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Vegan beslenmenin sağlık açısından değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 163 - 168, 01.06.2021

Öz

Giriş ve Amaç: Veganizm hayvansal besinleri, giyecekleri ve diğer tüm yan ürünleri kullanmayı reddeder. Veganizm sıkı vejetaryenlik olarak da adlandırılabilir. Vegan beslenme ise yumurta, süt ve ürünleri de dahil olmak üzere hayvansal besinlerin tamamından kaçınmak olarak tanımlanabilir. Son yıllarda vegan beslenme giderek artmaktadır. İyi planlanmış vegan beslenmeyle çeşitli bitkisel kaynaklı besinler tüketerek yaşamın her evresinde (çocukluk, gebelik, yetişkinlik vb.) yeterli ve dengeli beslenmek mümkündür. Vegan diyet tahıllar, baklagiller (soya ve türevleri dahil), sebze ve meyveler, sert kabuklu yemişler ve tohumlar, bitkisel yağlar, otlar ve baharatlar gibi çeşitli bitkisel kaynaklı besinleri içerir. Bitkisel kaynaklı besinlerin sağlığı iyileştirici ve geliştirici olduğu kanıta dayalı verilerle vurgulanmaktadır. Ancak hayvansal kaynaklı ürünlerin tüketilmemesi bazı besin eksikliklerine yol açabilir. Bu derlemede amaç vegan bireylerin yeterli ve dengeli beslenmesi ile ilgili literatürdeki verilerin incelenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Derlemede belirtilen başlıklar vegan bireylerde besin ögelerinin önemini vurgulamıştır. Dengeli planlanmamış veya çok kısıtlı şekilde beslenen vegan bireylerde en sıklıkla eksikliği görülen besin ögeleri demir, D vitamini, B₁₂ vitamini, kalsiyum, çinko, omega 3 yağ asitleridir. Kronik hale gelen besin ögesi yetersizliklerinin çeşitli sağlık sorunlarına yol açabileceği bilinmektedir. Bitkisel kaynaklı beslenmenin yeterli ve dengeli seçilmesi ile bu eksikliklerden korunmak mümkündür. Sonuç: Enerji alımını kısıtlayan, bir veya daha fazla besin grubunu tüketmeyen, kritik besin ögelerine dikkat etmeyen vegan diyetler dengeli kabul edilemez ve sağlık açısından tehlikeli sonuçlar doğurabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Leitzmann, C., Keller, M. (2013). Vegatarische Ernahrung. Stuttgart: Ulmer.
  • Referans2 Francione, G.L., & Charlton, A. (2016). İnsan neden vegan olur? Hayvan tartışmasına bir giriş. (C. Mavituna, Trans). İstanbul: Metropolis Yayınları.
  • Referans3 Karabudak, E. (2012). Vejetaryen beslenmesi. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Referans4 Leitzmann, C. (2014). Vegetarian nutrition: Past, present, future. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100, 496S–502S.
  • Referans5 Strecker, Elmadfa, I., Leitzmann, C., (2015). Ernährung des Menschen, Stuttgart: UTB.
  • Referans6 Strecker, T. (2016). Definitions of “vegan” and “vegetarian” in accordance with the EU Food Information Regulation. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from http://www.euroveg.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/EVU-PP-Definition-FIC -May2016.pdf.
  • Referans7 Eurispes. Rapporto Italia, (2018). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from http://www.eurispes.eu/content/eurispes-rapporto-italia-2018-vegani-e-vegetariani-sono-il-7-della-popolazione-dai-18-anni
  • Referans8 Foregrieve, J., (2019). Plant-Based Food Sales Continue To Grow By Double Digits, Fueled By Shift In Grocery Store Placement. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/janetforgrieve/2019/07/16/plant-based-food-sales-pick-up-the-pace-as-product-placement-shifts/#29148ef14f75.
  • Referans9 Özcan, T. & Baysal, S. (2016). Vejetaryen beslenme ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 30 (2), 101-116.
  • Referans10 Mangels, R., Messina V., Messina M. (2011). The Dietitian’s Guide to Vegetarian Diets. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
  • Referans11 Menal-Puey, S., Marques-Lopes, I. (2017). Development of a Food Guide for the Vegetarians of Spain. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 117, 1509–1516.
  • Referans12 Agnoli, C., Baroni, L., Bertini, I., Ciappellano, S., Fabbri, A., Papa, M., Pellegrini, N., Sbarbati, R., Scarino, M.L., Siani, V., Sieri, S. (2017). Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 27, 1037–1052.
