PLANLI ESKİTME: ÇEVRESEL GÜVENLİK İÇİN GİZLİ BİR TEHDİT VE GÜNCEL AB POLİTİKASI

Yıl 2022, , 637 - 664, 12.01.2023

Evren Sapmaz Veral

https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1217903

Cited By: 2

Öz

Hızlı tempolu küresel ekonomi doğrultusunda gezegenimiz küresel ısınma, ekolojik bozulma ve biyoçeşitlilik kayıpları ile ilgili her yıl daha da kötüleşen rekorlara tanık olmaktadır. Dünyanın farklı, özellikle de gelişmiş bölgelerinde ‘aşırı’ hatta ‘hiper’ tüketim yaşanmakta, kaynaklar temel ihtiyaçlardan ziyade sınırsız istekleri karşılamak için tüketilmektedir. Nüfus ve tüketimdeki artışların, doğal kaynaklarını daha da fazla tüketmesi ve aşırı atık oluşumunu ağırlaştırması beklenmektedir. Tüm bunların gerisinde, aşırı ve sürekli tüketimi tetikleyen stratejilerden biri olarak 1929 Büyük Buhranından sonra uygulanmaya başlayan planlı eskitme, günümüzde de yaygın bir strateji olarak uygulanmaya devam etmektedir. Bu gizli ve iyi kurgulanmış stratejiye dikkat çekmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada, planlı eskitme sorunu ve uygulamaları incelenmekte, planlı eskitmenin çevre güvenliği için niçin bir tehdit oluşturduğu yanıtlanmaya çalışılmakta ve bu sorunu ele almak için AB’nin son politika ve eylemlerinin etkinliği değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Planlı Eskitme, Kullan-At Kültürü, Çevresel Güvenlik, Sürdürülebilirlik., Planned Obsolescence, Throw-Away Culture, Environmental Security, Sustainability

PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE: A HIDDEN THREAT TO ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY AND THE RECENT EU POLICY

Öz

Through the fast-paced global economy, our planet witnesses worsening records on global warming, ecological deterioration, and biodiversity losses each year. While ‘over’ or even ‘hyper’ consumption is experienced in various, especially in the developed parts of the world, resources are being depleted to meet infinite desires rather than basic needs. The growth in population and consumption is expected to further deplete natural resources and aggravate excessive waste generation. Behind the scenes, as one of the triggering strategies of this excessive and continuous consumption, planned obsolescence, which has been widely employed since the 1929 Great Depression, remains a prevalent strategy in practice. With the aim to draw attention to this hidden and well-established strategy, this study examines the planned obsolescence issue and its practices, seeks to answer why planned obsolescence poses a threat to environmental security, whilst evaluates the effectiveness of the recent EU policies and actions to tackle this issue.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Planned Obsolescence, Throw-Away Culture, Environmental Security, Sustainability, Planned Obsolescence, Throw-Away Culture, Environmental Security, Sustainability

