The Effect of Virtual Reality Application Applied to Children During Blood Collection on Pain in Postgraduate Theses in Turkey: A Systematic Review
Yıl 2024,
, 325 - 332, 30.06.2024
Ayçin Ezgi Önel
,
Hatice Bal Yılmaz
,
Tuba Gıynaş
Öz
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of virtual reality application used during blood sampling procedure to reduce pain level in paediatric patients aged 6-12 years.
Method: In this descriptive study, the keywords "child", "pain", "blood sampling" and "virtual reality" were used in different combinations to search the National Thesis Centre database. The population of the study consisted of postgraduate theses using virtual reality application for pain management during blood sampling in paediatric patients between the ages of 6-12 years in the last ten years and conducted in experimental design. Six thesis studies reached as a result of the search constituted the sample of the study. This systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA flowchart steps. The evaluation of the methodological quality of the studies examined within the scope of this systematic review was carried out by three researchers using JBI-MAStARI critical evaluation tools, based on the total score obtained from the checklist. Content analysis method was used to analyse the data obtained from the studies. The study population consisted of 74 postgraduate thesis studies. Among these studies, 67 studies were excluded due to incompatibility of title and abstract. The full texts of the remaining seven studies were analysed and one study was excluded due to content incompatibility and six studies constituted the sample of this study.
Findings: Six theses and dissertations included 687 children and the mean age of the children was found to be 9.32 years. The most preferred scale to measure the pain experienced during blood sampling was the Visual Analogue Scale. Non-pharmacological methods used with virtual reality in the studies included distraction cards (2 studies), kaleidescope (1 study) and Buzzy (1 study). In five studies, virtual reality goggles were found to be significantly effective in reducing pain.
Conclusion: When the results of the studies included in the systematic review were examined; virtual reality application, one of the non-pharmacological methods used for pain management in paediatric patients, was found to be statistically significantly effective in reducing the pain experienced during blood sampling.
Kaynakça
- Akarsu, Ö., Semerci, R., & Kılınç, D. (2023). The effect of 2 different distraction methods on pain, fear, and anxiety levels during venous blood draw in children in a pediatric emergency unit: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 38(4), E51-E58. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000709.
- Andersen, R. D., Olsson, E., & Eriksson, M. (2021). The evidence supporting the association between the use of pain scales and outcomes in hospitalized children: A systematic review. International Journal Of Nursing Studies, 115, 103840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103840.
- Aydın, A. İ., (2018). Çocuklarda sanal gerçeklik gözlüğü kullanımının kan alma işlemi sırasında oluşan ağrıyı azaltmaya etkisi. (Tez No. 496909) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi].
- Bellibaş, M. Ş. & Gümüş, S. (2018). Eğitim yönetim sistemleri denetleyicileri. K. Beycioğlu, N. Özer, Y. Kondakçı (Ed.), Eğitim Yönetiminde Araştırma içinde (ss. 507-508). Pegem Akademi.
- Birnie, K. A., Noel, M., Chambers, C. T., Uman, L. S., & Parker, J. A. (2018). Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub4.
- Chan, E., Hovenden, M., Ramage, E., Ling, N., Pham, J. H., Rahim, A., ... & Leong, P. (2019). Virtual reality for pediatric needle procedural pain: two randomized clinical trials. The Journal Of Pediatrics, 209, 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.034.
- Cheng, Z., Yu, S., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Shen, Y., & Weng, H. (2022). Virtual reality for pain and anxiety of pediatric oncology patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 9(12), 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjon.2022.100152.
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. (2008). Systematic reviews: CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. University of York, 2008 Published by CRD, University of York: York Publishing Services Ltd, ISBN 978-1-900640-47-3.
- Dumoulin, S., Bouchard, S., Ellis, J., Lavoie, K. L., Vézina, M. P., Charbonneau, P., ... & Hajjar, A. (2019). A randomized controlled trial on the use of virtual reality for needle-related procedures in children and adolescents in the emergency department. Games For Health Journal, 8(4), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2018.0111.
- Eijlers, R., Utens, E. M., Staals, L. M., de Nijs, P. F., Berghmans, J. M., Wijnen, R. M., ... & Legerstee, J. S. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality in pediatrics: effects on pain and anxiety. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 129(5), 1344-1353. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000004165.
