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The Antagonist Pro-Iranian Militias In The al-Hashd al-Shaabi As Sources Of Terror And Instability In Iraq

Yıl 2023, , 33 - 64, 21.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1052161

Öz

The precarious political and security situation in Iraq in the post-2003 era led to unprecedented instability and a power vacuum in the country, which turned into an arena of regional competition between the USA and Iran. While the former had a widescale military presence, the latter exerted influence through support to certain Shiite political factions and militias. Following the U.S. military withdrawal in 2011, the deterioration of the security situation manifested itself more visibly when Daesh gained ground and captured Mosul, the second-biggest city in the country. With the crippled security sector unable to fight Daesh, the militias in the country were brought together under the umbrella of the “al-Hashd al-Shaabi”, which was funded and supported by the government. Proving instrumental in defeating Daesh, the al-Hashd al-Shaabi organization also involved pro-Iranian militias with anti-West agendas that had mainly been formed in the early times of the post-2003 era and later within the anti-Daesh movement. These pro-Iranian militias under the al-Hashd al-Shaabi have been posing threats within separate contexts to the U.S., Türkiye and the international organizations led by NATO operating in the security realm in the country. Shedding light on the evolution and dynamics of the al-Hashd al-Shaabi first, this study examines the antagonist pro-Iranian militias as sources of terrorism and instability and puts forward implications through an analytical approach.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas H. (2017). The Myth and Reality of Iraq’s al-Hashd al-Shaabi (Popular Mobilization Forces): A Way Forward. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/amman/13689.pdf (13.10.2021)
  • Aboulenein A. (2019). Iraq PM orders Iran-allied militias to be reined in. (1 July 2019). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-iraq-idUSKCN1TW3EM (13.10.2021)
  • Alaca M. (2020). Sistani versus Khamenei on Iraq’s Hashd al-Sha’abi. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2020/04/03/sistani-versus-khamenei-on-iraqs-hashd-al-shaabi/ (25.11.2020)
  • Alaca M. (2021a). Haşdi Şaabi 7 Yaşında : Kontrol Etmek Mümkün mü? https://orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/hasdi-saabi-7-yasinda-kontrol-etmek-mumkun-mu.pdf (05.11.2021)
  • Alaca M. (2021b). Stalemate in Turkey’s Relations with Iraq: Iran-Backed Militia Groups. https://orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/stalemate-in-turkeys-relations-with-iraq-iran-backed-militia-groups_2.pdf (29.11.2021)
  • Al Jbour A. (2021). The Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq - Regional Dynamics and Local Variables. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/amman/17860.pdf (22.11.2021)
  • Aljazeera (2021). Iraq releases Iran-aligned commander Qasim Mahmoud Muslih. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/9/iraq-releases-iran-aligned-commander-arrested-on-terror-charges (27.11.2021)
  • Alkinani Z. (2018). The outcomes of Iraq’s 2018 elections. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/outcomes-of-iraq-s-2018-elections/ (13.10.2021)
  • Alkinani Z. (2021). The Intra-PMF Rivalry is Beyond the Najaf-Qom Divide. https://iramcenter.org/en/the-intra-pmf-rivalry-is-beyond-the-najaf-qom-divide/ (25.11.2021)
  • Amnesty International. (2017). Iraq: Turning a Blind Eye-The Arming of the Popular Mobilization Units. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDE1453862017ENGLISH.PDF (11.10.2021)
  • Arraf J. (2021). U.S. Announces End to Combat Mission in Iraq, but Troops Will Not Leave. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/world/middleeast/us-iraq-combat-mission.html (13.12.2021)
  • Aslan M. (2020). Pençe Harekatları: Terörizmle Mücadelede Devamlılık ve Kararlılık. https://www.setav.org/pence-harekatlari-terorizmle-mucadelede-devamlilik-ve-kararlilik/ (27.11.2021)
  • Ayaz Y.C. (2021). Irak'ta Şii Milis Grupların Artan Saldırıları ve ABD Kuvvetlerinin Geleceği. https://www.orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/irakta-sii-milis-gruplarin-artan-saldirilari-ve-abd-kuvvetlerinin-gelecegi.pdf (27.11.2021)
  • Badawi T. (2021). Iraq’s Resurgent Paramilitaries. https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/84368 (27.11.2021)
  • Barbarani S. (2021). ‘Country has no future’: Iraqi protester killed at Baghdad rally. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/one-killed-as-iraqs-anti-government-protests-resume (05.11.2021)
  • Bayır F. (2021). Arap Baharı Sürecinde Türkiye’nin Güvenlik Operasyonlarının Bütçeye Etkisi. The Journal of Defence and War Studies, 31(1), 25-54.
