POLONYA-LİTVANYA BİRLİĞİ’NDE UKRAYNA KİLİSESİ’NİN ROMA KATOLİK KİLİSESİ İLE BİRLEŞMESİ: 1596 BREST BİRLİĞİ (UNİA BRZESKA)

Öz

Erken modern Doğu Avrupa, dinî çoğulculuk ve kimliklerin yeniden biçimlendiği karmaşık bir laboratuvar olarak, farklı mezhepler ve kültürel topluluklar arasında derin çatışmalara sahne olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, 1596 Brest Birliği bağlamında Kiev Metropolitliği’nin Roma Katolik Kilisesi ile birleşme süreci incelenmiştir. Makale, söz konusu birleşmenin yalnızca bir mezhepler arası uzlaşma çabası olmadığını; papalık otoritesine bağlılık, litürjik uygulama farklılıkları, episkopal atama süreçleri ve ilahi hukuk anlayışları çerçevesinde derin teolojik, sosyal ve siyasi çatışmaları yansıttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma, Ortodoks piskoposlarının Roma ile birlik arayışının ardında yatan kurumsal zayıflıklar ve laik müdahaleler ile, Katolik Karşı-Reform hareketinin merkeziyetçi eğilimleri arasındaki gerilimi analiz etmektedir. Birlik girişimi sırasında Ortodoks liderler, ayinsel bağımsızlık, Slavca litürji ve yerel piskopos atama yetkileri gibi unsurların korunmasını talep etmiş; ancak bu talepler, Roma tarafından büyük ölçüde reddedilmiştir. Bu durum, Brest Birliği’ni dini reformdan ziyade, kimlik ve otorite mücadelesinin bir arenası haline getirmiştir. Katolikliğe geçişin destekleyicileri ile sadık Ortodoks topluluklar arasındaki anlaşmazlıklar, yalnızca teolojik düzeyde kalmamış, toplumsal yapıları ve yerel politik dengeleri de derinden etkilemiştir. Ayrıca, dini birlik girişimi, bölgedeki soyluların, şehirli burjuvazinin ve köylü sınıfının farklı tepkilerine yol açmış; sosyal çatışmaların ve mezhepsel kimliklerin yeniden tanımlanmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Makale ayrıca, birliğin ilanı sonrasında Ruthen toplumunda gelişen dinî, sosyal ve siyasi direnişleri ve bunların uzun vadeli etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. Brest Birliği’nin, yalnızca tarihsel bir olay olarak değil, çağdaş Ukrayna kimliğinin ve Doğu Hristiyanlığının Batı ile ilişkilerinin biçimlenmesinde belirleyici bir dönüm noktası olduğu savunulmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Brest Birliği
• Kiev Metropolitliği
• Papalık otoritesi
• Litürjik farklılıklar
• Doğu Avrupa dini kimliği

СОЕДИНЕНИЕ УКРАИНСКОЙ ЦЕРКВИ С РИМСКО-КАТОЛИЧЕСКОЙ ЦЕРКОВЬЮ В ПОЛЬСКО-ЛИТОВСКОМ СОЮЗЕ: БРЕСТСКАЯ УНИЯ 1596 ГОДА (UNIA BRZESKA)

Öz

Ранняя современная Восточная Европа была сложной лабораторией религиозного плюрализма и реконфигурации идентичности, с глубокими конфликтами между различными конфессиями и культурными сообществами. В настоящем исследовании рассматривается процесс унии Киевской митрополии с Римско-католической церковью в контексте Брестской унии 1596 года. В статье утверждается, что данная уния была не просто попыткой межконфессионального примирения, но отражала глубокие богословские, социальные и политические противоречия, связанные с папской властью, различиями в литургической практике, процессами назначения епископов и разными представлениями о божественном праве. В исследовании анализируется напряжённость между институциональной слабостью и светскими вмешательствами, которые побудили православных епископов искать единства с Римом, и централизаторскими тенденциями католического движения Контрреформации. В ходе переговоров по унии православные лидеры требовали сохранения ритуальной автономии, использования церковнославянского языка в литургии и права местного назначения епископов. Однако эти требования в значительной степени были отклонены Римом. Это отклонение превратило Брестскую унию из религиозной реформы в арену борьбы за идентичность и власть. Споры между сторонниками перехода в католичество и верными православными общинами вышли за рамки богословских дебатов и глубоко затронули социальные структуры и местные политические балансы. Кроме того, стремление к религиозному единству вызвало различные реакции со стороны разных социальных слоёв, включая знать, городскую буржуазию и крестьянство, что заложило основу для социальных конфликтов и переосмысления конфессиональных идентичностей. В статье также оцениваются религиозные, социальные и политические формы сопротивления, возникшие в русинском сообществе после провозглашения унии, а также их долгосрочные последствия. Брестская уния представлена не просто как историческое событие, но как решающий поворотный момент в формировании современной украинской идентичности и отношений между восточным христианством и западной церковью.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Брестская уния
• Киевская митрополия
• папская власть
• литургические различия
• религиозная идентичность Восточной Европы

THE UNION OF THE UKRAINIAN CHURCH WITH THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH IN THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH: THE UNION OF BREST, 1596 (UNIA BRZESKA)

Öz

Early modern Eastern Europe was a complex laboratory of religious pluralism and identity reconfiguration, with deep conflicts between different denominations and cultural communities. This study examines the process of the Kiev Metropolis’s union with the Roman Catholic Church within the context of the 1596 Union of Brest. The article argues that this union was not merely an attempt at inter-confessional reconciliation; instead, it reflected deep theological, social, and political conflicts involving papal authority, differences in liturgical practices, episcopal appointment processes, and divergent understandings of divine law. The research analyses the tensions between institutional weaknesses and secular interventions that drive Orthodox bishops toward union with Rome, as well as the centralising tendencies of the Catholic Counter-Reformation movement. During the union negotiations, Orthodox leaders demanded the preservation of ritual autonomy, the use of Church Slavonic in the liturgy, and the right to local episcopal appointments. However, these demands were rejected mainly by Rome. This rejection transformed the Union of Brest from a religious reform initiative into a battleground for identity and authority. Disputes between advocates of conversion to Catholicism and loyal Orthodox communities extended beyond theological debates, profoundly affecting social structures and local political balances. Moreover, the effort to establish religious unity elicited varied responses from different social strata, including the nobility, urban bourgeoisie, and peasantry, thereby laying the groundwork for social conflicts and the redefinition of confessional identities. The article also evaluates the religious, social, and political resistances that emerged within the Ruthenian community following the proclamation of the union and assesses their long-term effects. The Union of Brest is presented not merely as a historical event but as a decisive turning point in shaping contemporary Ukrainian identity and the relationship between Eastern Christianity and the Western Church.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Union of Brest
• Kyiv Metropolis
• Papal authority
• Liturgical differences
• Eastern European religious identity

Kaynakça

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