Güneydoğu Asya’nın Potansiyel Dijital Kaplanı Singapur: Dijital Egemenlik ve Karşılıklı Bağımlılık Kesişiminde Yapay Zekâ

Öz

Bu makale, Güneydoğu Asya’nın teknoloji öncüsü Singapur’un takip ettiği yapay zekâ stratejilerini dijital egemenlik ve karşılıklı bağımlılık teorisi bağlamında incelemektedir. Bu noktada temel araştırma sorusu Singapur’un yapay zekâ stratejilerinin dijital egemenlik mi yoksa karşılıklı bağımlılık ekseninde mi oluşturulduğuna dayanmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel tezi, Singapur’un yapay zekâ stratejilerinin ne tamamen dijital egemenliğe ne de tamamen karşılıklı bağımlılığa dayandığı; aksine bu iki yönelimi eş zamanlı olarak benimseyen hibrit ve pragmatist bir stratejiye işaret ettiğidir. Betimsel analiz yöntemiyle oluşturulan bu çalışmada, Singapur’un yapay zekâ alanındaki stratejilerinin geleneksel anlamda ve tamamen bir dijital egemenlik projesinden ziyade, çok düzlemli bir adaptasyon ve dengeleme süreci olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bir diğer ifadeyle Singapur’un yapay zekâ stratejileri, dijital egemenlik ve karşılıklı bağımlılık arasında kurulan denge üzerinde ilerlemektedir. Ayrıca Singapur’un yapay zekâ politikaları üzerinden okunan bu denge arayışı, yalnızca bir ülkenin teknoloji politikalarına dair bir analiz değil; aynı zamanda dijital çağda egemenlik, bağımlılık ve devlet kapasitesi gibi kavramların yeniden düşünülmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, hem teorik literatüre hem de dijital siyaset pratiğine katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Ek olarak, gelecek çalışmalar için Singapur modelinin diğer küçük devletlerle karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesinin, dijital çağın yönetişim dinamiklerini daha derinlemesine kavramak açısından faydalı olacağı öngörülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Singapur
• Yapay Zekâ
• Dijital Egemenlik
• Karşılıklı Bağımlılık

Singapore as Southeast Asia’s Potential Digital Tiger: AI Strategies at the Crossroads of Digital Sovereignty and Interdependence

Öz

This article examines the artificial intelligence strategies pursued by Singapore, the technology pioneer of Southeast Asia, in the context of digital sovereignty and interdependence theory. At this point, the main research question is based on whether Singapore’s artificial intelligence strategies are developed along the axis of digital sovereignty or interdependence. The main thesis of the study is that Singapore’s artificial intelligence strategies are based neither entirely on digital sovereignty nor entirely on interdependence; rather, they point to a hybrid and pragmatic strategy that simultaneously embraces both of these orientations. In this study, created using the descriptive analysis method, it is argued that Singapore’s strategies in the field of artificial intelligence are, in the traditional sense, a multi-faceted adaptation and balancing process rather than a project of complete digital dominance. In other words, Singapore’s artificial intelligence strategies progress on the balance established between digital sovereignty and interdependence. Furthermore, this search for balance, viewed through Singapore’s artificial intelligence policies, is not only an analysis of a country’s technology policies; it also reveals the need to rethink concepts such as sovereignty, dependency and state capacity in the digital age. In this context, the study sets out to contribute to both theoretical literature and the practice of digital politics. Additionally, it is anticipated that examining the Singapore model in comparison with other small states in future studies will be beneficial for a deeper understanding of the governance dynamics of the digital age.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Singapore
• Artificial Intelligence
• Digital Sovereignty
• Interdependence

Kaynakça

1. Agostini, M. (2025). Digital sovereignty: The hidden architecture of trust in the age of AI. https://medium.com/@tarifabeach/digital-sovereignty-the-hidden-architecture-of-trust-in-the-age-of-ai-75370532f2df