  • Blanchard C.M. (2020). Iraq: Issues in the 116th Congress. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45633/10 (25.11.2021)
  • Cherry E. (2021). Enacting Security Sector Reform in Iraq: The Naivety of International Actors. https://www.bic-rhr.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/January%20Policy%20Brief_International%20Involvement%20in%20Iraq_0.pdf (07.12.2021)
  • Connable B., Dobbins J., Shatz H.J., Cohen R.S., Wasser B. (2020). Weighing U.S. Troop Withdrawal from Iraq- Strategic Risks and Recommendations. Accessed in the following: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE362.html (25.11.2021)
  • Çonkar A.B. (2021). The Future of Iraq: Security, Stabilisation and Regional Vocation. (Draft Report, dated 20 October 2021) https://www.nato-pa.int/download-file?filename=/sites/default/files/2021-11/026%20GSM%2021%20E%20rev.%201%20-%20THE%20FUTURE%20OF%20IRAQ%20-%20CONKAR.pdf (07.12.2021)
  • FARAS (2021). The future of the US presence in Iraq following the fourth round of the strategic dialogue. https://futureuae.com/en/Mainpage/Item/6466/persistent-challenges-the-future-of-the-us-presence-in-iraq-following-the-fourth-round-of-the-strateg (25.11.2021)
  • France24. (2021). Rocket strikes on US in Iraq seen as 'message from Iran'. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210224-rocket-strikes-on-us-in-iraq-seen-as-message-from-iran (27.11.2021)
  • Jameel R. (2020). The Iraqi and Kurdish Regional Government’s Sinjar Agreement: Consequences for U.S., Turkish, and Iranian Influence and Rebel Rivalries. https://jamestown.org/program/the-iraqi-and-kurdish-regional-governments-sinjar-agreement-consequences-for-u-s-turkish-and-iranian-influence-and-rebel-rivalries/ (28.11.2021)
  • Kasapoğlu C. (2021). Maximum Pressure: Turkey’s Anti-PKK Counter-Terrorism Campaigns in Northern Iraq. https://jamestown.org/program/maximum-pressure-turkeys-anti-pkk-counter-terrorism-campaigns-in-northern-iraq/ (27.11.2021)
  • Kılıç M., Göç M. and Keskin G.F. (2018). Kuruluşundan Günümüze Irak’ın Şii Milis Gücü Haşdi Şabi. International Humanites and Social Science Review (IHSSR), 2(1), 46-60.
  • Kızılcık Ö. (2021). Drones and checkpoints: Turkey’s blueprint for success against PKK in Iraq. https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/drones-and-checkpoints-turkey-s-blueprint-for-success-against-pkk-in-iraq-46294 (27.11.2021)
  • Knights M. (2019). Iran’s Expanding Militia Army in Iraq: The New Special Groups. CTC Sentinel, 12(7), 1-12.
  • Knights M., Malik H. and Al-Tamimi A.J. (2020). Honored, Not Contained-The Future Of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces. Accessed in the following: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/honored-not-contained-future-iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces (23.11.2021)
  • Knights M. and Morcos P. (2021). NATO in Iraq: Not a Surge. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/nato-iraq-not-surge (05.12.2021)
  • Knights M., Smith C., and Malik H. (2021). Discordance in the Iran Threat Network in Iraq: Militia Competition and Rivalry. CTCSentinel, 14(8), 1-20.
