerleşik gizli
özneyi tek dillilere oranla daha fazla reddettiğini göstermiştir. Bu verilerin,
tek dilliler ve iki dillilerin açık zamirlerin yorumlanmasında farklılık
gösterdiğini tespit eden (Sorace & Filiaci 2006) daha önceki çalışmalar ile
çeliştiği görülmüştür. İtalyanca-Türkçe ikidillilerinde gizli zamir yatkınlığı
konusunu tartışmak gereklidir ancak bu çalışma sözdizim söylemindeki arayüz yapılarının
yatkın olduğu ve iki dillilik sürecinin çapraz dilsel müdahaleye katkıda
bulunabileceği hipotezlerini yeniden canlandırmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ana dil bozumu, ikidilli, İtalyanca, Türkçe, sözdizimi-söylem arayüzü

Anaphora resolution in Italian-Turkish late bilinguals in immigrant setting

Öz

The research carried out in the recent years
indicates that the structures at the syntax-discourse interface fall in a
vulnerable domain for bilinguals (Sorace, 2011 for review). It has been
proposed that cross-linguistic interference occurs when syntactic features of
the two languages partially overlap (Müller & Hulk 2001 among others) due
to the rise of optionality. Subsequent studies (e.g., Sorace & Serratrice,
2009; Serratrice et al., 2012) found a cross-linguistic interference in
bilinguals speaking two typologically similar languages. Recently, Sorace
(2016) has proposed that interference may be due to the cognitive load of processing
two languages. The present study analyzes the data collected by employing an Acceptability Judgment Test on the
interpretation of backward anaphora in complex sentences by twelve native
Italian speakers, who had learned Turkish as adults in immigration setting,
with twelve matched Italian monolinguals as a control group. It is assumed that
Italian and Turkish do not differ with respect to the antecedent biases of null
and overt subject pronouns in the contexts under investigation. The focus of this
study is on the acceptability of an overt/null subject in intrasentential
anaphora with three conditions: general sentences, quantifier sentences, and
subjunctive sentences. Our results show that bilingual speakers reject,
significantly more, the null subject in an embedded subjunctive sentence as
referring to the subject in the matrix sentence than the monolinguals. These
data seem to contradict previous studies (Sorace & Filiaci 2006), wherein
it was found that monolinguals and bilinguals differ in the interpretation of
an overt pronoun. A discussion on why a null pronoun is vulnerable in
Italian-Turkish bilinguals is needed. Though this study reinvigorates the
hypothesis that the structures at a syntax-discourse interface are vulnerable
and that bilingual processing cost may contribute to cross-linguistic
interference.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Language attrition, Turkish, Italian, Interface hypothesis

Kaynakça

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