Kaynakça

• Agrawal, V. V., Kavadias, S., & Toktay, L. B. (2016). The limits of planned obsolescence for conspicuous durable goods. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 18(2), 216-226.
• Andrews, D. (2015). The circular economy, design thinking and education for sustainability. Local economy, 30(3), 305-315.
• Atlı, M. B. (2022). Yüksek denetim kurumlarının çevre ve iklim denetimleri: WGEA Anketinden Yansıyanlar. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(124).
• Barnett, J. (2001). The meaning of environmental security: Ecological politics and policy in the new security era. London: Zed Books.
• Bisschop, L., Hendlin, Y., & Jaspers, J. (2022). Designed to break: planned obsolescence as corporate environmental crime. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1-23.
• Bulow, J. (1986). An economic theory of planned obsolescence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 101(4), 729-749.
• Burns, B. (2010). Re-evaluating obsolescence and planning for it. Longer lasting products: Alternatives to the throwaway society. (Ed.) Cooper, T. Surrey: Gower Publishing.
• Buruzs, A., & Torma, A. (2016). A Review on the Outlook of the Circular Economy in the Automotive Industry. International Journal of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, 11(6), 576 - 580.
• Cooper, T. (2004). Inadequate life? Evidence of consumer attitudes to product obsolescence. Journal of Consumer Policy. 27(4), 421-449.
• Cooper, T. (2005). Slower consumption reflections on product life spans and the ‘throwaway society’. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 9(12), 51-67.
• Cooper, T. (2010). Longer lasting products. Alternatives to the Throwaway Society. Farnham/Surrey: Gower.
• Cox, J., Griffith, S., Giorgi, S., & King, G. (2013). Consumer understanding of product lifetimes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 79, 21-29.
• Çetiner, B. G., & Gündoğan, M. (2014). Defying planned obsolescence: paradigm change for macro level sustainability of supply chain management systems. In CIE 2014- 44th International Conference on Computers and Industrial Engineering and IMSS 2014-9th International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Service Systems, Joint International Symposium on ‘The Social Impacts of Developments in Information, Manufacturing and Service Systems’. Istanbul, Turkey.
• Çoban, A. (2020). Çevre Politikası: Ekolojik Sorunlar ve Kuram. Ankara:İmge Kitabevi.
• Dalby, S. (2002). Environmental security (Vol. 20). University of Minnesota Press.
• Dornoff, R. J., & Adams, E. T. (1970). Planned Obsolescence: Stimulus or Crutch?. Review of Financial Economics, 6(2), 10.
• Echegaray, F. (2016). Consumers’ reactions to product obsolescence in emerging markets: the case of Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 134, 191-203.
• EC (2015). Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy. European Commission, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:8a8ef5e8-99a0- 11e5-b3b7-01aa75ed71a1.0012.02/DOC_1&format=PDF, Retrieved: 01.10.2022.
• EC (2020). A New Circular Economy Action Plan for a Cleaner and More Competitive Europe. European Commission, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN, Retrieved: 01.09.2021.
• EC (2022a). Proposal for a Directive of The European Parliament and of The Council amending Directives 2005/29/EC and 2011/83/EU as regards empowering consumers for the green transition through better protection against unfair practices and better information. European Commission, https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022PC0143&qid=1649327162410, Retrieved: 30.09.2022.
• EC (2022b). Press Release: New Proposals to Make Sustainable Products the Norm. European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ ip_22_2013, Retrieved: 30.11.2022.
• Engelke, P. (2013). Security of Cities: Ecology and Conflict on an Urbanizing Planet. Atlantic Council, 1-52.
• Esposito, M., Tse, T., & Soufani, K. (2017). Is the Circular Economy a New Fast Expanding Market?. Thunderbird International Business Review, 59(1), 9-14.
• EU (2022). Consumer protection against unfair practices. European Union, https:// europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/consumers/unfair-treatment/unfair-commercialpractices/ index_en.htm, Retrieved: 30.09.2022.
• Geçit, B. B. (2020). Planned obsolescence: A keyword analysis. Journal of Management Marketing and Logistics, 7(4), 227-233.
• Gregory, P. M. (1947). A theory of purposeful obsolescence. Southern Economic Journal, 24-45.
• Guiltinan, J. (2009). Creative destruction and destructive creations: environmental ethics and planned obsolescence. Journal of Business Ethics, 89(1), 19-28.
• Hattwick, R. E., & Sailors, J. W. (1968). Some aspects of the theory of planned obsolescence: An inquiry into the supposed benefits of oligopolistic product competition. Social Science Quarterly, 78-86.
• Henckens, M. L. C. M., Driessen, P. P. J., & Worrell, E. (2014). Metal scarcity and sustainability, analyzing the necessity to reduce the extraction of scarce metals. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 93, 1-8.
• Henckens, M. L. C. M., Van Ierland, E. C., Driessen, P. P. J., & Worrell, E. (2016). Mineral resources: Geological scarcity, market price trends, and future generations. Resources Policy, 49, 102-111.
• Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. (1994). ‘Environmental scarcities and violent conflict: evidence from cases,’ International Security 19(1), 5-40.