2. AI Singapore. (t.y.). https://aisingapore.org/
3. AISI. (2025). https://sgaisi.sg/events/singapore-conference-on-ai-scai-international-scientific-exchange-on-ai-safety/
4. Alibasic, H. (2025). Harmonizing artificial intelligence (AI) governance: A comparative analysis of Singapore and France’s AI policies and the influence of international organization. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393448444_Harmonizing_artificial_intelligence_AI_governance_A_comparative_analysis_of_Singapore_and_France's_AI_policies_and_the_influence_of_international_organizations
5. Allen, J., Loo, J., & Luna, J. (2025). Governing intelligence: Singapore’s evolving AI governance framework. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6527&context=sol_research
6. Australian Government. (2024). Australia and Singapore agree to continue AI cooperation. https://www.industry.gov.au/news/australia-and-singapore-agree-continue-ai-cooperation
7. Barlow, J. P. (1996). A declaration of the independence of cyberspace. Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence
8. Basu, A., Hickok, E., & Singh Chawla, A. (2019). The localisation gambit: Unpacking policy moves for the sovereign control of data in India. The Centre for Internet and Society. https://cis-india.org/internet-governance/blog/the-localisation-gambit-unpacking-policy-moves-for-the-sovereign-control-of-data-in-india

9. Belyi, A. (2012). Liberal approach to international political economy [Ders sunumu].
10. Binhack, P., & Tichy, L. (2012). Asymmetric interdependence in the Czech–Russian energy relations. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421512000328
11. Casier, T. (2011). Russia’s energy leverage over the EU: Myth or reality? Perspectives on European Politics and Society, 12(4), 493–508.
12. CFTE. (t.y.). https://courses.cfte.education/artificial-intelligence-in-finance-academy-sg/
13. Cholteeva, Y. (2024). https://erp.today/singapore-ups-its-ai-strategy-with-google-cloud-collaboration/
14. Cloud Tech. (t.y.). https://www.cloudcomputing-news.net/news/singapores-htx-taps-microsoft-for-city-states-first-sovereign-cloud/
15. Connolly, W. E. (2004). The complexity of sovereignty: Sovereign lives. Routledge.
16. Deibert, R., Palfrey, J., Rohozinski, R., & Zittrain, J. (2008). Access denied: The practice and policy of global internet filtering. MIT Press.
17. Demchak, C. (2016). Uncivil and post-western cyber westphalia: Changing interstate power relations of the cybered age. The Cyber Defense Review, 1(1), 49–74.
18. Demchak, C., & Dombrowski, P. J. (2014). Rise of a cybered westphalian age: The coming decades. M. Mayer, M. Carpes, & R. Knoblich (Ed.), The global politics of science and technology-Vol. 1: Concepts from international relations and other disciplines içinde (ss. 91–113).
19. DEPA. (t.y.). https://www.mti.gov.sg/Trade/Digital-Economy-Agreements/The-Digital-Economy-Partnership-Agreement
20. Digital Policy Alert. (2023). https://digitalpolicyalert.org/event/5751-japan-and-singapore-sign-memorandum-of-cooperation-on-digital-economy-artificial-intelligence-cybersecurity-and-information-and-communications-technology
21. ECDPM. (2023). Global approaches to digital sovereignty: Competing definitions and contrasting policy. https://ecdpm.org/application/files/7816/8485/0476/Global-approaches-digital-sovereignty-competing-definitions-contrasting-policy-ECDPM-Discussion-Paper-344-2023.pdf
22. EDB Singapore. (t.y.). https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/who-we-are.html
23. ETO. (2023). https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/singapore-and-the-us-to-deepen-cooperation-in-ai
24. EuroNews. (2025). Macron’dan Singapur ziyareti: Savunma ve teknoloji iş birliğinde somut yol haritası. https://tr.euronews.com/my-europe/2025/05/30/macrondan-singapur-ziyareti-savunma-ve-teknoloji-is-birliginde-somut-yol-haritasi
25. Fatima, S., Desouza, K. C., & Dawson, G. S. (2020). National strategic artificial intelligence plans: A multidimensional analysis. Economic Analysis and Policy, 67, 178–194.