  • Referans13 Schürmann, S., Kersting, M., Alexy, U. (2017). Vegetarian diets in children: A systematic review. Europen Journal of Nutrition, 56, 1797–1817.
  • Referans14 Richter, M., Boeing, H., Grunewald-Funk, D., Heseker, H., Kroke, A., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Oberritter, H., Strohm, D., Watzl, B. (2016). Vegan diet. Position of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). Ernahrungs Umschau, 63, 92–102.
  • Referans15 Schüpbach, R., Wegmüller, R., Berguerand, C., Bui, M. & Herter-Aeberli, I. (2017). Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland. Europen Journal of Nutrition, 56, 283–293.
  • Referans16 Gilsing, A. M. J. F. L. Crowe, Z. Lloyd-Wright, T. A. B., Sanders, P. N., Appleby, N. E., Allen, T. J. Key. (2010). Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Europen Journal of Nutrition, 64, 933–939.
  • Referans17 Katz, L.D, Friedman, SC. R, Lucan, C.S. (2018). Nutrition in Clinical Practice. India: Wolters Kluwer.
  • Referans18 Le, LT, Sabaté, J. (2014). Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the adventist cohorts. Nutrients, 6(6), 2131-47.
  • Referans19 Derrick, D. B. (2018). Nutritional Considerations for the Vegetarian and Vegan Dancer. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 22(1), 44-53.
  • Referans20 Sobiecki, J.G., Appleby, P.N., Bradbury, K.E., Key, T.J. (2016). High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford study. Nutrition Research, 36, 464–477.
  • Referans21 Kniskern, M.A.; Johnston, C.S. (2010). Protein dietary reference intakes may be inadequate for vegetarians if low amounts of animal protein are consumed. Nutrition, 27, 727–730.
  • Referans22 USDA Food Compisition Database. Retrieved December 9, 2020, from https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/
  • Referans 23 Tosh, S.M., Yada S. (2010). Dietary fibres in pulse seeds and fractions: characterization, functional attributes, and applications, Food Research International, 43, 450–460.
  • Referans24 Hoover, R., Hughes, T., Chung H.J., Liu Q. (2010). Composition, molecular structure, properties, and modification of pulse starches: a review. Food Research International, 43, 399–413.
  • Referans25 US Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Retrieved December 8, 2020, from https://ndb.nal.usda.gov.
  • Referans26 Wang, N., Hatcher, D.W., Tyler R.T., Toewsa R., Gawalkoa E.J. (2010). Effect of cooking on the composition of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). Food Research International, 43, 589–594.
  • Referans27 Donkor, O.N., Stojanovska L., Ginn P., Ashton J., Vasiljevic T. (2012). Germinated grains—sources of bioactive compounds. Food Chemistry, 135, 950–959.
  • Referans28 Hefni, M., Wittho¨ft, C.M. (2011). Increasing the folate content in Egyptian baladi bread using germinated wheat flour. LWT - Food Science and Technolgy, 44, 706–712.
  • Referans29 Brown, DD, Challis, J.(2017). Optimal nutrition for dancers. Human Kinetics (pp. 163-191). Champaign, Illinois: Wilmerding V, Krasnow D (eds): Dancer Wellness.
  • Referans30 Saunders, A.V., Davis, B.C., Garg, M.L. (2013). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetarian diets. Medical Journal of Australia, 199, S22-S26.
  • Referans31 Gibson RA, Muhlhausler B, Makrides M. (2011). Conversion of linoleic acid and alphalinolenic acid to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), with a focus on pregnancy, lactation and the first 2 years of life. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 7, 17-26.
  • Referans32 Van Winckel M, Vande Velde S, De Bruyne R, Van Biervliet S. (2011). Clinical practice: vegetarian infant and child nutrition. European Journal of Pediatrics. 170(12), 1489-94.
  • Referans33 Fuhrman, J., Ferreri, D.M. (2010). Fueling the vegetarian (vegan) athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 233-241.
  • Referans34 Saturated Fats. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association, Retrieved 2015 Jan, 12, from www.heart.org/HEARTORG/ GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/ Saturated-Fats_UCM_301110_Article.jsp.
  • Referans35 Hunt, A., Harrington, D., Robinson, S. (2014). Vitamin B12 deficiency. Bristish Medical Journal, 349, 5226.
  • Referans36 Norris, J. Vitamin B12 recommendations. Retrieved December 3, 2020, from www.veganhealth.org/b12/rec.
