Amerika’da Psikolojik Danışmanlık Eğitimi Sonrası Ülkeye Dönüşte Adaptasyon Süreci ve Zorlukları

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 34, 42 - 81, 31.12.2017

İhsan Çağatay Ulus , Richard Ricard

Öz

Psikolojik Danışmanlık (PD) eğitimlerini kendi
ülkeleri dışında alan yabancı öğrenciler, aldıkları bu eğitimleri kendi
ülkelerinde uygularken birçok adaptasyon problemi ve zorluk yaşamaktadır. Literatüre
göre bu konu ile ilgili çok az çalışma vardır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı Amerika’da
PD alanında yurt dışında doktoraya devam eden Türk öğrenciler ile daha önce
doktora eğitimlerini Amerika`da tamamlamış ve şu anda Türkiye`deki
üniversitelerde çalışan akademisyenlerin yaşadıkları veya yaşayacakları
zorlukları ve deneyimleri araştırmaktır. Çalışma grubu PD alanında uzman toplam
18 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılardan 13 kişi şu anda PD alanındaki
eğitimlerini Amerika`da devam ettiren doktora öğrencileri iken, 5 kişi ise daha
önce doktora eğitimlerini Amerika`da tamamlamış ve şu anda Türkiye`deki çeşitli
üniversitelerde PD alanında çalışan akademisyenlerdir. Delphi çalışma tekniği
temel alınarak katılımcıların(uzmanların) görüşleri iki turda alınmıştır. Her
iki gruptaki uzman görüşünü almak için her iki turda ayrı ayrı soru
hazırlanmıştır. Literatür araştırması sonucuna göre hazırlanan bu sorular 5
ayrı konu başlığında toplanmıştır: çok kültürlülük, teori yaklaşımları,
gelişimsel olgunlaşma/iyi olma hali, örgütlenme/profesyonel gelişim ve
psikolojik danışma uygulamaları/öğretimi/araştırma. Açık kodlama temel alınarak
birinci soru turunun sonucunda 37 tema bulunmuştur. Her iki gruptaki uzman
görüşleri temel alınarak yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda akademisyenlerin
Amerika’da aldıkları PD Danışmanlık eğitiminin Türkiye’de uygulanması sürecinde
yaşanılan zorluklar çerçevesinde dikkat çektiği bazı önemli temalar
bulunmuştur. Çıkan bulgulara göre, bunlar; çok kültürlülük, PD uzmanlık alanı,
süpervizyon, PD teorileri ve temel becerileri, etik, PD eğitimi ve klinik
uygulaması ve bürokratik konular. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Psikolojik Danışmanlık, Uluslararası Öğrenci, Delphi Method, Adaptasyon

Adaptation Process and Challenges After in the Transition to the Country after Counselor Education Training in United States

Öz

An ever-increasing number of international
counselor education students are faced with the challenge of meaningfully
incorporating and translating international training experiences to counseling
settings in their home countries. There has been limited research on the
returning process of international counseling students and specifically on
their ‘adaptation and reintegration’ experiences in the home counseling
context. The primary purpose of this study was to explore the challenges, and experiences
of current doctoral level Turkish counselors-in-training (TCITs) who are
studying in the United States (U.S.) and Turkish counselor educators (TCEs) who
previously trained in the U.S. and are presently teaching and practicing in
Turkey. A panel of eighteen (18) experts, including both TCITs (n=13) and TCEs
(n=5), participated in the study. Participants responded to two rounds of
questions based on a modified Delphi method procedure. The questions addressed
knowledge, skills and awareness of core counselor education competencies and
the transferability, applicability and usefulness of content as experienced in
U.S. settings to counseling contexts in Turkey. The initial round of questions
focused on perception of five main essential counseling areas: (a)
multicultural constructs, (b) theoretical approaches, (c) developmental
growth/wellness, (d) organization/professional development, and (e) counseling
practice/teaching/research.  Thematic
content analysis using open coding generated 37 themes which were used to
formulate the questions for round two. A second round involved exploration of
consensus on qualitative themes emerged from round 1 responses. The findings of
the study indicated that both groups of panel experts, particularly, identified
the following most important themes regarding to Turkish counseling context:
multiculturalism, counseling profession, supervision, counseling theories and
basic skills, ethics, counseling training and clinic, and bureaucratic issues.  The results of this present study, which
emerged from the discussion based on the direction of the modified Delphi
method, addressed several implications and recommendations for counselor
educators who prepare international students and international
counselors-in-training. Further research needs to be conducted regarding the
re-entry transition and re-adaptation period with larger sample size including
a variety of ethnic groups.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Counseling, International Students, Adaptation Process