26. Filgueiras, F. (2022). Artificial intelligence policy regimes: Comparing politics and policy to national strategies for artificial intelligence. Global Perspectives, 3(1).
27. Fleming, S. (2025). What is digital sovereignty and how are countries approaching it? https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/01/europe-digital-sovereignty/
28. Floridi, L. (2020). The fight for digital sovereignty: What it is, and why it matters, especially for the EU. Philosophy & Technology, 33(3), 369–378.
29. Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A unified framework of five principles for AI in society. https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/l0jsh9d1/release/8
30. Frana, P. (2024). Assessing smart nation Singapore as on international model for AI responsibility. Artificial Intelligence and Responsibility. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1109&context=ijr
31. Fraser, E. (2016). Data localisation and the balkanisation of the internet. SCRIPTed, 13(3), 359–373.
32. Ganz, A., Camellini, M., Hine, E., Novelli, C., Roberts, H., & Floridi, L. (2024). Submarine cables and the risks to digital dovereignty. SSRN Scholarly Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4693206
33. Glucn. (2024). https://glucn.com/posts/2024-04-07-cloud-providers-in-china
34. Goode, K., Kim, H. M., & Deng, M. (2023). Examining Singapore’s AI progress. https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/CSET-Examining-Singapores-AI-Progress.pdf
35. GovTech. (t.y.). https://www.tech.gov.sg/about-us/what-we-do/our-role/
36. GovTech. (2025). https://www.tech.gov.sg/products-and-services/for-government-agencies/software-development/government-on-commercial-cloud
37. GPAI. (t.y.). https://gpai.ai/community/
38. Griffiths, M., Roach, S., & O’Callaghan, T. (2008). International relations: The key concepts. Routledge Publishing.
39. Guenduez, A. A., & Mettler, T. (2023). Strategically constructed narratives on artificial intelligence: What stories are told in governmental artificial intelligence policies? Government Information Quarterly, 40(1), 1-13.
40. Gülbahar, Y., & Aydın Halisoğlu, T. (2024). Dijital odaklı Podemos, Ciudadanos ve Vox siyasi partilerinin dijital demokrasi bağlamında değerlendirilmesi: İspanya örneği. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(4), 710–727.
41. Gürkaynak, M., & Yalçıner, S. (2009). Uluslararası politikada karşılıklı bağımlılık ve küreselleşme üzerine bir inceleme. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 6(23), 73-92.
42. Haché, A. (2014). Technological sovereignty. Mouvements, 79(3), 38–48.
43. Harrison, R. (1988). Economic interdependence, bargaining power, and political influence. International Organization, 42(3), 468-470.
44. Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity: An enquiry into the origins of cultural change. Blackwell.
45. Harvey, D. (2010). Postmodernliğin durumu. Metis Yayınları.
46. HTX. (t.y.). https://www.htx.gov.sg/whats-happening/all-news---events/all-news/2022/media-release--htx-and-microsoft-announce-strategic-agreement-to-develop-singapore-s-first-sovereign-cloud
47. Huawei. (t.y.). https://www.huawei.com/minisite/huaweisg20th/
48. Hummel, P., Braun, M., Tretter, M., & Dabrock, P. (2021). Data sovereignty: A review. Big Data & Society. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951720982012
49. IMDA. (t.y.). https://www.imda.gov.sg/resources/press-releases-factsheets-and-speeches/press-releases/2023/nist-imda-joint-mapping-exercise
50. Immigration to Singapore. (t.y.). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore
51. Işıksal, H. (2004). To what extend complex interdependence theorists challange to structural realist school of international relations? Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 3(2-3), 130-156.
52. Jackson, R., & Sorensen, G. (2007). Introduction to international relations: Theories and approaches. Oxford University Press.