  • Referans37 Hannibal, L., Lysne, V., Bjørke-Monsen, A.-L., Behringer, S., Grünert, S.C., Spiekerkoetter, U., Jacobsen, D.W., Blom, H.J. (2016). Biomarkers and Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 3, 27.
  • Referans38 Collings, R.; Harvey, L.J.; Hooper, L.; Hurst, R.; Brown, T.J.; Ansett, J.; King, M.; Fairweather-Tait, S.J. (2013). The absorption of iron from whole diets: A systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98, 65–81.
  • Referans39 Haider, L.M., Schwingshackl, L., Hoffmann, G., Ekmekcioglu, C. (2016). The effect of vegetarian diets on iron status in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Reviews Food Science and Nutrition, 23, 1–16.
  • Referans40 Hopp, M., Keller, T., Lange, S., Epp, A., Lohmann, M., Fleur, Böl, G. (2017). Vegane Ernährung als Lebensstil: Motive und Praktizierung. Berlin: Bundes - institut für Risikobewertung.
  • Referans41 Vollmer, I., Keller, M., Kroke, A. (2018). Vegan diet: utilization of dietary supplements and fortified foods. An internet-based survey. Ernahrungs Umschau, 65, 144–53.
  • Referans42 Wacker, M., Holick, M.F. (2013). Sunlight and vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermatoendocrinol, 5(1), 51-108.
  • Referans43 Mangels, A.R. (2014). Bone nutrients for vegetarians. American. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(suppl 1), 469S-475S.
  • Referans44 Keegan, R.J., Lu, Z., Bogusz, J.M., Williams J.E., Holick M.F. (2013). Photobiology of vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans. Dermatoendocrinology. 5(1), 165-176.
  • Referans45 Wegmuller, R., Tay, F., Zeder, C., Brnic, M., Hurrell, R.F. (2014). Zinc absorption by young adults from supplemental zinc citrate is comparable with that from zinc gluconate and higher than from zinc oxide. Journal of Nutrition, 144, 132–136.
  • Referans46 Hever, J., MS, RD, CPT. (2016). Plant-Based Diets: A Physican’s Guide. The Permanente Journal, 20(3), 15-082
  • Referans47 Leung, A.M., Lamar, A., He, X., Braverman, L.H., Pearce E.N. (2011). Iodine status and thyroid function of Bostonarea vegetarians and vegans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96(8), E1303-E1307.
  • Referans48 Yağlı, S , Gari̇pağoğlu, M , Eroğlu, N . (2020). The Relationship Between the Frequency of Consumption of Dietary Fiber and Colon Cancer. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 7(4), 245-251.
  • Referans49 Mahan, K.L., Raymond, J.L. (2017). Krause’s food and the nutrition care process. Elsevier: St. Louis, Missouri.
  • Referans50 Huang, R.Y., Huang, C.C., Hu, F.B., Chavarro, J.E. (2015). Vegetarian diets and weight reduction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(1), 109-116.
  • Referans51 Yokoyama Y, Barnard ND, Levin SM, Watanabe M. (2014). Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther, 4(5), 373-382.
  • Referans52 Bradbury KE, Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Schmidt JA, Travis RC, Key TJ. (2014). Serum concentrations of cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B in a total of 1694 meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Europen Journal Clinical Nutrition, 68(2), 178-183.
  • Referans53 Pettersen BJ, Anousheh R, Fan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. (2012). Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: Results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Public Health Nutr, 15(10), 1909-1916.
  • Referans54 Bouvard, V., Loomis, D., Guyton, K.Z, Grosse, Y., Ghissassi F.E., Benbrahim-Tallaa L., Guha N., Mattock, H., Straif, K. (2015). Carcinogenecity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol, 16, 1599-1600.
  • Referans55 Zheng, Y., Li Y., Satija A.., Pan A., Sotos Prieto, M., Rimm, E., Willett, W.C. & Hu F.B. (2019). Association of changes in red meat consumption with total and cause specific mortality among US women and men: two prospective cohort studies. British Medical Journal, 365, l2110.
  • Referans56 Derrien M, Veiga P. (2017). Rethinking Diet to Aid Human-Microbe Symbiosis. Trends Microbiol, 25(2), 100-112.
  • Referans57 Wong, M.W., Yi, C.H., Liu T.T., Leia W.Y., Hunga, J.S., Linc C.L. , Lind S.Z., Chena C.L. (2018). Impact of vegan diets on gut microbiota: An update on the clinical implications. Tzu-Chi Medical Journal, 30(4), 200-203.

