Anemide Gebelik Sonuçları ve Bakım

Yıl 2022, , 351 - 358, 01.12.2022

Ebru Sağıroğlu , Handan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.52880/sagakaderg.1035506

Öz

Gebelikte anemi gelişmekte olan ülkelerde en yaygın görülen sağlık sorunları arasında yer almaktadır. Ulusal sağlık programlarının tüm çabalarına ve doğum öncesindeki izlemlerdeki taramalara rağmen dünya üzerindeki kadınların yarısından fazlası gebelikte anemi yaşamaktadır. Dünya sağlık örgütünün tahminlerine göre gelişmiş ülkelerde, gebe kadınlarda anemi insidansı %15 iken, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde bu oran %35-75’dir. Gebelikte ortaya çıkan fizyolojik hemodilüsyona bağlı düşük hemoglobin konsantrasyonu ve folik asit ile demirin yetersiz alınımı aneminin başlıca nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. Aneminin komplikasyonları arasında preterm eylem, düşük doğum ağırlıklı bebek, fetal ve maternal mortalite, morbidite oranlarında artış görülmektedir. Gebelik süresince aniden ortaya çıkan anemi profesyonel bir bakım gerektirmektedir. Beslenme, korunma gibi farkındalık eğitimlerini içeren ve erken dönemde başlatılan profesyonel bakım ile komplikasyonlar önlenebilir. Bu derlemede aneminin maternal ve fetal gebelik sonuçları ile bakımı ele alındı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anemi, gebelik, demir eksikliği, fetal bulgular