Kaynakça

• Aluş, Y., (2015) Kültürel ve Toplumsal Gerçekliğimiz Açısından Aile Anlayışlarının ve Türk Ailesinin Değerlendirmesi.PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1, 15-22.
• Azuma, H. (1984). Psychology in a non-Western country.International Journal of Psychology,19, 45-55.doi: 10.1080/00207598408247514
• Bakırcıoğlu, R. (2005). İlköğretim, Ortaöğretim Ve Yüksek Öğretimde Rehberlik. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
• Bektaş, D. Y. (2006).Kültüre duyarlı psikolojik danışma yeterlikleri ve psikolojik danışman eğitimindeki yeri.Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 1, 43-59.
• Brabant, S. C., Palmer, E. ve Gramling, R. (1990). Returning home: An empirical investigation of crosscultural re-entry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 387-404.doi:10.1016/0147-1767 (90)90027-T.
• Brooks, M., Kim, T., Moye, P., Oglesby, S.ve Hargett, B. (2015). Multicultural Training in CACREP Counselor Education Programs: A Survey.International Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(6), 1-8.doi:10.11114/ijsss.v3i6.985.
• Cox, L. K. (2006). Going home: Perceptions of international students on the efficacy of a reentry workshop (Order No. 3237190). Available from ProQuest Dissertations ve Theses Global. (305265221). erişim https://manowar.tamucc.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/305265221?a ccountid=7084
• Dalkey, N.ve Helmer, O. (1963). Delphi technique: Characteristics and sequence model to the use of experts. Management Science. 9(3), 458-467.
• Dawson, M. D.ve Brucker, P.S. (2001). The Utility of the Delphi Method in MFT Research.The American Journal of Family Therapy, 29, 125-140.doi: 10.1080/01926180126229
• Doğan, S. (2000).The historical development of counseling in Turkey.International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 22, 57-67.doi: 10.1023/A:1005474126819
• Dollarhide, C. T., Gibson, D. M.ve Moss, J. M. (2013). Professional identity development of counselor education doctoral students.Counselor Education ve Supervision, 52(2), 137-150.doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2013.00034.x
• Ekici, F. Y. (2014), Türk Aile Yapısının Değişim ve Dönüşümü ve Bu Değişim ve Dönüşüme Etki Eden Unsurların Değerlendirilmesi.The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, S:30, 209-224
• Fawcett, M. L., Briggs, C. A., Maycock, G.ve Stine, E. (2010). Multicultural Counseling Competency Development with a Guatemala Travel Study.Journal for International Counselor Education, 2.1-18.
• Fiander, M. ve Burns, T. (1998). Essential components of schizophrenia care: A Delphi approach. Acta Psychiatry Scandinavica. 98, 400-405. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10105.x
• Freeman, S. D. M. (2009). The transcultural adaptation of western counseling in japan: A grounded theory. (Order No. 3424445, Texas AveM University - Corpus Christi). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 203. erişimhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/759498509?accountid=7084. (759498509).
• Hasan, N. T., Fouad, N. A.ve Williams-Nickelson, C. (Eds.). (2008). Studying psychology in the United States: Expert guidance for international students. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Hasson, F., Keeney, S.ve McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008-1015.doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x
• Hohenshil, T. H., Amundson, N. E.ve Niles, S. G. (2013). Introduction to global counseling. In T. H.
• Hohenshil, N. E. Amundsonve S. G. Niles (Eds.), Counseling around the world: An international handbook (pp. 3-8). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
• Gizir, C . (2011). Üniversite Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Merkezleri’nin Rol ve İşlevleri: Gelişmeler ve Sınırlılıklar. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6 (2), 11-25. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/mersinefd/issue/17376/181440