Evaluation of vegan nutrition in regards to health

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 163 - 168, 01.06.2021

Öz

Introduction and Objective: Veganism is refusing to use any animal food, clothing, and other products. In other words, veganism is a strict form of vegetarianism. Veganism is avoiding all food of animal origin including dairy products and egg. Vegan diet increases over the past decades. Adequate and balanced nutrition is possible with a well-planned vegan diet in every stage of life (childhood, pregnancy, adulthood etc.). Vegan diet consists of grains, legumes (including soy and derived products), fruit and vegetables, nuts and seeds, vegetable oils, herbs, and spices. Plant-based food are proved to be healing and protective for health. However, avoidance of animal products may lead to some nutrition deficiencies. The purpose of this review is to examine the literature on adequate and balanced nutrition of vegans. Material and Method: The titles mentioned in the review emphasized the importance of nutrients in vegan individuals. The nutritional elements that are mostly observed to be deficient in vegan individuals whose diet is very restricted and not designed well are iron, vitamin D and B₁₂, calcium, zinc, omega-3-fatty-acid. It is widely known that chronic nutrient deficiency may lead to a variety of health problems. Nevertheless, it is possible to avoid these deficiencies if plant-based nutrition is adequate and balanced. Conclusion: Vegan diets that restrict calorie-intake, quit one or more food group, inattentive to crucial nutritent cannot be accepted as balanced and could lead to serious health consequences.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Leitzmann, C., Keller, M. (2013). Vegatarische Ernahrung. Stuttgart: Ulmer.
  • Referans2 Francione, G.L., & Charlton, A. (2016). İnsan neden vegan olur? Hayvan tartışmasına bir giriş. (C. Mavituna, Trans). İstanbul: Metropolis Yayınları.
  • Referans3 Karabudak, E. (2012). Vejetaryen beslenmesi. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • Referans4 Leitzmann, C. (2014). Vegetarian nutrition: Past, present, future. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100, 496S–502S.
  • Referans5 Strecker, Elmadfa, I., Leitzmann, C., (2015). Ernährung des Menschen, Stuttgart: UTB.
  • Referans6 Strecker, T. (2016). Definitions of “vegan” and “vegetarian” in accordance with the EU Food Information Regulation. Retrieved December 01, 2020, from http://www.euroveg.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/EVU-PP-Definition-FIC -May2016.pdf.
  • Referans7 Eurispes. Rapporto Italia, (2018). Retrieved December 01, 2020, from http://www.eurispes.eu/content/eurispes-rapporto-italia-2018-vegani-e-vegetariani-sono-il-7-della-popolazione-dai-18-anni
  • Referans8 Foregrieve, J., (2019). Plant-Based Food Sales Continue To Grow By Double Digits, Fueled By Shift In Grocery Store Placement. Retrieved December 1, 2020, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/janetforgrieve/2019/07/16/plant-based-food-sales-pick-up-the-pace-as-product-placement-shifts/#29148ef14f75.
  • Referans9 Özcan, T. & Baysal, S. (2016). Vejetaryen beslenme ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University, 30 (2), 101-116.
  • Referans10 Mangels, R., Messina V., Messina M. (2011). The Dietitian’s Guide to Vegetarian Diets. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
  • Referans11 Menal-Puey, S., Marques-Lopes, I. (2017). Development of a Food Guide for the Vegetarians of Spain. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 117, 1509–1516.
  • Referans12 Agnoli, C., Baroni, L., Bertini, I., Ciappellano, S., Fabbri, A., Papa, M., Pellegrini, N., Sbarbati, R., Scarino, M.L., Siani, V., Sieri, S. (2017). Position paper on vegetarian diets from the working group of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition. Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Diseases, 27, 1037–1052.
  • Referans13 Schürmann, S., Kersting, M., Alexy, U. (2017). Vegetarian diets in children: A systematic review. Europen Journal of Nutrition, 56, 1797–1817.
  • Referans14 Richter, M., Boeing, H., Grunewald-Funk, D., Heseker, H., Kroke, A., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Oberritter, H., Strohm, D., Watzl, B. (2016). Vegan diet. Position of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). Ernahrungs Umschau, 63, 92–102.
  • Referans15 Schüpbach, R., Wegmüller, R., Berguerand, C., Bui, M. & Herter-Aeberli, I. (2017). Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland. Europen Journal of Nutrition, 56, 283–293.