- Erdoğan, B. (2018). Çocuklarda kan alma sırasında uygulanan üç farklı yöntemin ağrı ve anksiyete üzerine etkisi. (Tez No. 514113). [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi].
- Friedrichsdorf, S. J., & Goubert, L. (2021). Pädiatrische Schmerztherapie und-prävention bei hospitalisierten Kindern. Schmerz, 35(3), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-020-00519-0.
- Gaglani, A., & Gross, T. (2018). Pediatric pain management. Emergency Medicine Clinics, 36(2), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2017.12.002.
- Gerçeker, G. Ö., Ayar, D., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektaş, M. (2020). Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 29(7-8), 1151-1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15173.
- Gerçeker, G. Ö., Bektaş, M., Aydınok, Y., Ören, H., Ellidokuz, H., & Olgun, N. (2021). The effect of virtual reality on pain, fear, and anxiety during access of a port with huber needle in pediatric hematology-oncology patients: Randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 50, 101886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101886.
- Gerrish, K., & Lacey, A. (2010). The research prosese in nursing. (6th ed., pp. 79-92, 188-198, 284-302). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Gold, J. I., & Mahrer, N. E. (2018). Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. Journal Of Pediatric Psychology, 43(3), 266-275. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx129.
- Göksu, F. (2017). Çocuklarda venöz kan alımı sırasında kullanılan sanal gerçeklik gözlüğünün hissedilen ağrı üzerine etkisi. (Tez No. 455052) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi].
- Harrison, T. M., Brown, R., Duffey, T., Frey, C., Bailey, J., Nist, M. D., Renner, L., & Fitch, J. (2020). Effects of massage on postoperative pain in ınfants with complex congenital heart disease. Nursing Research, 69(5S Suppl 1), S36–S46. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000459.
- Hoag, J. A., Karst, J., Bingen, K., Palou-Torres, A., & Yan, K. (2022). Distracting through procedural pain and distress using virtual reality and guided imagery in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(4), e30260. https://doi.org/10.2196/30260.
- Hoffman, H. G., Patterson, D. R., Rodriguez, R. A., Peña, R., Beck, W., & Meyer, W. J. (2020). Virtual reality analgesia for children with large severe burn wounds during burn wound debridement. Frontiers In Virtual Reality, 1, 602299. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2020.602299.
- Hundert, A. S., Birnie, K. A., Abla, O., Positano, K., Cassiani, C., Lloyd, S., ... & Stinson, J. (2022). A pilot randomized controlled trial of virtual reality distraction to reduce procedural pain during subcutaneous port access in children and adolescents with cancer. The Clinical Journal Of Pain, 38(3), 189. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000001017.
- Hür, G., Zengin, H., Suzan, Ö. K., Kolukısa, T., Eroğlu, A., Çınar, N. (2022). Turkish adaptation of Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for randomized controlled trials. Journal of Advanced Research in Health Sciences, 5(2),112-117. https://doi.org/10.26650/JARHS2022-1100929.
- Johnson, A. A., Berry, A., Bradley, M., Daniell, J. A., Lugo, C., Schaum-Comegys, K., ... & Whalen, M. (2021). Examining the effects of music-based interventions on pain and anxiety in hospitalized children: An integrative review. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 60, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.02.007.
- Kenney, M. P., & Milling, L. S. (2016). The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for reducing pain: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3(3), 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000084.
- Lambert, V., Boylan, P., Boran, L., Hicks, P., Kirubakaran, R., Devane, D., & Matthews, A. (2020). Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010686.pub2.
- Mesa-Gresa, P., Gil-Gómez, H., Lozano-Quilis, J. A., & Gil-Gómez, J. A. (2018). Effectiveness of virtual reality for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an evidence-based systematic review. Sensors, 18(8), 2486. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082486.
- Orhan, E. (2020). Okul yaş grubu çocuklarda kan alma sırasında oluşan ağrıya sanal gerçekliğin etkisi. (Tez No. 651670) [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi].
- Özdemir, A. (2019). 6-12 yaş çocuklarda invaziv işlemler (kan alma/damaryolu açma) sırasında dikkati başka yöne çekme tekniklerinin anksiyete, korku ve ağrı yönetimine etkisi. (Tez No. 544470) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi].
- Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ...& Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906
- Pillai Riddell, R., Racine, N., Gennis HG, Turcotte K, Uman LS, Horton RE, Ahola Kohut S, Hillgrove Stuart J, Stevens B, Lisi DM. (2015), Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD006275. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006275.pub3.
- Semerci, R., Akgün Kostak, M., Eren, T., & Avci, G. (2021). Effects of virtual reality on pain during venous port access in pediatric oncology patients: a randomized controlled study. Journal Of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 38(2), 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043454220975702.
- Simonetti, V., Tomietto, M., Comparcini, D., Vankova, N., Marcelli, S., & Cicolini, G. (2022). Effectiveness of virtual reality in the management of paediatric anxiety during the perioperative period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 125, 104115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104115.
- Tas, F. Q., van Eijk, C. A., Staals, L. M., Legerstee, J. S., & Dierckx, B. (2022). Virtual reality in pediatrics, effects on pain and anxiety: A systematic review and meta‐analysis update. Pediatric Anesthesia, 32(12), 1292-1304. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14546.
- Tüfenk N. (2021). Çocuklarda kan alma işlemi sırasında kaleidoskop ve sanal gerçeklik gözlüğü uygulamasının ağrı ve korku üzerine etkisi. (Tez No. 687421) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi].
- Zieliński, J., Morawska-Kochman, M., & Zatoński, T. (2020). Pain assessment and management in children in the postoperative period: A review of the most commonly used postoperative pain assessment tools, new diagnostic methods and the latest guidelines for postoperative pain therapy in children. Advances İn Clinical And Experimental Medicine, 29(3), 365–374. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/112600.
Türkiye’de yapılan lisansüstü tezlerde çocuklara kan alma işlemi sırasında uygulanan sanal gerçeklik uygulamasının ağrı üzerine etkisi: Sistematik derleme
Yıl 2024,
, 325 - 332, 30.06.2024
Ayçin Ezgi Önel
,
Hatice Bal Yılmaz
,
Tuba Gıynaş
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı 6-12 yaş aralığındaki pediatrik hastalarda kan alma işlemi sırasında kullanılan sanal gerçeklik uygulamasının ağrı düzeyini azaltmada etkinliğini incelemektir.
Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipte yapılan bu çalışmada “çocuk”, “ağrı”, “kan alma” ve “sanal gerçeklik” anahtar kelimeleri farklı kombinasyonlarda kullanılarak Ulusal Tez Merkezi veri tabanında tarama yapılmıştır. Tarama sonucunda ulaşılan, son on yılda 6-12 yaş aralığındaki pediatrik hastalarda kan alma işlemi sırasında ağrı yönetimi için sanal gerçeklik uygulaması kullanan, deneysel tasarımda yapılan lisansüstü tezler araştırmanın evrenini oluşturmuştur. Tarama sonucu ulaşılan altı tez çalışması araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Bu sistematik inceleme PRISMA akış şeması adımları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu sistematik derleme kapsamında incelenen çalışmaların metodolojik açıdan kalitelerinin değerlendirilmesi; üç araştırmacı tarafından JBI-MAStARI kritik değerlendirme araçları kullanılarak, kontrol listesinden aldığı toplam puan üzerinden yapılmıştır. Çalışmalardan elde edilen verileri analiz etmek için içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma evrenini 74 lisansüstü tez çalışması oluşturmuştur. Bu çalışmalardan başlık ve özet uyumsuzluğu nedeniyle 67 çalışma kapsam dışı bırakılmıştır. Kalan yedi çalışmanın tam metinleri incelenmiş olup, bu çalışmalardan içerik uyumsuzluğu sonucunda bir çalışma dışlanmış ve altı çalışma bu araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur.
