Tax Disruption in the Later Umayyad Period as a Ground Force for the ‘Abbāsid Revolution

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 37, 107 - 128, 18.06.2018

Öznur Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.354578

Öz

The Umayyad Empire (661-747 CE), the first
dynasty of Islam, reigned nearly ninety years after the so-called Rāshidūn era,
was collapsed by the ʿAbbāsid Revolution (AR). After 750, the ʿAbbāsids became the new rulers of the Islamic empire through the culmination
of an orchestrated secret campaign
lasting more than thirty years and based on popular unfavourable views of the Umayyads. Although extensive research has
been carried out on the AR, there have been no studies which try to understand
the AR with reference to modern economic and Revolution
theories by focusing upon the economic dissatisfaction of the Khurāsānī mawālī who supported the Revolution. The
aim of this paper is to discuss the theory that economic disorder in Khurāsān
was an important reason for the AR, by focusing on
the taxation system in Islam and its abuse in the later Umayyad period
(685-747) as well as by evaluating modern Islamic historiography in this
perspective. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zakāt, ʿUshr, Jizya, Kharāj, ʿAbbāsid Revolution, Modern Islamic Historiography

ABBÂSÎ İHTİLÂLİNE ZEMİN HAZIRLAYAN BİR ETMEN OLARAK VERGİ SİSTEMİNDEKİ BOZULMALAR VE MODERN İSLAM TARİHÇİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

İslam’daki ilk hanedan olarak Râşid Halifeler
Döneminden sonra doksan yıla yakın hüküm süren Emevî Devleti (M. 661-747),
Abbâsî İhtilâli ile yıkılmıştır. Abbâsîler otuz yılı aşkın süre boyunca
Emevîlere karşı yaygın görüşler üzerinden gizli şekilde yürüttükleri
seferberliğin sonucu olarak 750 yılından itibaren İslam devletinin yeni
yöneticileri olmuştur. Abbâsî İhtilâli üzerine birçok çalışma yapılmasına
karşın, İhtilâl’e destek veren Horasanlı mevâlînin ekonomik hoşnutsuzluklarına
odaklanıp, İhtilâl’i modern ekonomi ve ihtilâl teorileri çerçevesinde anlamaya
çalışan bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı İslam’daki vergi sistemi
ve Emevi Devleti sonlarındaki (685-747) istismarı inceleyip, modern İslam
tarihçiliğini bu perspektifte değerlendirerek, Horasan’daki ekonomik düzensizliğin
Abbâsî İhtilâli’nin önemli bir sebebi olması teorisini tartışmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Zekat, Cizye, Haraç, Abbâsî İhtilâli, Öşür, Modern İslam Tarihçiliği

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