Kaynakça

• 1. Ayensu, J., Reginald, A., & Lutterodt, H. (2020). Prevalence of anaemia and low intake of dietary nutrients in pregnant women living in rural and urban areas in the Ashanti region of Ghana. PLoS One, 15(1), e0226026.
• 2. Drukker, L., Hants, Y., & Farkash, R. (2015). Iron deficiency anemia at admission for labor and delivery is associated with an increased risk for Cesarean section and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Transfusion, 55(12), 2799-2805.
• 3. Ajepe, A. A., Okunade, S. K., & Sekumade, I. A. (2020). Prevalence and foetomaternal effects of iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria. PLoS One, 15 (1), e0227965.
• 4. Churchill, D., Nair, M., Stanworth, J. S., & Knight, M. (2019). The change in haemoglobin concentration between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy: a population study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19 (1), 359.
• 5. Berhe, K., Fseha, B., Gebremariam., & Teame, H. (2019). Risk factors of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care in health facilities of Eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia, case-control study, 2017/18. The Pan African Medical Journal, 34, 121.
• 6. Smith, C., Teng, F., Branch, E., & Chu, S. (2019). Maternal and Perinatal Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Anemia in Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 134(6), 1234-1244.
• 7. World Health Organization (WHO), (2020), WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience, 20/10/2020, https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549912
• 8. Panda, K. A., Ambade, A. R. (2018). Prevalence of anemia and its correlation with HBA1c of patients in Type-II. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 10(8), 1409-1412.
• 9. World Health Organization (WHO), (2020), Prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age (aged 15-49) (%). 18/10/2020. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-anaemia-in-women-of-reproductive-age-(-).
• 10. Chaparro, M. C., Suchdev, S. P. (2019). Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1450 (1), 15-31.
• 11. Frayne, J. Pinchon, D. (2019). Anaemia in pregnancy. Australian Journal of General Practice, 48(3), 125-129. 12. Al- Khaffaf, A., Frattini, F., & Gaiardoni, R. (2020). Diagnosis of anemia in pregnancy. Journal of Laboratory and Precision Medicine, 5, 1-5. 13. Kavak, Ç. E., Kavak, B. S. (2017).The association between anemia prevalence, maternal age and parity in term pregnancies in our city. Perinatal Journal, 25 (1), 6-10.
• 14. FIGO, (2018), Good clinical practice advice: Iron deficiency anemia. 20/10/2020. https://fetalmedicine.org/var/pdf/publications/1162.pdf
• 15. Namaste, M. S., Aaron, J. G., & Varadhan, R. (2017). Methodologic approach for the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 106, 333-347.
• 16.World Health Organization (WHO), (2020), Anemia. 20/10/2020. https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia#tab=tab_1.
• 17. Api, O., Breyman, C., & Çetiner, M. (2015). Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia during. Turkish Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynecology, 12, 173-181.
• 18. Roberts, J. D., Matthews, G., Snow, W. R., & Zewotir, T. (2020). Investigating the spatial variation and risk factors of childhood anaemia in four sub-Saharan African countries. BMC Public Health, 126, 1-10.
• 19. Yadav, K., Arjun, C. M., & Jacob, M. O. (2020). Comparison of different doses of daily iron supplementation for anemia prophylaxis in pregnancy: A systematic review. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 26,108-1316.
• 20. Hariz, A., Bhattacharya, T. P. (2021). Megaloblastic Anemia. StatPearls Publishing LLC. Bookshelf ID: NBK537254, PMID: 30725939.
• 21. Achebe, M. M., Gvili, G. A. (2017). How I treat anemia in pregnancy: iron, cobalamin, and folate. Clinical Trials & Observations, 129(8), 940-949.
• 22. Neave, L., Scully, M. (2018). Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia in Pregnancy. Transfusion Medicine Reviews,32(4), 230-236.
• 23. Boga, C., Ozdogu, H. (2016). Pregnancy and sickle cell disease: A review of the current literature. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology, 98, 364-374.
• 24. Patra, K. P., Chauhan, S. V., & Dalla, R. A. (2011). Screening for the sickle cell gene in Chhattisgarh state, India: an approach to a major public health problem. Journal of Community Genetics, 2(3), 147-151.
• 25. Villers, S. M., Jamison, H. M., & Castro, M. L. (2008). Morbidity associated with sickle cell disease in pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199(2), 1-5.
• 26. Figueiredo, A. C., Gomes, S. I., & Tuy, E. J. (2019). Maternal anemia and birth weight: A prospective cohort study.PLoS One, 14(3), e0212817.
• 27. Alizadeh, L., Raoofi, A., Salehi, L., & Ramzi, M. (2014). Impact of Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration on Fetal Outcomes in Adolescent Pregnant Women. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(8), e19670.
• 28. Young, F. M.( 2018). Maternal anaemia and risk of mortality: a call for action. The Lancet Global Health, 6(5), 479-480.
• 29. Baig, R. A. J., Jamal, M. M., Jamal, J., & Musarrat, M. (2020). To Determine the association of maternal anemia with perinatal outcame in tertiary care hospital. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 70(7), 302-307.
• 30. Donagh, T., Macdougall, C. L. (2015). Iron therapy for the treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure: intravenous or oral? European Journal of Heart Failure, 17(3), 248-262.
• 31. Leslie, S. M., Park, J., Birggs, A. L., & El-Banna, M. (2020). Is Anemia in Low Income Pregnant Women Related to Their Infants' Having Anemia? A Cohort Study of Pregnant Women-Infant Pairs in the United States. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 24(6), 768-776.
• 32. Sharma, S., Kaur, P. S., & Lata, G. (2020). Anemia in Pregnancy is Still a Public Health Problem: A Single Center Study with Review of Literature. Indian Journal of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 36(1), 129-134.
• 33. Munoz, m., Acheson, G. A., & Auerbach, M. (2017). International consensus statement on the peri-operative management of anaemia and iron deficiency. Anaesthesia, 72(2), 233-247.
• 34. Helmy, E. M., Elkhouly, I. N., & Ghalab, A. R. (2018). Maternal anemia with pregnancy and its adverse effects. Menoufia Medical Journal, 31 (1), 7-11.
• 35. Chu, F., Shaw, W. S., & Lo, Liang. (2020). Association between maternal anemia at admission for delivery and adverse perinatal outcomes. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 83(4), 402-407.
• 36. Yin, S., Zhou, Y., Li, H., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Association of maternal BMI during early pregnancy with infant anemia: a large Chinese birth cohort. Nutrition & Metabolism, 19 (17), 32.
• 37. Pavord, S., Daru, J., Prasannan, N., & Robinson, S. (2020). UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. British Journal of Haematology, 188(6), 819-830.
• 38. Means, T. R. (2020). Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia: Implications and Impact in Pregnancy, Fetal Development, and Early Childhood Parameters. Nutrients. 12(2), 447.
• 39.ACOG, (2020), 20/11/2020, https://www.acog.org/-/media/project/acog/acogorg/clinical/files/committee-opinion/articles/2020/12/delayed-umbilical-cord-clamping-after-birth.pdf .
• 40. ACMN, (2020), Principles for Licensing and Regulating Midwives in the United States in Accordance with. American College of Nurse-Midwifery, 20/11/2020, http://www.midwife.org/acnm/files/ACNMLibraryData/UPLOADFILENAME/000000000287/Principles-for-Licensing-and-Regulating-Midwives-in-US-According-to-ICM-Global-Standards-March-2014.pdf.
• 41. WHO, (2020), Delayed umbilical cord clamping for improved maternal and infant health and nutrition outcomes. 20/11/2020, https://apps.who.int/nutrition/publications/guidelines/cord_clamping/en/index.html.
• 42. Andersson, O., Domellöf, M., Andersson, D., & Westas, L. (2014). Effect of delayed vs early umbilical cord clamping on iron status and neurodevelopment at age 12 months: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(6), 547-554.
• 43. Blouin, B., Penny, E. M., Giroux, M., & Casapia, M. Timing of umbilical cord-clamping and infant anaemia: the role of maternal anaemia. Paediatrics and International Child Health, 33(2), 79-85.
• 44. McDonald, S., & Middleton, P. (2008). Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Systematic Reviews, 16(2), 1-60.
• 45. Baker, D. R., & Greer, R. F. (2010). Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0 –3 Years of Age). American Academy of Pediatrics, 126(5), 1040-1050.
• 46. Strawn, M. L., Zehner, E., Stahlhofer, M., & Lutter, C. (2017). New World Health Organization guidance helps protect breastfeeding as a human right. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13(4), 1-3.
• 47. Long, B., & Koyfman, A. (2018). Emergency Medicine Evaluation and Management of Anemia. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 36(3), 609-630.
• 48. Bencaiova, G., & Breymann, C. (2014). Mild anemia and pregnancy outcome in a Swiss collective. Journal of Pregnancy, 14, 1-8.
• 49. Sentilhes, L., Vayssiere, C., Tharaux, C., & Aya, G. A. (2016). Postpartum hemorrhage: guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF): in collaboration with the French Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care (SFAR). European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 198, 12-21.
• 50. Carson, L. J., Guyatt, G., Heddle, M. N., & Grossman, J. B. (2016). Clinical Practice Guidelines From the AABB: Red Blood Cell Transfusion Thresholds and Storage. JAMA, 316(19), 2025-2035.
• 51. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2017), Demir Gibi Türkiye Programı. 21/11/2020, https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/cocuk_ergen_db/dokumanlar/DEMR_GB_TRKYE_PROGRAMI_UYGULAMA_REHBER.pdf.