  • Mansour R. (2018). More Than Militias: Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces Are Here to Stay. https://warontherocks.com/2018/04/more-than-militias-iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces-are-here-to-stay/ (13.10.2021)
  • Mansour R. (2021). Networks of power-The Popular Mobilization Forces and the state in Iraq. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/2021-02-25-networks-of-power-mansour.pdf (25.11.2021)
  • MFA (2021). PKK. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/pkk.en.mfa (27.11.2021)
  • Middle East Monitor (2021). Iraq military body vows to escalate attacks against US forces. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210524-iraq-military-body-vows-to-escalate-attacks-against-us-forces/ (26.11.2021)
  • Moore E. (2020). Timeline: How The U.S. Came To Strike And Kill A Top Iranian General. https://www.npr.org/2020/01/04/793364307/timeline-how-the-u-s-came-to-strike-and-kill-a-top-iranian-general?t=1637948316226 (26.11.2021)
  • NATO (2021). NATO Mission Iraq. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_166936.htm (23.12.2021)
  • OIR (2021). Combat role in Iraq complete; invitation from Iraq reaffirmed to advise, assist, enable. https://www.inherentresolve.mil/Home/Article/2867285/combat-role-in-iraq-complete-invitation-from-iraq-reaffirmed-to-advise-assist-e/ (20.12.2021)
  • O’Donnell S.W., Shaw D. and Ullom T.J. (2021a). Operation Inherent Resolve-Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress, January 1, 2021–March 31, 2021. https://www.dodig.mil/Reports/Lead-Inspector-General-Reports/Article/2594393/lead-inspector-general-for-operation-inherent-resolve-quarterly-report-to-the-u/ (23.12.2021)
  • O’Donnell S.W., Shaw D. and Ullom T.J. (2021b). Operation Inherent Resolve-Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress, April 1, 2021–June 30, 2021. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/11/2002828689/-1/-1/1/LEAD%20INSPECTOR%20GENERAL%20FOR%20OPERATION%20INHERENT%20RESOLVE%20QUARTERLY%20REPORT%20APRIL%201,%202021%20%E2%80%93%20JUNE%2030,%202021.PDF (23.12.2021)
  • O’Donnell S.W., Shaw D. and Ullom T.J. (2021c). Operation Inherent Resolve-Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress, July 1, 2021–September 30, 2021. https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/q4fy2021_leadig_oir_508.pdf (23.12.2021)
  • Riyad O. (2021). Irak’taki Güvenlik Sorunları-Terör Örgütleri İle Milis Güçlerinin Gölgesinde Askeri Yeniden Yapılanma. https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2021/01/A342.pdf (22.10.2021)
  • Rudolf I. (2020). The Future of the Popular Mobilization Forces After The Assassination of Abu Mahdi Al-Muhandis. https://www.fpri.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/iraq-chapter-3.pdf (05.11.2021)
  • Staff CJTF-OIR (2021). CJTF-OIR Military Advisor Group enables ISF, KSF warfighting independence. https://www.inherentresolve.mil/Home/Article/2851726/cjtf-oir-military-advisor-group-enables-isf-ksf-warfighting-independence/ (23.12.2021)
  • Şener N. (2020). PKK’nın kanlı bilançosu. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/nedim-sener/pkknin-kanli-bilancosu-41602798 (27.11.2021)
  • US Department Of State (2021). Executive Order 13224. https://www.state.gov/executive-order-13224/#state (27.11.2021)
  • Usta B. (2021). Turkey aims to clear Qandil, Sinjar and Makhmour of PKK. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/war-on-terror/turkey-aims-to-clear-qandil-sinjar-and-makhmour-of-pkk (27.11.2021)
  • Thruelsen P.D. (2021). Misaligned in Mesopotamia: Conflicting Ambitions in NATO Mission Iraq. https://warontherocks.com/2021/09/misaligned-in-mesopotamia-conflicting-ambitions-in-nato-mission-iraq/ (23.12.2021)
  • Watkins J. (2020). Iran in Iraq-The Limits of ‘Smart Power’ Amidst Public Protest. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/105768/4/Iran_in_Iraq.pdf (29.10.2021)
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Irak’ta Terör ve İstikrarsızlık Kaynağı Olarak Haşdi Şabi İçindeki İran Yanlısı Hasım Milisler

Yıl 2023, , 33 - 64, 21.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1052161

Öz

