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Reinterpreted Civilization: Mordecai M. Kaplan and Judaism

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 41, 29 - 56, 15.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.668906

Öz

Mordecai M. Kaplan born in Lithuania in 1881. His family immigrated to the United States when he was a child, so completed his education there largely. Although Kaplan was attend some of the congregations of the American Orthodox Jewish sect occasionally, he grew up mostly in the Conservative community and worked as an educator in the institutions affiliated with this community for many years. Unlike the traditional definition, Kaplan's description of Judaism as a civilization and his idea of this civilization must be reinterpreted in every age constituted the core of his ideas. This basic presupposition shaped Kaplan's many ideas from Jewish identity to the idea of God, from Halaka to his ideas about Torah. Kaplan's association of Jewish identity with the civilization determined his positive attitude towards the modern State of Israel, likewise, in contrast to Rabbani Judaism's understanding of transcendental God, Kaplan believe in God as a force that provided salvation. Jewish heritage is the memory of civilization, but it must be reconstructed according to the current period and made meaningful to the people of that age. In this research, we will examine these ideas of Kaplan and then we will look at how these radical ideas turned into a sect called Recontructionist Judaism. [You may find an extended abstract of this article after the bibliography.]

Kaynakça

  • Alpert, Rebecca T. – Staub, Jacob J. Exploring Judaism: A Reconstructionist Approach. Pennsylvania: Reconstructionist Press, 1988.
  • Alpert, Rebecca T. “Reconstructionist Judaism”. Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 11/7635-7640. Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Batnitzky, Leora. “Mordecai Kaplan as Hermeneut: History, Memory, and His God-Idea”. Jewish Social Studies 12/2 (2006), 88-98.
  • Eisenstein, Ira. “Mordecai M. Kaplan”. Great Jewish Thinkers of the Twentieth Century. Ed. Simon Noveck. 253-280. Washington, D.C.: Bnai Brith Press, 1985.
  • Goldsmith, Emanuel S. - Scult, Mel. Dynamic Judaism: The Essential Writings of Mordecai M. Kaplan. New York: Fordham University Press, 1991.
  • Golinkin, David - Panitz, Michael. “Conservative Judaism” Encyclopedia Judaica. Ed. Fred Skolnik – Michael Berenbaum. 5/171-177. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd, 2007.
  • Hirsh, Richard. “American Jewish Life since 1935: A Reconstructionist Retrospective”. The Reconstructionist. 70/1 (2005), 5-14.
  • Kaplan, M. Mordecai. The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1994.
  • Kaplan, Mordecai M. “A Program for the Reconstruction of Judaism”. The Menorah Journal 6/4 (1920), 181-196.
  • Kaplan, Mordecai M. Judaism as a Civilization. Illinois: Varda Books, 1981.
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitchell M. “Mordecai Kaplan”. Encyclopedia of Judaism. ed. Sara E. Karesh - Mitchell M. Hurvitz. 265-266. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006.
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitchell M. “Reconstructionist Judaism”. Encyclopedia of Judaism. Ed. Sara E. Karesh - Mitchell M. Hurvitz. 416-418. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006.
  • Kreimer, Nancy Fuchs. “Seventy Years after "Judaism as a Civilization": Mordecai Kaplan's Theology and the Reconstructionist Movement”. Jewish Social Studies 12/2 (2006), 127-142.
  • Panitz, Michael. “Jewish Theological Seminary”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik - Michael Berenbaum. 11/328-331. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd, 2007.
  • RRC, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. “College Leadership”. Erişim, 15 Şubat 2019. https://www.rrc.edu/about/leadership
  • Scult, Mel. The Radical American Judaism of Mordecai M. Kaplan. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2014.
  • Sherbok, Dan Cohn. “Reconstructionist Judaism”. Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Ed. Peter B. Clarke. 523-525. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Sherbok, Dan Cohn. Modern Judaism. London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1996.
  • Silver, Zachary. “The Excommunication of Mordecai Kaplan”. American Jewish Archives Journal 62/1 (2010), 21-48.
  • Taşpınar, İsmail. “Muhafazakâr Yahudilik”. Köprü. Erişim 14 Aralık 2018. https://www.koprudergisi.com/index.asp?Bolum=EskiSayilar&Goster=Yazi&YaziNo=830.

