Araştırma Makalesi
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Israel-Palestine Issue in the International Press: A Critical Analysis on October 6-7 Attacks and Information Warfare

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 43 - 56, 19.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1489403

Öz

War is a phenomenon that has taken place in social life throughout political history and whose diversity has increased day by day. The reflection of this phenomenon on societies has occurred thanks to technology. With the increase in technological developments, news sources have increased and led to societies being informed about the events taking place in the world, regardless of their geographical location. Thus, the way the world press and media handle the news has affected the perspectives and thoughts of societies. Since the way the media deals with wars and the meaning they want to convey to society generally proceed in parallel, societies' attitudes and approaches toward attacks may change. Since the way the attacks are reflected in the world public opinion varies according to the ideology of the news sources, there has been some competition among these sources. This competition is reflected today as information wars. The basis of information wars is the difference in the ideologies of these news sources. Ideological differences can be demonstrated through the discourse style, language and content of the news presented. This study dealt with 3-day news analysis from the day the Hamas-Israeli attacks began on October 6-7, 2023. The aim of the study is to examine to what extent media organizations affect the flow of information, based on the October 7 Hamas-Israel attacks. The fact that this issue was not addressed from the information warfare perspective when the literature was reviewed shows the importance of the study. The hypothesis of the research is that differences in the ideology of newspaper organizations create information warfare in a way that supports or increases existing conflicts. Based on this hypothesis, how the information flow of the news affected this war was addressed as a research question. The study was limited to the news of Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, Xinhua and Sputnik news agencies between 7-10 October and used the critical discourse analysis method while examining the news. In this way, the effect of information warfare on Hamas-Israeli attacks was tried to be explained. The findings revealed the existence of information wars among the reasons why the war did not end.