2003 sonrası dönemde Irak’taki belirsizlik dolu politik ve güvenlik ortamı, ABD ile İran arasındaki bölgesel mücadelenin sahnesi haline gelen ülkede benzersiz bir istikrarsızlık ve güç boşluğu yaratmıştır. ABD’nin geniş ölçekli bir askeri varlığı bulunurken, İran da Şii politik gruplar ve milisleri desteklemek suretiyle etki yaratmıştır. ABD Silahlı Kuvvetlerinin 2011 yılındaki geri çekilmesi sonrasında, güvenlik ortamındaki bozulma, Daeş’in güç kazanarak ülkenin ikinci büyük kenti olan Musul’u ele geçirmesi ile kendini daha belirgin olarak göstermiştir. Güvenlik sektörünün Daeş’e karşı mücadelede yetersiz olması ile birlikte, ülkedeki milis güçler, hükümet tarafından desteklenen ve finanse edilen Haşdi Şaabi çatısı altında birleştirilmiştir. Daeş ile mücadelede etkili olan Haşdi Şaabi örgütü aynı zamanda, ağırlıklı olarak 2003 sonrası dönemin ilk zamanlarında ve daha sonra Daeş karşıtı akım içinde oluşan batı karşıtı tutumlu İran yanlısı milis güçleri de ihtiva etmiştir. Haşdi Şaabi içindeki İran yanlısı bu milisler, farklı içeriklerde ABD, Türkiye ve başta NATO olmak üzere güvenlik alanında ülkede faaliyet gösteren uluslararası organizasyonlara tehdit teşkil etmiştir. Bu çalışma, analitik bir yaklaşımla, öncelikle Haşdi Şaabi’nin gelişimi ve dinamiklerini ele almak suretiyle, terör ve istikrarsızlık kaynağı İran yanlısı hasım milisleri incelemekte ve çıkarımlar ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas H. (2017). The Myth and Reality of Iraq’s al-Hashd al-Shaabi (Popular Mobilization Forces): A Way Forward. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/amman/13689.pdf (13.10.2021)
  • Aboulenein A. (2019). Iraq PM orders Iran-allied militias to be reined in. (1 July 2019). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-iran-iraq-idUSKCN1TW3EM (13.10.2021)
  • Alaca M. (2020). Sistani versus Khamenei on Iraq’s Hashd al-Sha’abi. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2020/04/03/sistani-versus-khamenei-on-iraqs-hashd-al-shaabi/ (25.11.2020)
  • Alaca M. (2021a). Haşdi Şaabi 7 Yaşında : Kontrol Etmek Mümkün mü? https://orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/hasdi-saabi-7-yasinda-kontrol-etmek-mumkun-mu.pdf (05.11.2021)
  • Alaca M. (2021b). Stalemate in Turkey’s Relations with Iraq: Iran-Backed Militia Groups. https://orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/stalemate-in-turkeys-relations-with-iraq-iran-backed-militia-groups_2.pdf (29.11.2021)
  • Al Jbour A. (2021). The Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq - Regional Dynamics and Local Variables. http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/amman/17860.pdf (22.11.2021)
  • Aljazeera (2021). Iraq releases Iran-aligned commander Qasim Mahmoud Muslih. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/9/iraq-releases-iran-aligned-commander-arrested-on-terror-charges (27.11.2021)
  • Alkinani Z. (2018). The outcomes of Iraq’s 2018 elections. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/outcomes-of-iraq-s-2018-elections/ (13.10.2021)
  • Alkinani Z. (2021). The Intra-PMF Rivalry is Beyond the Najaf-Qom Divide. https://iramcenter.org/en/the-intra-pmf-rivalry-is-beyond-the-najaf-qom-divide/ (25.11.2021)
  • Amnesty International. (2017). Iraq: Turning a Blind Eye-The Arming of the Popular Mobilization Units. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDE1453862017ENGLISH.PDF (11.10.2021)
  • Arraf J. (2021). U.S. Announces End to Combat Mission in Iraq, but Troops Will Not Leave. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/09/world/middleeast/us-iraq-combat-mission.html (13.12.2021)
  • Aslan M. (2020). Pençe Harekatları: Terörizmle Mücadelede Devamlılık ve Kararlılık. https://www.setav.org/pence-harekatlari-terorizmle-mucadelede-devamlilik-ve-kararlilik/ (27.11.2021)
  • Ayaz Y.C. (2021). Irak'ta Şii Milis Grupların Artan Saldırıları ve ABD Kuvvetlerinin Geleceği. https://www.orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/irakta-sii-milis-gruplarin-artan-saldirilari-ve-abd-kuvvetlerinin-gelecegi.pdf (27.11.2021)
  • Badawi T. (2021). Iraq’s Resurgent Paramilitaries. https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/84368 (27.11.2021)
  • Barbarani S. (2021). ‘Country has no future’: Iraqi protester killed at Baghdad rally. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/25/one-killed-as-iraqs-anti-government-protests-resume (05.11.2021)
  • Bayır F. (2021). Arap Baharı Sürecinde Türkiye’nin Güvenlik Operasyonlarının Bütçeye Etkisi. The Journal of Defence and War Studies, 31(1), 25-54.