53. Kegley, C. W., & Wittkopf, E. R. (2004). World politics: Trend and transformation. Thomson Wodsworth.
54. Keohane, R. O. (1984). After hegonomy: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton University Press.
55. Keohane, R. O. (1986). Reciprocity in internatinal relations. International Organization, 40, 1-27.
56. Keohane, O. R., & Nye, J. (2011). Power and interdependence. Pearson.
57. Keohane, O. R., & Nye, J. (2015). Güç ve karşılıklı bağımlılığı yeniden ele almak. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 12(46), 79-104.
58. Keppel Data Centres. (t.y.). https://www.keppeldatacentres.com/about/company/
59. Krasner, S. D. (2001). Abiding sovereignty. International Political Science Review, 22(3), 229–251.
60. Kroll, J. A. (1993). The complexity of interdependence. International Studies Quarterly, 37(3), 321-347.
61. Kukutai, T., & Taylor, J. (2016). Indigenous data sovereignty: Toward an agenda. ANU.
62. Lamy, S. (2001). Contemporary mainstream approaches: Neo-Realism and neo-liberalism. J. Baylis & S. Smith (Ed.), The globalisation of world politics: An introduction to international relations içinde (ss. 182-199). Oxford University Press.
63. Lawson, S. (2003). International relations. Polity Press.
64. Lehdonvirta, V. (2022). Cloud empires: How digital platforms are overtaking the state and how we can regain control. MIT Press.
65. Lilliestam, J., & Ellenbeck, S. (2011). Energy security and renewable electricity trade - will desertec make europe vulnerable to the energy weapon? Energy Policy, 39(6), 3380-3391.
66. MAS. (t.y.). https://www.mas.gov.sg/schemes-and-initiatives/artificial-intelligence-and-data-analytics-aida-grant
67. Maurer, T. (2018). Cyber mercenaries: The state, hackers, and power. Cambridge University Press.
68. McCarthy, J. (t.y.). What is AI? / basic questions. http://jmc.stanford.edu/artificial-intelligence/what-is-ai/
69. MDDI. (2023). https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/singapore-and-the-us-to-deepen-cooperation-in-ai
70. MDDI. (2024). https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/new-singapore-uk-agreement-to-strengthen-global-ai-safety-governance
71. Mishra, N. (2019). Data localization laws in a digital world: Data protection or data protectionism? Public Sphere: Journal of Public Policy, 1(1), 1–10.
72. Model artificial intelligence governance framework. (2019). https://ai.bsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Model-AI-Framework-First-Edition.pdf
73. Model artificial intelligence governance framework for generative AI. (2024). https://aiverifyfoundation.sg/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Model-AI-Governance-Framework-for-Generative-AI-May-2024-1-1.pdf
74. Moniz, T., McLeod, A., & Padros, C. (2023). How is AI governed in Australia, France, Italy and Singapore. https://www.cape.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/POST_RREAL-AI-Governance-review.pdf
75. Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). The problem of sovereignty reconsidered. Columbia Law Review, 48(3), 341–365.
76. Moura, R. L. (2023). Abuse of dominance in the digital markets: A comparative analysis. University of Minho. https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/93316/1/Ricardo%20Lopes%20Moura.pdf
77. MTI. (2021). https://www.mti.gov.sg/Trade/Digital-Economy-Agreements/KSDPA
78. MTI. (2022). https://www.mddi.gov.sg/newsroom/securing-ai-collaborations-between-singapore-and-republic-of-korea
79. NAIS 2.0. (2023). https://file.go.gov.sg/nais2023.pdf
80. National artificial intelligence strategy. (2019). https://file.go.gov.sg/nais2019.pdf
81. NSSC. (t.y.). https://www.nscc.sg/
82. OECD. (2020). Abuse of dominance in digital markets. https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/GF(2020)4/en/pdfOne
83. OECD. (2024). https://one.oecd.org/document/DAF/COMP/WD(2024)41/en/pdf
84. OECD AI. (t.y.). https://oecd.ai/en/list-of-participants-oecd-expert-group-on-ai
85. Oracle. (t.y.). https://www.oracle.com/sg/government/govcloud/isolated/
86. PDPC. (2020). https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/-/media/Files/PDPC/DPO-Connect/August-20/Singapores-Review-of-the-PDPA-and-its-Opportunity-for-Leadership-in-the-Region
87. Philpott, D. (2016). Sovereignty. E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy içinde. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2016/entries/sovereignty/