Kaynakça

  • Al Jazeera. (2023, October 9). Why Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know. Al Jazeera News. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/palestinian-group-hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-what-to-know
  • Al Jazeera and News Agencies. (2023, October 8). World reaction to surprise attack by Palestinian Hamas on Israel. Al Jazeera News. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/we-are-at-war-reactions-to-palestinian-hamas-surprise-attack-in-israel
  • Al Jazeera Staff. (2023, October 7). Hamas, says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners. Al Jazeera News. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners
  • BBC. (2023, October 7). Rockets launched from Gaza streak across sky towards Israel. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67037806
  • BBC. (2023, October 9). Loud explosion heard in Gaza halts BBC journalist's on air report. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-67050445
  • Devran, Y. (2015). Yeni Türkiye’nin küresel sesi TRT World: Fırsatlar ve güçlükler. E-Journal of Intermedia, 2(2), 281-294.
  • Dozier, Kimberly. (2023, October 7). Intelligence analyst: ‘Tactically’ nothing like this has ever happened. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/10/07/israel-hamas-attacks-war-gaza-strategy-analysis-intl-vpx.cnn
  • Ergün, O. (2024). Bilgi savaşında manipülasyon ve jeopolitik kodları. Turkish Journal of Political Science, 7(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.59886/tsbder.1458022
  • Ermağan, İ., & Gümüş, B. (2014). Katar dış politikası ve Arab Baharı. Manisa Celal Bayar University Social Sciences Journal, 12(2), 300-320. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbusos.13528
  • Ghitis, Frida. (2023, October 8). Opinion: Hamas’ attack on Israel is an indisputable act of terrorism. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/opinions/hamas-attack-israel-terrorism-ghitis/index.html
  • Gilboa, E. (2023). US-Israel relations at 75. Israel Affairs, 29(3), 473-491. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2206210
  • Gilmer, C. (2001). The Future of information warfare. SANS Institute GSEC Practical Assignment Version, 1(2)f. https://www.sans.org/white-papers/819/
  • Gökdemir, A. (2024). İngiliz medyasında İsrail-Filistin savaşının haberin taraflılığı ekseninde değerlendirilmesi. Mevzu- Social Sciences Journal, 12, 225-261. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1478909
  • Hart, C. (2010). Critical discourse analysis and cognitive science new perspectives on immigration discourse. University of Hertfordshire.
  • Hassid, N. (2024). The Challenges and avenues for banning nuclear weapons in the Middle East. Peace Review, 0(0), 1-11. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2024.2328544?scroll=top&needAccess=true
  • Herz, J.H. (1950). Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 2 (2), 157-180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2009187
  • Huda, M. F. N., Hidayat, D. N., & Alek. (2020). An Investigation of macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure on online news text. NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching, 11(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.15642/nobel.2020.11.2.149-161
  • Kazaz, M., Özkan, B., & Acar, N. (2024). 7 Ekim olaylarına yönelik Türk medyasında haber çerçevesi. International Journal of Communication and Media Research, 4(2), 96-109.
  • Lawati, A., & Ebrahim, N. (2023, October 9). Israel is at war with Hamas. Here’s what to know. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/09/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-explained-mime-intl
  • Lock, T. (2004). Critical discourse analysis. Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Mcfadden, J., & Bubalo, M. (2023, October 8). Watch: How Hamas' shock attack on Israel unfolded. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-67041499
  • Molander, R. C., Riddile, A., & Wilson, P.A. (1996). Strategic information warfare: A new face of war. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR661.html
  • Orhan, E. B. (2024). The us approach to the October 7 attacks and the Israel-Hamas conflict in the context of Antony Blinken’s discourses. Akdeniz University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal, 24(2), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1436239
  • Özer, Ö. (2022). Eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi: Haber Örnekleri Üzerinden Bir İnceleme. Etkileşim, 9, 36-54. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2022.5.9.154
  • Özkoç, Ö. (2009). Savaş ve barış: Doksanlı yıllarda Filistin-İsrail sorunu. Ankara University Journal of Social Sciences Faculty, 64(3), 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002117
  • Roy, S. (2014). Hamas and civil society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist social sector. Princeton University Press.
  • Sa’ar, A., & Idrees, S. (2024). Daffawi: Self-orientalism and identity work among Palestinians in Israel. Identities, 0(0), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2024.2324607
  • Sarkin, J.J., & Sotoudehfar, S. (2024). Artificial intelligence and arms races in the Middle East: The evolution of technology and its implications for regional and international security. Defense & Security Analysis, 40(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2024.2302699
  • Spirig, J. (2024). Politicians, newspapers, and immigration referendums: Exploring the boundaries of media effects. Political Communication, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2321539
  • Şahin, G. (2003, Winter). Silahsız savaş; psikolojik harekat ve propaganda. (Publication No: 613111) [Doctoral Dissertation, Istanbul Technic University]. PQDT Open. http://hdl.handle.net/11527/11319
  • Threadgold, T. (2003). Cultural studies, critical theory and critical discourse analysis: Histories, remembering and futures. Linguistik online, 14(2), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.13092/lo.14.821
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2003). Critical discourse analysis theory and interdisciplinarity, the discourse-knowledge interface. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2009). Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach. In Ruth Wodak & Michael Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Sage.

Uluslararası Basında İsrail-Filistin Sorunu 6-7 Ekim Saldırıları ve Bilgi Savaşlarına Dair Eleştirel Söylem Analizi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2, 43 - 56, 19.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1489403