  • Blanchard C.M. (2020). Iraq: Issues in the 116th Congress. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45633/10 (25.11.2021)
  • Cherry E. (2021). Enacting Security Sector Reform in Iraq: The Naivety of International Actors. https://www.bic-rhr.com/sites/default/files/inline-files/January%20Policy%20Brief_International%20Involvement%20in%20Iraq_0.pdf (07.12.2021)
  • Connable B., Dobbins J., Shatz H.J., Cohen R.S., Wasser B. (2020). Weighing U.S. Troop Withdrawal from Iraq- Strategic Risks and Recommendations. Accessed in the following: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE362.html (25.11.2021)
  • Çonkar A.B. (2021). The Future of Iraq: Security, Stabilisation and Regional Vocation. (Draft Report, dated 20 October 2021) https://www.nato-pa.int/download-file?filename=/sites/default/files/2021-11/026%20GSM%2021%20E%20rev.%201%20-%20THE%20FUTURE%20OF%20IRAQ%20-%20CONKAR.pdf (07.12.2021)
  • FARAS (2021). The future of the US presence in Iraq following the fourth round of the strategic dialogue. https://futureuae.com/en/Mainpage/Item/6466/persistent-challenges-the-future-of-the-us-presence-in-iraq-following-the-fourth-round-of-the-strateg (25.11.2021)
  • France24. (2021). Rocket strikes on US in Iraq seen as 'message from Iran'. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210224-rocket-strikes-on-us-in-iraq-seen-as-message-from-iran (27.11.2021)
  • Jameel R. (2020). The Iraqi and Kurdish Regional Government’s Sinjar Agreement: Consequences for U.S., Turkish, and Iranian Influence and Rebel Rivalries. https://jamestown.org/program/the-iraqi-and-kurdish-regional-governments-sinjar-agreement-consequences-for-u-s-turkish-and-iranian-influence-and-rebel-rivalries/ (28.11.2021)
  • Kasapoğlu C. (2021). Maximum Pressure: Turkey’s Anti-PKK Counter-Terrorism Campaigns in Northern Iraq. https://jamestown.org/program/maximum-pressure-turkeys-anti-pkk-counter-terrorism-campaigns-in-northern-iraq/ (27.11.2021)
  • Kılıç M., Göç M. and Keskin G.F. (2018). Kuruluşundan Günümüze Irak’ın Şii Milis Gücü Haşdi Şabi. International Humanites and Social Science Review (IHSSR), 2(1), 46-60.
  • Kızılcık Ö. (2021). Drones and checkpoints: Turkey’s blueprint for success against PKK in Iraq. https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/drones-and-checkpoints-turkey-s-blueprint-for-success-against-pkk-in-iraq-46294 (27.11.2021)
  • Knights M. (2019). Iran’s Expanding Militia Army in Iraq: The New Special Groups. CTC Sentinel, 12(7), 1-12.
  • Knights M., Malik H. and Al-Tamimi A.J. (2020). Honored, Not Contained-The Future Of Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces. Accessed in the following: https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/honored-not-contained-future-iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces (23.11.2021)
  • Knights M. and Morcos P. (2021). NATO in Iraq: Not a Surge. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/nato-iraq-not-surge (05.12.2021)
  • Knights M., Smith C., and Malik H. (2021). Discordance in the Iran Threat Network in Iraq: Militia Competition and Rivalry. CTCSentinel, 14(8), 1-20.