88. Pohle, J., & Thiel, T. (2020). Digital sovereignty. Internet Policy Review, 9(4), 1-19.
89. Proedrou, F. (2007). The EU-Russia energy approach under the prism of interdependence. European Security, 16(3-4), 329-355.
90. Quinn, C. (2025). UK and Singapore forge new AI and tokenization pact in London talks. https://decrypt.co/328583/uk-singapore-ai-tokenization-pact-london-talks
91. Radu, R. (2021). Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: National strategies in perspective. Policy & Society, 40(2), 178-193.
92. Rejolut. (t.y.). https://rejolut.com/blog/13-top-ai-countries/
93. Remizov, O. (2013). The concept of energy security in the EU-Russia relations: New interdependencies [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. University of Tartu.
94. Remolina Leon, N., & Seah, J. (2019). How to address the AI governance discussion? What can we learn from Singapore’s AI strategy? SMU Centre for AI & Data Governance Research. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=caidg
95. Roberts, H. (2024). Digital sovereignty and artificial intelligence: A normative approach. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10676-024-09810-5
96. SatNews. (2021). https://news.satnews.com/2021/12/01/collaboration-established-between-amazon-web-services-aws-singapores-space-office/
97. Savelyev, A. (2016). Russia’s new personal data localization regulations: A step forward or a self-imposed sanction? Computer Law & Security Review, 32(1), 128–145.
98. SCAI. (2025). https://www.scai.gov.sg/2025/scai2025-report
99. Schiff, D. (2022). Education for AI, not AI for education: The role of education and ethics in national AI policy strategies. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32, 527-263.
100. Singapore Digital Scholarship. (t.y.). https://www.imda.gov.sg/how-we-can-help/singapore-digital-scholarship
101. Singtel. (t.y.). https://www.singtel.com/business/products-services/data-centre
102. Smart Nation. (t.y.). https://www.smartnation.gov.sg/nais/
103. Smythe, E. (1980). International relations theory and the study of Canadian-American relations. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 13(1), 121-147.
104. Tan, A. (2023). https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366563153/Inside-the-Singapore-governments-cloud-journey
105. Tech Wire Asia. (t.y.). https://techwireasia.com/2023/06/the-singapore-government-is-tapping-into-google-clouds-ai-tools-heres-what-we-know-so-far/
106. TechNews Hub. (t.y.). https://www.technewshub.co.uk/post/microsoft-azure-to-build-singapore-s-first-sovereign-cloud
107. The personal data protection act. (2013). https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/overview-of-pdpa/the-legislation/personal-data-protection-act
108. The Personal Data Protection Commission. (2013). https://www.pdpc.gov.sg/who-we-are/about-us
109. Timmers, P. (2019). Ethics of AI and cybersecurity when sovereignty is at stake. Minds and Machines, 29(4), 635–645.
110. Tretter, M. (2022). Sovereignty in the digital and contact tracing apps. Digital Society. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44206-022-00030-2
111. Varakantham, P., An, B., Low, B., & Zhang, J. (t.y.). Artificial intelligence research in Singapore: Assisting the development of a smart nation. https://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~lowkh/pubs/aimag2017.pdf
112. Vergun, D. (2024). U.S. Singapore cooperate on data analytics, artificial intelligence. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3839335/us-singapore-cooperate-on-data-analytics-artificial-intelligence/
113. Zahra, A., & Hurmandi, A. (2021). The strategy of develop AI in Singapore, US and UK. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350774500_The_Strategy_of_Develop_Artificial_Intelligence_in_Singapore_United_States_and_United_Kingdom