Öz

Savaş, siyasi tarih boyunca toplumsal hayatta yer alan ve gün geçtikçe çeşitliliği artmış bir olgudur. Bu olgunun toplumlara yansıması teknoloji sayesinde gerçekleşmiştir. Teknolojik gelişmelerin artmasıyla beraber haber kaynakları çoğalmış ve bu durum dünyada gelişen olaylardan toplumların coğrafi konumu fark etmeksizin haberdar olmasını sağlamıştır. Böylece dünya medyanın haberleri ele alış biçimi toplumların bakış açılarını ve düşüncelerini etkilemiştir. Medyanın savaşları ele alış biçimi ve topluma aktarmak istediği anlam genellikle paralel ilerlediğinden toplumların saldırılara karşı tutumları ve yaklaşımları değişebilmektedir. Saldırıların dünya kamuoyuna yansıma biçimi haber kaynaklarının ideolojisine göre değişkenlik gösterdiği için bu kaynaklar arasında da rekabet ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu rekabet günümüze bilgi savaşları olarak yansımıştır. Bilgi savaşlarının temelinde bu haber kaynaklarının ideolojilerinin farklılık göstermesi yer almaktadır. İdeolojik farklılıklar, sunulan haberin söylem biçimi, dili ve içeriği aracılığıyla gösterilebilir. Bu çalışma 6-7 Ekim 2023 Hamas-İsrail saldırılarının başladığı günden itibaren 3 günlük haber incelemelerini ele almıştır. Çalışmanın amacı 6-7 Ekim Hamas-İsrail saldırılarından hareketle medya kuruluşlarının bilgi akışını ne ölçüde etkilediğini incelemektir. Literatür incelemesi yapıldığında bilgi savaşı perspektifinden bu konunun ele alınmamış olması çalışmanın önemini göstermektedir. Araştırmanın hipotezi gazete kuruluşlarının ideolojisindeki farklılıkların mevcut çatışmaları destekleyecek veya artıracak şekilde bilgi savaşı yaratmasıdır. Bu hipotezden yola çıkarak haberlerin bilgi akışının bu savaşı nasıl etkilediği araştırma sorusu olarak ele alınmıştır. Çalışma, Al Jazeera, BBC, CNN, Xinhua ve Sputnik haber ajanslarının 7-10 Ekim tarihleri arasındaki haberleri ile sınırlandırılmış ve haberler incelenirken eleştirel söylem analizi metodundan yararlanmıştır. Bu yolla bilgi savaşlarının 6-7 Ekim Hamas-İsrail saldırıları üzerindeki etkisi açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgularla savaşın son bulmamasının nedenleri arasında bilgi savaşlarının varlığı ortaya konmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Al Jazeera. (2023, October 9). Why Palestinian group Hamas launched an attack on Israel? All to know. Al Jazeera News. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/palestinian-group-hamas-launches-surprise-attack-on-israel-what-to-know
  • Al Jazeera and News Agencies. (2023, October 8). World reaction to surprise attack by Palestinian Hamas on Israel. Al Jazeera News. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/we-are-at-war-reactions-to-palestinian-hamas-surprise-attack-in-israel
  • Al Jazeera Staff. (2023, October 7). Hamas, says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners. Al Jazeera News. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners
  • BBC. (2023, October 7). Rockets launched from Gaza streak across sky towards Israel. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-67037806
  • BBC. (2023, October 9). Loud explosion heard in Gaza halts BBC journalist's on air report. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-67050445
  • Devran, Y. (2015). Yeni Türkiye’nin küresel sesi TRT World: Fırsatlar ve güçlükler. E-Journal of Intermedia, 2(2), 281-294.
  • Dozier, Kimberly. (2023, October 7). Intelligence analyst: ‘Tactically’ nothing like this has ever happened. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2023/10/07/israel-hamas-attacks-war-gaza-strategy-analysis-intl-vpx.cnn
  • Ergün, O. (2024). Bilgi savaşında manipülasyon ve jeopolitik kodları. Turkish Journal of Political Science, 7(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.59886/tsbder.1458022
  • Ermağan, İ., & Gümüş, B. (2014). Katar dış politikası ve Arab Baharı. Manisa Celal Bayar University Social Sciences Journal, 12(2), 300-320. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbusos.13528
  • Ghitis, Frida. (2023, October 8). Opinion: Hamas’ attack on Israel is an indisputable act of terrorism. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/07/opinions/hamas-attack-israel-terrorism-ghitis/index.html
  • Gilboa, E. (2023). US-Israel relations at 75. Israel Affairs, 29(3), 473-491. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537121.2023.2206210
  • Gilmer, C. (2001). The Future of information warfare. SANS Institute GSEC Practical Assignment Version, 1(2)f. https://www.sans.org/white-papers/819/
  • Gökdemir, A. (2024). İngiliz medyasında İsrail-Filistin savaşının haberin taraflılığı ekseninde değerlendirilmesi. Mevzu- Social Sciences Journal, 12, 225-261. https://doi.org/10.56720/mevzu.1478909
