The Prophet’s (pbuh) Encounters with Christians in the Context of Orientalists’ Arguments of Cultural Borrowing

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 10, 21 - 32, 30.06.2024

Fatma Kızıl

https://doi.org/10.47169/samer.1476259

Öz

This article explores the perspectives and assertions of academic Orientalism concerning the Prophet Muhammad’s interactions with Christians. The purpose here is not to exhaustively catalog all such views, but rather to delineate the predominant trends within academic Orientalism on this topic, as exemplified by the most recurrently cited opinions. It does not aim to enumerate every scholar who has articulated a perspective shared widely among Orientalists. Instead, the focus is on evaluating the fundamental tendencies of the Orientalist paradigm, preferring an analytical overview to a critique of individual opinions. Given that the stance of academic Orientalism, especially that of its early exponents, on the Prophet’s engagements with Christians was shaped under the influence of medieval assertions, a concise overview of these medieval claims is provided initially.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Prophet, Christians, Christianity, Cultural Borrowing, qiṣṣa of Baḥīra

Oryantalistlerin Kültürel Ödünç Alma İddiaları Bağlamında Hz. Peygamber’in Hıristiyanlarla Karşılaşmaları

Öz

Bu makalede, akademik oryantalizmin Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) Hıristiyanlar ile karşılaşmaları ve irtibatları hakkındaki görüş ve iddiaları ele alınmıştır. Bu görüş ve iddialarının tamamı aktarılmamış, daha ziyade sık tekrar edenler üzerinden akademik oryantalizmin meseleyle ilgili temel eğilimini tavsif etmek amaçlanmıştır. Birçok oryantalist tarafından dile getirilmiş bir görüşü öne süren her bir isme atıfta bulunmak hedeflenmemiştir. Ayrıca, her bir görüşün tenkidinden ziyade oryantalist paradigmanın konuyla ilgili temel eğiliminin bir değerlendirilmesini yapmak tercih edilmiştir. Akademik oryantalizmin bilhassa ilk isimlerinin Hz. Peygamber’in (s.a.v.) Hıristiyanlar ile irtibatlarına yaklaşımı Orta Çağ’daki iddiaların gölgesinde geliştiği için makalenin Giriş bölümünde öncelikle Orta Çağ’daki iddiaların kısa bir özeti verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hz. Peygamber, Hıristiyanlar, Hıristiyanlık, Kültürel Ödünç Alma, Bahîrâ Kıssası.