Bulgular: Tarama sonucunda ulaşılan altı tez çalışmasında 687 çocuk yer almış olup, çocukların yaş ortalaması 9,32 bulunmuştur. Kan alma işlemi sırasında yaşanan ağrıyı ölçmek için en çok tercih edilen ölçek Visual Analog Skala olmuştur. Çalışmalarda sanal gerçeklik ile birlikte kullanılan non-farmakolojik yöntemler; dikkati başka yöne çekme kartları (2 çalışma), kaleideskop (1 çalışma) ve Buzzy (1 çalışma) olarak belirtilmiştir. Beş çalışmada sanal gerçeklik gözlüğünün ağrıyı azaltmada anlamlı derecede etkili olduğu bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Sistematik derleme kapsamına alınan çalışmaların sonuçları incelendiğinde; pediatrik hastalarda ağrı yönetimi için kullanılan non-farmakolojik yöntemlerden sanal gerçeklik uygulaması kan alma işlemi sırasında yaşanan ağrının azaltılmasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde etkili bulunmuştur.
Etik Beyan
Çalışma Sistematik Derleme olması nedeniyle etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir.
Kaynakça
- Akarsu, Ö., Semerci, R., & Kılınç, D. (2023). The effect of 2 different distraction methods on pain, fear, and anxiety levels during venous blood draw in children in a pediatric emergency unit: A randomized controlled study. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 38(4), E51-E58. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000709.
- Andersen, R. D., Olsson, E., & Eriksson, M. (2021). The evidence supporting the association between the use of pain scales and outcomes in hospitalized children: A systematic review. International Journal Of Nursing Studies, 115, 103840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103840.
- Aydın, A. İ., (2018). Çocuklarda sanal gerçeklik gözlüğü kullanımının kan alma işlemi sırasında oluşan ağrıyı azaltmaya etkisi. (Tez No. 496909) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi].
- Bellibaş, M. Ş. & Gümüş, S. (2018). Eğitim yönetim sistemleri denetleyicileri. K. Beycioğlu, N. Özer, Y. Kondakçı (Ed.), Eğitim Yönetiminde Araştırma içinde (ss. 507-508). Pegem Akademi.
- Birnie, K. A., Noel, M., Chambers, C. T., Uman, L. S., & Parker, J. A. (2018). Psychological interventions for needle‐related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub4.
- Chan, E., Hovenden, M., Ramage, E., Ling, N., Pham, J. H., Rahim, A., ... & Leong, P. (2019). Virtual reality for pediatric needle procedural pain: two randomized clinical trials. The Journal Of Pediatrics, 209, 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.034.
- Cheng, Z., Yu, S., Zhang, W., Liu, X., Shen, Y., & Weng, H. (2022). Virtual reality for pain and anxiety of pediatric oncology patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 9(12), 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjon.2022.100152.
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. (2008). Systematic reviews: CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. University of York, 2008 Published by CRD, University of York: York Publishing Services Ltd, ISBN 978-1-900640-47-3.
- Dumoulin, S., Bouchard, S., Ellis, J., Lavoie, K. L., Vézina, M. P., Charbonneau, P., ... & Hajjar, A. (2019). A randomized controlled trial on the use of virtual reality for needle-related procedures in children and adolescents in the emergency department. Games For Health Journal, 8(4), 285-293. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2018.0111.
- Eijlers, R., Utens, E. M., Staals, L. M., de Nijs, P. F., Berghmans, J. M., Wijnen, R. M., ... & Legerstee, J. S. (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality in pediatrics: effects on pain and anxiety. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 129(5), 1344-1353. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000004165.
- Erdoğan, B. (2018). Çocuklarda kan alma sırasında uygulanan üç farklı yöntemin ağrı ve anksiyete üzerine etkisi. (Tez No. 514113). [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi].
- Friedrichsdorf, S. J., & Goubert, L. (2021). Pädiatrische Schmerztherapie und-prävention bei hospitalisierten Kindern. Schmerz, 35(3), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-020-00519-0.
- Gaglani, A., & Gross, T. (2018). Pediatric pain management. Emergency Medicine Clinics, 36(2), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2017.12.002.
- Gerçeker, G. Ö., Ayar, D., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektaş, M. (2020). Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 29(7-8), 1151-1161. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15173.
- Gerçeker, G. Ö., Bektaş, M., Aydınok, Y., Ören, H., Ellidokuz, H., & Olgun, N. (2021). The effect of virtual reality on pain, fear, and anxiety during access of a port with huber needle in pediatric hematology-oncology patients: Randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 50, 101886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101886.
- Gerrish, K., & Lacey, A. (2010). The research prosese in nursing. (6th ed., pp. 79-92, 188-198, 284-302). London: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Gold, J. I., & Mahrer, N. E. (2018). Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. Journal Of Pediatric Psychology, 43(3), 266-275. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx129.