  • Hart, C. (2010). Critical discourse analysis and cognitive science new perspectives on immigration discourse. University of Hertfordshire.
  • Hassid, N. (2024). The Challenges and avenues for banning nuclear weapons in the Middle East. Peace Review, 0(0), 1-11. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2024.2328544?scroll=top&needAccess=true
  • Herz, J.H. (1950). Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma. World Politics, 2 (2), 157-180. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2009187
  • Huda, M. F. N., Hidayat, D. N., & Alek. (2020). An Investigation of macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure on online news text. NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching, 11(2), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.15642/nobel.2020.11.2.149-161
  • Kazaz, M., Özkan, B., & Acar, N. (2024). 7 Ekim olaylarına yönelik Türk medyasında haber çerçevesi. International Journal of Communication and Media Research, 4(2), 96-109.
  • Lawati, A., & Ebrahim, N. (2023, October 9). Israel is at war with Hamas. Here’s what to know. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/09/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-explained-mime-intl
  • Lock, T. (2004). Critical discourse analysis. Continuum International Publishing Group.
  • Mcfadden, J., & Bubalo, M. (2023, October 8). Watch: How Hamas' shock attack on Israel unfolded. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-67041499
  • Molander, R. C., Riddile, A., & Wilson, P.A. (1996). Strategic information warfare: A new face of war. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monograph_reports/MR661.html
  • Orhan, E. B. (2024). The us approach to the October 7 attacks and the Israel-Hamas conflict in the context of Antony Blinken’s discourses. Akdeniz University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal, 24(2), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1436239
  • Özer, Ö. (2022). Eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi: Haber Örnekleri Üzerinden Bir İnceleme. Etkileşim, 9, 36-54. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2022.5.9.154
  • Özkoç, Ö. (2009). Savaş ve barış: Doksanlı yıllarda Filistin-İsrail sorunu. Ankara University Journal of Social Sciences Faculty, 64(3), 167-195. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002117
  • Roy, S. (2014). Hamas and civil society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist social sector. Princeton University Press.
  • Sa’ar, A., & Idrees, S. (2024). Daffawi: Self-orientalism and identity work among Palestinians in Israel. Identities, 0(0), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2024.2324607
  • Sarkin, J.J., & Sotoudehfar, S. (2024). Artificial intelligence and arms races in the Middle East: The evolution of technology and its implications for regional and international security. Defense & Security Analysis, 40(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2024.2302699
  • Spirig, J. (2024). Politicians, newspapers, and immigration referendums: Exploring the boundaries of media effects. Political Communication, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2024.2321539
  • Şahin, G. (2003, Winter). Silahsız savaş; psikolojik harekat ve propaganda. (Publication No: 613111) [Doctoral Dissertation, Istanbul Technic University]. PQDT Open. http://hdl.handle.net/11527/11319
  • Threadgold, T. (2003). Cultural studies, critical theory and critical discourse analysis: Histories, remembering and futures. Linguistik online, 14(2), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.13092/lo.14.821
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2003). Critical discourse analysis theory and interdisciplinarity, the discourse-knowledge interface. Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
  • Van Dijk, T. A. (2009). Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach. In Ruth Wodak & Michael Meyer (Eds.), Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. Sage.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Güvenlik, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm SAVSAD Savunma ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi Aralık 2024
Yazarlar

Gizem Yıldırım 0000-0002-8145-8368

Güngör Şahin 0000-0001-6296-8568

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 25 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 34 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, G., & Şahin, G. (2024). Israel-Palestine Issue in the International Press: A Critical Analysis on October 6-7 Attacks and Information Warfare. SAVSAD Savunma Ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi, 34(2), 43-56. https://doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1489403