Kaynakça

• Apak, Adem. Anahatlarıyla İslâm Öncesi Arap Tarihi ve Kültürü. İstanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2019.
• Berkey, Jonathan P. The Formation of Islam Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• De Blois, François. “Nasrānī (Nαζωραιος) and hanīf (εθνικός): Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity And Of Islam”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 65/1 (2002), 1-30.
• Kropp, Manfred. “Beyond Single Words: Mā’ida - Shayṭān - jibt and ṭāghūt. Mechanisms of transmission into the Ethiopic (Gə’əz) Bible and the Qur’anic text”. The Qur’ān in its Historical Context. ed. Gabriel Said Reynolds. 204-216. London-New York: Routledge, 2008.
• Ebied, R. Y. “Syriac Impact on Arabic Literature”. Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: Arabic Literature to the End of Umayyad Period. ed. A.E.L. Beeston et al. 497-501. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
• Gilliot, Claude. “Informants”. Encyclopaedia of the Qur’ān. ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. 2/512-517. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2002.
• Goldziher, Ignaz. “Influence of Parsism on Islam”. trans. G. K. Nariman. Religion of Iranian Peoples. ed. C.P. Tiele. 163-186. Bombay, 1921.
• Goodman, L. E. “The Greek Impact on Arabic Literature”, Cambridge History of Arabic Literature: Arabic Literature to the End of Umayyad Period. ed. A.E.L. Beeston et al. 460-482. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
• Hartmut Bobzin, Hz. Muhammed: Hayatı ve Batı Algısındaki Dönüşümü, trans. Cengiz Altunaydın, İstanbul: Runik Kitap, 2021.
• Heschel, Susannah. “Orientalist Triangulations: Jewish Scholarship on Islam as a Response to Christian Europe”. The Muslim Reception of European Orientalism: Reversing the Gaze. ed. Susannah Heschel ve Umar Ryad. 147-167. London: Routledge, 2019.
• Hirschfeld, Hartwing. New Researches Into the Composition and Exegesis of the Qoran. London: Royal Asiatic Society, 1902.
• Hoyland, Robert. “The Jewish and/or Christian audience of the Qur’ān and the Arabic Bible,” Jewish Christianity and the Origins of Islam: Papers presented at the Colloquium held in Washington DC, October 29-31. ed. in Francisco del Río Sánchez. 31-40. Turnhout: Brepols, 2018.
• Mårtensson, Ulrika.”Ibn Isḥāq’s and al-Ṭabarī’s Historical Contexts for the Quran: Implications for Contemporary Research”, in Knowledge and Education in Classical Islam. ed. Sebastian Günther. 315-353. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2020.
• Nöldeke, Theodor et al., The History of the Qur’ān. trans. Wolfgang H. Behn. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2003.
• Peters, F. E. Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks Parallel Lives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
• Qādī, Wadad. “In The Footsteps of Arabic Biographical Literature: A Journey, Unfinıshed, In The Company of Knowledge”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 68/4 (2009): 241-252.
• Quinn, Frederick. The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
• Reynolds, Gabriel Said. The Qur’ān and Its Biblical Subtext. London-New York: Routledge, 2010.
• “On the Presentation of Christianity in the Qurʾān and the Many Aspects of Qurʾānic Rhetoric”. al-Bayān 12 (2014) ,42-54.
• Robinson, Chase F. “Rise of Islam 600 705”, The New Cambridge History of Islam I: The Formation of the Islamic World Sixth to Eleventh Centuries. ed. Chase F. Robinson. 173-225. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Robinson, David. “Africa, Islam in”, Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World. 2 vols. ed. Richard C. Martin. 13-19. New York: Macmillan. Reference, 2004.
• Rodinson, Maxime. Mohammed. trans. Anne Carter. London: Penguin Books, 1985.
• Saeed, Abdullah. “Contextualizing”, Blackwell Companion to the Qur’ān, ed. Andrew Rippin. 36-50. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006.
• Shahīd, Irfān. “Islam and Oriens Christianus: Makka 610-622 AD”. The Encounter of Eastern Christianity with Early Islam. ed. Emmanouela Grypeou, Mark Swanson, and David Thomas. 9-31. Leiden-Boston: Brill, 2016.
• Smith, Sidney. “Events in Arabia in the 6th Century A. D.”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 16/3 (1954), 425-468.
• Sönmez, Zekiye. İslâm’ın Ortaya Çıktığı Dönemde Arap Yarımadası’nda Hıristiyanlık. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2012.
• Tabarī, Jāmiʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qur’ān. 24 vols. Mecca: Dār al-Tarbiya wa al-Turāth, n.d.
• Tieszsen, Charles. The Christian Encounter with Muhammad: How Theologians Have Interpreted the Prophet. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021.
• Tolan, John V. “European Accounts of Muḥammad’s Life”. The Cambridge Companion to Muḥammad’s Life. ed. Jonathan E. Brockopp. 226-250. Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Turnbull, Robert. “Can Manuscript Headings Prove that There Were Arabic Gospels Before The Qurʾān?”. Scribal Habits in Near Eastern Manuscript Traditions. ed. George Anton Kiraz - Sabine Schmidtke. 289-306. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2020.
• Yavuz, Yusuf Şevki, “Kindî, Abdülmesîh b. İshâk”. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), XXVI/38-39.