- Göksu, F. (2017). Çocuklarda venöz kan alımı sırasında kullanılan sanal gerçeklik gözlüğünün hissedilen ağrı üzerine etkisi. (Tez No. 455052) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi].
- Harrison, T. M., Brown, R., Duffey, T., Frey, C., Bailey, J., Nist, M. D., Renner, L., & Fitch, J. (2020). Effects of massage on postoperative pain in ınfants with complex congenital heart disease. Nursing Research, 69(5S Suppl 1), S36–S46. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000459.
- Hoag, J. A., Karst, J., Bingen, K., Palou-Torres, A., & Yan, K. (2022). Distracting through procedural pain and distress using virtual reality and guided imagery in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(4), e30260. https://doi.org/10.2196/30260.
- Hoffman, H. G., Patterson, D. R., Rodriguez, R. A., Peña, R., Beck, W., & Meyer, W. J. (2020). Virtual reality analgesia for children with large severe burn wounds during burn wound debridement. Frontiers In Virtual Reality, 1, 602299. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2020.602299.
- Hundert, A. S., Birnie, K. A., Abla, O., Positano, K., Cassiani, C., Lloyd, S., ... & Stinson, J. (2022). A pilot randomized controlled trial of virtual reality distraction to reduce procedural pain during subcutaneous port access in children and adolescents with cancer. The Clinical Journal Of Pain, 38(3), 189. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000001017.
- Hür, G., Zengin, H., Suzan, Ö. K., Kolukısa, T., Eroğlu, A., Çınar, N. (2022). Turkish adaptation of Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for randomized controlled trials. Journal of Advanced Research in Health Sciences, 5(2),112-117. https://doi.org/10.26650/JARHS2022-1100929.
- Johnson, A. A., Berry, A., Bradley, M., Daniell, J. A., Lugo, C., Schaum-Comegys, K., ... & Whalen, M. (2021). Examining the effects of music-based interventions on pain and anxiety in hospitalized children: An integrative review. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 60, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2021.02.007.
- Kenney, M. P., & Milling, L. S. (2016). The effectiveness of virtual reality distraction for reducing pain: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3(3), 199–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000084.
- Lambert, V., Boylan, P., Boran, L., Hicks, P., Kirubakaran, R., Devane, D., & Matthews, A. (2020). Virtual reality distraction for acute pain in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (10). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010686.pub2.
- Mesa-Gresa, P., Gil-Gómez, H., Lozano-Quilis, J. A., & Gil-Gómez, J. A. (2018). Effectiveness of virtual reality for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: an evidence-based systematic review. Sensors, 18(8), 2486. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082486.
- Orhan, E. (2020). Okul yaş grubu çocuklarda kan alma sırasında oluşan ağrıya sanal gerçekliğin etkisi. (Tez No. 651670) [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi].
- Özdemir, A. (2019). 6-12 yaş çocuklarda invaziv işlemler (kan alma/damaryolu açma) sırasında dikkati başka yöne çekme tekniklerinin anksiyete, korku ve ağrı yönetimine etkisi. (Tez No. 544470) [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi].
- Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., ...& Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906
- Pillai Riddell, R., Racine, N., Gennis HG, Turcotte K, Uman LS, Horton RE, Ahola Kohut S, Hillgrove Stuart J, Stevens B, Lisi DM. (2015), Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (12), CD006275. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD006275.pub3.
- Semerci, R., Akgün Kostak, M., Eren, T., & Avci, G. (2021). Effects of virtual reality on pain during venous port access in pediatric oncology patients: a randomized controlled study. Journal Of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 38(2), 142-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043454220975702.
- Simonetti, V., Tomietto, M., Comparcini, D., Vankova, N., Marcelli, S., & Cicolini, G. (2022). Effectiveness of virtual reality in the management of paediatric anxiety during the perioperative period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 125, 104115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104115.
- Tas, F. Q., van Eijk, C. A., Staals, L. M., Legerstee, J. S., & Dierckx, B. (2022). Virtual reality in pediatrics, effects on pain and anxiety: A systematic review and meta‐analysis update. Pediatric Anesthesia, 32(12), 1292-1304. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14546.
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