  • Referans16 Gilsing, A. M. J. F. L. Crowe, Z. Lloyd-Wright, T. A. B., Sanders, P. N., Appleby, N. E., Allen, T. J. Key. (2010). Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. Europen Journal of Nutrition, 64, 933–939.
  • Referans17 Katz, L.D, Friedman, SC. R, Lucan, C.S. (2018). Nutrition in Clinical Practice. India: Wolters Kluwer.
  • Referans18 Le, LT, Sabaté, J. (2014). Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the adventist cohorts. Nutrients, 6(6), 2131-47.
  • Referans19 Derrick, D. B. (2018). Nutritional Considerations for the Vegetarian and Vegan Dancer. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science, 22(1), 44-53.
  • Referans20 Sobiecki, J.G., Appleby, P.N., Bradbury, K.E., Key, T.J. (2016). High compliance with dietary recommendations in a cohort of meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians, and vegans: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Oxford study. Nutrition Research, 36, 464–477.
  • Referans21 Kniskern, M.A.; Johnston, C.S. (2010). Protein dietary reference intakes may be inadequate for vegetarians if low amounts of animal protein are consumed. Nutrition, 27, 727–730.
  • Referans22 USDA Food Compisition Database. Retrieved December 9, 2020, from https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/
  • Referans 23 Tosh, S.M., Yada S. (2010). Dietary fibres in pulse seeds and fractions: characterization, functional attributes, and applications, Food Research International, 43, 450–460.
  • Referans24 Hoover, R., Hughes, T., Chung H.J., Liu Q. (2010). Composition, molecular structure, properties, and modification of pulse starches: a review. Food Research International, 43, 399–413.
  • Referans25 US Department of Agriculture. National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Retrieved December 8, 2020, from https://ndb.nal.usda.gov.
  • Referans26 Wang, N., Hatcher, D.W., Tyler R.T., Toewsa R., Gawalkoa E.J. (2010). Effect of cooking on the composition of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). Food Research International, 43, 589–594.
  • Referans27 Donkor, O.N., Stojanovska L., Ginn P., Ashton J., Vasiljevic T. (2012). Germinated grains—sources of bioactive compounds. Food Chemistry, 135, 950–959.
  • Referans28 Hefni, M., Wittho¨ft, C.M. (2011). Increasing the folate content in Egyptian baladi bread using germinated wheat flour. LWT - Food Science and Technolgy, 44, 706–712.
  • Referans29 Brown, DD, Challis, J.(2017). Optimal nutrition for dancers. Human Kinetics (pp. 163-191). Champaign, Illinois: Wilmerding V, Krasnow D (eds): Dancer Wellness.
  • Referans30 Saunders, A.V., Davis, B.C., Garg, M.L. (2013). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetarian diets. Medical Journal of Australia, 199, S22-S26.
  • Referans31 Gibson RA, Muhlhausler B, Makrides M. (2011). Conversion of linoleic acid and alphalinolenic acid to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), with a focus on pregnancy, lactation and the first 2 years of life. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 7, 17-26.
  • Referans32 Van Winckel M, Vande Velde S, De Bruyne R, Van Biervliet S. (2011). Clinical practice: vegetarian infant and child nutrition. European Journal of Pediatrics. 170(12), 1489-94.
  • Referans33 Fuhrman, J., Ferreri, D.M. (2010). Fueling the vegetarian (vegan) athlete. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), 233-241.
  • Referans34 Saturated Fats. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association, Retrieved 2015 Jan, 12, from www.heart.org/HEARTORG/ GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyEating/ Saturated-Fats_UCM_301110_Article.jsp.
  • Referans35 Hunt, A., Harrington, D., Robinson, S. (2014). Vitamin B12 deficiency. Bristish Medical Journal, 349, 5226.
  • Referans36 Norris, J. Vitamin B12 recommendations. Retrieved December 3, 2020, from www.veganhealth.org/b12/rec.
  • Referans37 Hannibal, L., Lysne, V., Bjørke-Monsen, A.-L., Behringer, S., Grünert, S.C., Spiekerkoetter, U., Jacobsen, D.W., Blom, H.J. (2016). Biomarkers and Algorithms for the Diagnosis of Vitamin B12 Deficiency. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 3, 27.
  • Referans38 Collings, R.; Harvey, L.J.; Hooper, L.; Hurst, R.; Brown, T.J.; Ansett, J.; King, M.; Fairweather-Tait, S.J. (2013). The absorption of iron from whole diets: A systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98, 65–81.