• Horkheimer, M., & Adorno, T. W. (2017). The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception. Karl Marx. London: Routledge.
• Huisman, J., M. Van der Maesen, R. J. J. Eijsbouts, F. Wang, C. P. Baldé, C. A. Wielenga. (2012). The Dutch WEEE flows. Bonn: United Nations University.
• IEA (2022). World Energy Outlook 2022. International Energy Agency, https://www.iea.org/ reports/world-energy-outlook-2022, Retrieved: 02.10.2022.
• IPCC (2014). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/, Retrieved: 30.09.2022.
• IRP (2022). Circularity Gap Report 2022. International Resource Panel, https://www.circleeconomy. com/resources/circularity-gap-report-2022, Retrieved: 15.11.2022.
• Kaya, A. (2020). Dijital Çağda Tüketim Ve Algısal Eskitme: Sosyal Medya Fenomenleri Üzerinden Bir İnceleme. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 7(13), 169-191.
• Köse, H. Ö. (2022). Çevresel Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçlarının Denetimi ve INTOSAI Rehberliği. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(126), 501-516.
• Köse, H. Ö., & Polat, N. (2021). Dijital Dönüşüm ve Denetimin Geleceğine Etkisi. Sayıştay Dergisi, 32(123), 9-41.
• Latouche, S. (2015). Decolonization of imaginary. A Vocabulary for a New Era. (Ed.) D’Alisa, G., Demaria, F. and Kallis, G. Degrowth. London: Routledge.
• London, B. (1932). Ending the depression through planned obsolescence.(pamphlet).
• London, B. (1933). The new prosperity: permanent employment, wise taxation and equitable distribution of wealth.
• London, B. (1935). Rebuilding a prosperous nation through planned obsolescence.
• Madden, S. (2014). Obsolescence in/of digital writing studies. Computers and composition, 33, 29-39.
• Maggiolino, M. (2019). Planned obsolescence: A strategy in search of legal rules. IICInternational Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 50(4), 405-407.
• Malinauskaite, J., & Erdem, F. B. (2021). Planned obsolescence in the context of a holistic legal sphere and the circular economy. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 41(3), 719- 749.
• Maycroft, N. (2009). Consumption, planned obsolescence and waste. University of Lincoln
• Moreno, J. H. (2018). Obsolescence: Advocating For The. Planned Obsolescence and the Rule of Law. Libro a ser publicado en inglé.
• Newman, J. W. (1957). Motivation Research and Marketing Management, Boston: Harvard University School of Business Administration, p. 237.
• Packard, V. (1960). The Waste Makers. New York: David McKay Company. Inc.
• Proske, M., Winzer, J., Marwede, M., Nissen, N. F., & Lang, K. D. (2016). Obsolescence of electronics-the example of smartphones. Electronics Goes Green 2016.
• Reisman, G. (1973). The myth of planned obsolescence. Il Politico, 481-492.
• Sapmaz Veral, E. (2018). Assessment of The EU’s New Economy Model -The Circular Economy In The Context Of Waste Problem. Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Ankara University, Ankara.
• Sapmaz Veral, E. (2022). The Fight Against Greenwashing: EU Initiative On Substantiating Green Claims. Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts, 33 (124) 101 - 109, 28.04.2022. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(124), 101-109.
• Satyro, W. C., Sacomano, J. B., Contador, J. C., Cardoso, A., & Silva, E. P. (2017). Planned obsolescence and sustainability. Internatıonal Workshop Advances in Cleaner Productıon (Vol. 6).
• Slade, G. (2009). Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Strausz, R. (2006). Planned obsolescence and the provision of unobservable quality. Technical paper, Dept. of Economics, Free University of Berlin.
• Swan, P. (1992). A road map to understanding export controls: national security in a changing global environment. Am. Bus. LJ, 30, 607.
• The World Bank (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/what-a-waste/, Retrieved: 18.11.2022.
• Ullman, R. H. (1983). Redefining Security. International Security, 8(1), 129-53.
• UN (1987). Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987ourcommon- future.pdf, Retrieved: 15.11.2022.
• UN (2015). The 17 Goals - Sustainable Development Goals, https://sdgs.un.org/goals, Retrieved: 30.09.2022.
• UN (2022a). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2022. https://unstats.un.org/ sdgs/report/2022/, Retrieved: 12.10.2022.
• UN (2022b). World Population Prospects 2022. https://population.un.org/wpp/, Retrieved: 30.09.2022.
• Valant, J. (2016). Planned obsolescence: Exploring the issue. EN. PE 581.999.EPRS.
• Waldman, M. (1993). A new perspective on planned obsolescence. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(1), 273-283.
• Washington Post (2020). Apple to pay $113 million to settle state investigation into iPhone ‘batterygate, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/11/18/applefine- battery/, Retrieved: 18.11.2022.
• Wieser, H. (2016). Beyond planned obsolescence: Product lifespans and the challenges to a circular economy. GAIA-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 25(3), 156-160.
• Wijetunga, D. (2020). Throwaway consumption in a consumerist society: Evidence from a developing country. Business Strategy & Development, 3(1), 55-63.
• WWF (2020). Living Planet Report 2020-Bending the curve of biodiversity loss. World Wildlife Fund, https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/living-planet-report-2020, Retrieved: 09.09.2022.