• Greer, S. J. (2008). Convergence on the guidelines for designing a virtual irregular warfare internship: A delphi study (Order No. 3320644). Available from ProQuest Dissertations ve Theses Global. (193992837). erişimhttps://manowar.tamucc.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/193992837?a ccountid=7084
• Güven, M., Kısaç, I., Ercan, L. ve Yalçın, I. (2009).Türk Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisinde Yayınlanan Makalelerin Çeşitli Özellikler Açısından İncelenmesi.Türk Psikolojik Danisma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4, 80-87.
• Hsu, C.C. ve Sandford, B. A. (2007). The Delphi technique: Making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 12, 1-8. doi: 10.4018/978-1-4666-0074-4.ch011 Institute of International Education. (2015). International students in the United States.erişimhttp://www.iie.org/Services/Project-Atlas/United-States/International-Students-InUS.
• Kağnıcı D.Y. (2013). Çokkültürlü psikolojik danışma eğitiminin rehberlik ve psikolojik danışmanlık lisans programlarına yerleştirilmesi.TürkPsikolojik Danisma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(40), 222-231
• Kağnıcı D.Y. (2014). Reflections of a Multicultural Counseling Course: A Qualitative Study with Counseling Students and Counselors. Educational Sciences: Theory ve Practice, 14(1), 53-62. doi:10.12738/estp.2014.1.1965
• Keeney S., Hasson F.ve McKenna H. (2011). The Delphi technique in nursing and health research. West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
• Korkut, E., (2007). Counselor education, program accreditation, and counselor credentialing in Turkey. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 29, 1-20.doi: 10.1007/s10447-006-9021-6
• Korkut Owen, F., Tuzgöl Dost, M. ve Bugay, A. (2013).Turkish counselor educators’ opinions about counselor candidates’ disposition.International Journal of Human Sciences, 11(1), 1037-1055.doi: 10.14687/ijhs.v11i1.2883
• Kracen, A. C., Zeinoun, P., Wu, J. J.ve Stevens, M. J. (2008). Home sweet home: Issues for international students to consider when returning home. In N. T. Hasan, N. A. Fouadve C. Williams-
• Nickelson (Eds.), Studying psychology in the United States: Expert guidance for international students (pp. 151-159). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Kuzgun, Y. (1993). Türk eğitim sisteminde rehberlik ve psikolojik danışma.Egitim Dergisi 6, 3-8.
• Lau, J.ve Ng, K. (2012). Effectiveness and relevance of training for international counseling graduates: A qualitative inquiry. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 34(1), 87-105.doi: 10.1007/s10447-011-9128-2
• Letts, L., Wilkins, S., Law, M., Stewart, D., Bosch, J.ve Westmorland, M. (2007). Guidelines for Critical Review Form: Qualitative Studies (Version 2.0). Hamilton, Ontario Canada: McMaster University Occupational Therapy Evidence-based Practice Group. erişimhttp://www.srs-mcmaster.ca/Portals/20/pdf/ebp/qualguidelines_version2.0.pdf
• Leung, S.-M. L., Clawson, T., Norsworthy, K. L., Tena, A., Szilagy, A.ve Rogers, J. (2009). Internationalization of the counseling profession. International handbook of cross-cultural counseling: Cultural assumptions and practices worldwide (pp. 111-123). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
• Lough, B. J. (2009). Curricular blueprinting: The relevance of American social work education for international students. Social Work Education, 28(7), 792-802.doi:10.1080/02615470802478212.
• Ludwig, L.ve Star, S. (2005). Library as sources: Results of a Delphi study. Journal of Medical Library Association, 93(3), 315-326.
• McCarthy, J. (2005). Individualism and collectivism: What do they have to do with counseling? Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 33, 108-117.doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1912.2005.tb00009.x
• McElhinney, R. (2008). Professional identity development: A grounded theory study of clinical psychology trainees. (Doctoral Dissertation).erişimhttps://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/3299/1/Rowena%20McElhinney%20Thesis%202008.pdf