  • Mansour R. (2018). More Than Militias: Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces Are Here to Stay. https://warontherocks.com/2018/04/more-than-militias-iraqs-popular-mobilization-forces-are-here-to-stay/ (13.10.2021)
  • Mansour R. (2021). Networks of power-The Popular Mobilization Forces and the state in Iraq. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/2021-02-25-networks-of-power-mansour.pdf (25.11.2021)
  • MFA (2021). PKK. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/pkk.en.mfa (27.11.2021)
  • Middle East Monitor (2021). Iraq military body vows to escalate attacks against US forces. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210524-iraq-military-body-vows-to-escalate-attacks-against-us-forces/ (26.11.2021)
  • Moore E. (2020). Timeline: How The U.S. Came To Strike And Kill A Top Iranian General. https://www.npr.org/2020/01/04/793364307/timeline-how-the-u-s-came-to-strike-and-kill-a-top-iranian-general?t=1637948316226 (26.11.2021)
  • NATO (2021). NATO Mission Iraq. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_166936.htm (23.12.2021)
  • OIR (2021). Combat role in Iraq complete; invitation from Iraq reaffirmed to advise, assist, enable. https://www.inherentresolve.mil/Home/Article/2867285/combat-role-in-iraq-complete-invitation-from-iraq-reaffirmed-to-advise-assist-e/ (20.12.2021)
  • O’Donnell S.W., Shaw D. and Ullom T.J. (2021a). Operation Inherent Resolve-Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress, January 1, 2021–March 31, 2021. https://www.dodig.mil/Reports/Lead-Inspector-General-Reports/Article/2594393/lead-inspector-general-for-operation-inherent-resolve-quarterly-report-to-the-u/ (23.12.2021)
  • O’Donnell S.W., Shaw D. and Ullom T.J. (2021b). Operation Inherent Resolve-Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress, April 1, 2021–June 30, 2021. https://media.defense.gov/2021/Aug/11/2002828689/-1/-1/1/LEAD%20INSPECTOR%20GENERAL%20FOR%20OPERATION%20INHERENT%20RESOLVE%20QUARTERLY%20REPORT%20APRIL%201,%202021%20%E2%80%93%20JUNE%2030,%202021.PDF (23.12.2021)
  • O’Donnell S.W., Shaw D. and Ullom T.J. (2021c). Operation Inherent Resolve-Lead Inspector General Report to the United States Congress, July 1, 2021–September 30, 2021. https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/q4fy2021_leadig_oir_508.pdf (23.12.2021)
  • Riyad O. (2021). Irak’taki Güvenlik Sorunları-Terör Örgütleri İle Milis Güçlerinin Gölgesinde Askeri Yeniden Yapılanma. https://setav.org/assets/uploads/2021/01/A342.pdf (22.10.2021)
  • Rudolf I. (2020). The Future of the Popular Mobilization Forces After The Assassination of Abu Mahdi Al-Muhandis. https://www.fpri.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/iraq-chapter-3.pdf (05.11.2021)
  • Staff CJTF-OIR (2021). CJTF-OIR Military Advisor Group enables ISF, KSF warfighting independence. https://www.inherentresolve.mil/Home/Article/2851726/cjtf-oir-military-advisor-group-enables-isf-ksf-warfighting-independence/ (23.12.2021)
  • Şener N. (2020). PKK’nın kanlı bilançosu. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/nedim-sener/pkknin-kanli-bilancosu-41602798 (27.11.2021)
  • US Department Of State (2021). Executive Order 13224. https://www.state.gov/executive-order-13224/#state (27.11.2021)
  • Usta B. (2021). Turkey aims to clear Qandil, Sinjar and Makhmour of PKK. https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/war-on-terror/turkey-aims-to-clear-qandil-sinjar-and-makhmour-of-pkk (27.11.2021)
  • Thruelsen P.D. (2021). Misaligned in Mesopotamia: Conflicting Ambitions in NATO Mission Iraq. https://warontherocks.com/2021/09/misaligned-in-mesopotamia-conflicting-ambitions-in-nato-mission-iraq/ (23.12.2021)
  • Watkins J. (2020). Iran in Iraq-The Limits of ‘Smart Power’ Amidst Public Protest. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/105768/4/Iran_in_Iraq.pdf (29.10.2021)
  • William Center (2021). Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall of the Islamic State. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/timeline-the-rise-spread-and-fall-the-islamic-state (23.10.2021)
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm SAVSAD Savunma ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi Haziran 2023
Yazarlar

Can Demir 0000-0002-8338-2897

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir, C. (2023). The Antagonist Pro-Iranian Militias In The al-Hashd al-Shaabi As Sources Of Terror And Instability In Iraq. SAVSAD Savunma Ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33(1), 33-64. https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1052161