Yeniden Yorumlanan Medeniyet: Mordecai M. Kaplan ve Yahudilik

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 41, 29 - 56, 15.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.668906

Öz

1881’de Litvanya’da dünyaya gelen Mordecai M. Kaplan ailesi henüz o çocukken Amerika’ya göç ettiğinden eğitimini büyük oranda burada tamamlamıştır. Zaman zaman Amerika’daki Ortodoks Yahudi mezhebine bağlı bazı cemaatlerde bulunmuşsa da büyük oranda Muhafazakâr cemaat içerisinde yetişmiş ve uzun yıllar bu cemaate bağlı kurumlarda eğiticilik yapmıştır. Kaplan’ın, Yahudiliği, geleneksel tanımdan farklı olarak her çağda yeniden yorumlanması gereken bir medeniyet biçiminde tasvir etmesi onun düşüncelerinin temel çekirdeğini oluşturmuştur. Bu temel ön kabul, Kaplan’ın Yahudi kimliğinden Tanrı düşüncesine, Halaka’dan Torah hakkındaki fikirlerine kadar birçok düşüncesini şekillendirmiştir. Kaplan’ın Yahudi kimliğini medeniyet olgusu ile ilişkilendirmesi onun modern İsrail Devleti’ne karşı müspet tavrını belirlediği gibi, Rabbani Yahudiliğin aşkın Tanrı anlayışının aksine Tanrıyı kurtuluşu temin eden ve ancak etkileriyle anlaşılabilen bir güç biçiminde düşünmesine de sebep olmuştur. Yahudi mirası, medeniyetin hafızası olduğu için çok değerli olsa da bu miras mevcut döneme göre yeniden inşa edilmeli ve o çağın insanına anlamlı kılınmalıdır. Biz bu araştırmamızda Kaplan’ın bu düşüncelerini irdeleyecek ardından bu radikal fikirlerin, Yeniden Yapılanmacılık adındaki mezhebe nasıl dönüştüğü hususuna bakacağız.

Kaynakça

  • Alpert, Rebecca T. – Staub, Jacob J. Exploring Judaism: A Reconstructionist Approach. Pennsylvania: Reconstructionist Press, 1988.
  • Alpert, Rebecca T. “Reconstructionist Judaism”. Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 11/7635-7640. Michigan: Thomson Gale, 2005.
  • Batnitzky, Leora. “Mordecai Kaplan as Hermeneut: History, Memory, and His God-Idea”. Jewish Social Studies 12/2 (2006), 88-98.
  • Eisenstein, Ira. “Mordecai M. Kaplan”. Great Jewish Thinkers of the Twentieth Century. Ed. Simon Noveck. 253-280. Washington, D.C.: Bnai Brith Press, 1985.
  • Goldsmith, Emanuel S. - Scult, Mel. Dynamic Judaism: The Essential Writings of Mordecai M. Kaplan. New York: Fordham University Press, 1991.
  • Golinkin, David - Panitz, Michael. “Conservative Judaism” Encyclopedia Judaica. Ed. Fred Skolnik – Michael Berenbaum. 5/171-177. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd, 2007.
  • Hirsh, Richard. “American Jewish Life since 1935: A Reconstructionist Retrospective”. The Reconstructionist. 70/1 (2005), 5-14.
  • Kaplan, M. Mordecai. The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1994.
  • Kaplan, Mordecai M. “A Program for the Reconstruction of Judaism”. The Menorah Journal 6/4 (1920), 181-196.
  • Kaplan, Mordecai M. Judaism as a Civilization. Illinois: Varda Books, 1981.
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitchell M. “Mordecai Kaplan”. Encyclopedia of Judaism. ed. Sara E. Karesh - Mitchell M. Hurvitz. 265-266. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006.
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitchell M. “Reconstructionist Judaism”. Encyclopedia of Judaism. Ed. Sara E. Karesh - Mitchell M. Hurvitz. 416-418. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006.
  • Kreimer, Nancy Fuchs. “Seventy Years after "Judaism as a Civilization": Mordecai Kaplan's Theology and the Reconstructionist Movement”. Jewish Social Studies 12/2 (2006), 127-142.
  • Panitz, Michael. “Jewish Theological Seminary”. Encyclopedia Judaica. ed. Fred Skolnik - Michael Berenbaum. 11/328-331. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Ltd, 2007.
  • RRC, Reconstructionist Rabbinical College. “College Leadership”. Erişim, 15 Şubat 2019. https://www.rrc.edu/about/leadership
  • Scult, Mel. The Radical American Judaism of Mordecai M. Kaplan. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2014.
  • Sherbok, Dan Cohn. “Reconstructionist Judaism”. Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Ed. Peter B. Clarke. 523-525. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Sherbok, Dan Cohn. Modern Judaism. London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1996.
  • Silver, Zachary. “The Excommunication of Mordecai Kaplan”. American Jewish Archives Journal 62/1 (2010), 21-48.
  • Taşpınar, İsmail. “Muhafazakâr Yahudilik”. Köprü. Erişim 14 Aralık 2018. https://www.koprudergisi.com/index.asp?Bolum=EskiSayilar&Goster=Yazi&YaziNo=830.
Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Yunus Kaymaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 41

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Kaymaz, Yunus. “Yeniden Yorumlanan Medeniyet: Mordecai M. Kaplan Ve Yahudilik”. Sakarya Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 22/41 (Haziran 2020), 29-56. https://doi.org/10.17335/sakaifd.668906.

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