• Mocan-Aydin, G. (2000). Western models of counseling and psychotherapy within Turkey: Crossing cultural boundaries. The Counseling Psychologist, 28, 281-298.doi: 10.1177/0011000000282007
• Montilla, R. E. (2006). Collectivistic views on human development and personality: A Delphi study (Order No. 3241636). Available from ProQuest Dissertations ve Theses Global. (304914501). erişimhttp://search.proquest.com/docview/304914501?accountid=7084
• Mullen, P.M. (2003). Delphi: myths and reality. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 17, 37-52.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777260310469319
• Ng, K. M. (2006).Counselor educators' perceptions of and experiences with international students.International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 28, 1-19.doi:10.1007/s10447-005-8492-1.
• Patton, M. Q. (2002).Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Raguram, R., Venkateswaran, J. R., Ramakrishna, J.ve Weiss, M. G. (2002). Traditional community resources for mental health: A report of temple healing from India. British Medical Journal, 325, 38-40.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7354.38
• Saldana, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Los Angeles [i.e. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications.Chicago (Author-Date, 15th ed.)
• Siviş-Cetinkaya, R. (2015). Ethical Judgments of Counselors: Results From a Turkish Sample. Ethics ve Behavior, 25(5), 400-417, doi: 10.1080/10508422.2014.941981. ,
• Smith, S. D.ve Ng, K. M. (2009). International counseling trainees' experiences and perceptions of their multicultural counseling training in the United States: A mixed method inquiry. International
• Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 31, 271-285.doi:10.1007/s10447-009-9083-3.
• Soon, J.-J. (2010). A change of heart?A bivariate probit model of international students' change of return intention.International Journal of Business and Economics, 9, 115-129.
• Stockton, R.ve Guneri, Y. O. (2011). Counseling in Turkey. Journal of Counseling ve Development.89, 98-104.doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00065.x
• Tasdan, M. ve Yalcın, I. (2007) Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlikte Etik.Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Burdur Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi.8(14), 99-107.
• Türk Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Derneği. (2006). Psikolojik Danişma Ve Rehberlik Alaninda Çalişanlar İçin Etik Kurallar.erişim http://pdr.org.tr/userfiles/file/etik.pdf
• Türk Psikolojik Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Derneği. (2006). Psikolojik Danişma Ve Rehberlik Alaninda Çalişanlar İçin Etik Kurallar.erişim http://pdr.org.tr/userfiles/file/etik.pdf
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2011). American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Allegany County, N.Y. erişim http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_1YR_B04003veprodType=table
• Weinrach, S. G., Thomas, K. R.ve Chan, F. (2001). The professional identity of contributors to the Journal of Counseling ve Development: Does it matter? Journal of Counseling and Development, 79(2), 166-170.doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01956.x
• Wester, K. L.ve Borders, L. D. (2014). Research competencies in counseling: A Delphi study. Journal of Counseling ve Development, 92, 447-458.doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00171.x
• Vazquez-Ramos, R., Leahy, M.ve Estrada-Hernandez, N. (2007). The Delphi method in rehabilitation counseling research.Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 50(2), 111-118.doi: 10.1177/00343552070500020101
• Verbik, L.ve Lasanowski, V.(2007). International student mobility patterns and trends. London, United Kingdom: The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
• Yeşilyaprak, B. (2006). Eğitimde Rehberlik Hizmetleri (14. Baskı) Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.