  • Referans39 Haider, L.M., Schwingshackl, L., Hoffmann, G., Ekmekcioglu, C. (2016). The effect of vegetarian diets on iron status in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Reviews Food Science and Nutrition, 23, 1–16.
  • Referans40 Hopp, M., Keller, T., Lange, S., Epp, A., Lohmann, M., Fleur, Böl, G. (2017). Vegane Ernährung als Lebensstil: Motive und Praktizierung. Berlin: Bundes - institut für Risikobewertung.
  • Referans41 Vollmer, I., Keller, M., Kroke, A. (2018). Vegan diet: utilization of dietary supplements and fortified foods. An internet-based survey. Ernahrungs Umschau, 65, 144–53.
  • Referans42 Wacker, M., Holick, M.F. (2013). Sunlight and vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermatoendocrinol, 5(1), 51-108.
  • Referans43 Mangels, A.R. (2014). Bone nutrients for vegetarians. American. Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 100(suppl 1), 469S-475S.
  • Referans44 Keegan, R.J., Lu, Z., Bogusz, J.M., Williams J.E., Holick M.F. (2013). Photobiology of vitamin D in mushrooms and its bioavailability in humans. Dermatoendocrinology. 5(1), 165-176.
  • Referans45 Wegmuller, R., Tay, F., Zeder, C., Brnic, M., Hurrell, R.F. (2014). Zinc absorption by young adults from supplemental zinc citrate is comparable with that from zinc gluconate and higher than from zinc oxide. Journal of Nutrition, 144, 132–136.
  • Referans46 Hever, J., MS, RD, CPT. (2016). Plant-Based Diets: A Physican’s Guide. The Permanente Journal, 20(3), 15-082
  • Referans47 Leung, A.M., Lamar, A., He, X., Braverman, L.H., Pearce E.N. (2011). Iodine status and thyroid function of Bostonarea vegetarians and vegans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 96(8), E1303-E1307.
  • Referans48 Yağlı, S , Gari̇pağoğlu, M , Eroğlu, N . (2020). The Relationship Between the Frequency of Consumption of Dietary Fiber and Colon Cancer. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 7(4), 245-251.
  • Referans49 Mahan, K.L., Raymond, J.L. (2017). Krause’s food and the nutrition care process. Elsevier: St. Louis, Missouri.
  • Referans50 Huang, R.Y., Huang, C.C., Hu, F.B., Chavarro, J.E. (2015). Vegetarian diets and weight reduction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(1), 109-116.
  • Referans51 Yokoyama Y, Barnard ND, Levin SM, Watanabe M. (2014). Vegetarian diets and glycemic control in diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther, 4(5), 373-382.
  • Referans52 Bradbury KE, Crowe FL, Appleby PN, Schmidt JA, Travis RC, Key TJ. (2014). Serum concentrations of cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and apolipoprotein B in a total of 1694 meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Europen Journal Clinical Nutrition, 68(2), 178-183.
  • Referans53 Pettersen BJ, Anousheh R, Fan J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fraser GE. (2012). Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: Results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Public Health Nutr, 15(10), 1909-1916.
  • Referans54 Bouvard, V., Loomis, D., Guyton, K.Z, Grosse, Y., Ghissassi F.E., Benbrahim-Tallaa L., Guha N., Mattock, H., Straif, K. (2015). Carcinogenecity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol, 16, 1599-1600.
  • Referans55 Zheng, Y., Li Y., Satija A.., Pan A., Sotos Prieto, M., Rimm, E., Willett, W.C. & Hu F.B. (2019). Association of changes in red meat consumption with total and cause specific mortality among US women and men: two prospective cohort studies. British Medical Journal, 365, l2110.
  • Referans56 Derrien M, Veiga P. (2017). Rethinking Diet to Aid Human-Microbe Symbiosis. Trends Microbiol, 25(2), 100-112.
  • Referans57 Wong, M.W., Yi, C.H., Liu T.T., Leia W.Y., Hunga, J.S., Linc C.L. , Lind S.Z., Chena C.L. (2018). Impact of vegan diets on gut microbiota: An update on the clinical implications. Tzu-Chi Medical Journal, 30(4), 200-203.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Şeyma Akbulut 0000-0002-1050-825X

Burcu Yeşilkaya 0000-0001-9986-6119

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2021
Kabul Tarihi 6 Mart 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbulut, Ş., & Yeşilkaya, B. (2021). Evaluation of vegan nutrition in regards to health. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 8(2), 163-168.
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