BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

EFFECT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ON NATIONAL BUSINESS SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF ‘‘POLICY TRANSFER’’

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 99, 71 - 94, 01.12.2015

Öz

Recently, the policy transfer has become a popular and current topic. Although, its existence has been known for a very long time, no conceptual framework could be formed. Globalization has been an important factor in the facilitation and promotion of policy transfer.Policy transfer, which is widely used in developing countries and which is one of the means of policy-making, is the process of finding solutions to a problem with the technical knowledge and experience of other countries. However, the countries that transfer policies in this process should take into account the interests and state of their country. Policy transfer has gained a big momentum with the contribution of neo-liberal policies that aimed at constructing a new political and ideological hegemony in the last 25 years. In this process, policy transfer has become the method of reconstructing the administrative and political systems of under-developed countries by the developed hegemonic countries of the world. The study analyses the fact that, as a result of policy transfer, which is called “transference” and “imitation” in public administration, the public administration becomes “unable to produce by itself” and negative outcomes occur in this field. Then, it studies the elements imposed/promoted by international organizations within the scope of policy transfer and analyzes the process of their determination. The mechanisms developed by international organizations to be effective in policy transfer, the developments that strengthen their role in this process and the criticisms made about international organizations in this respect are also addressed in the study. The conclusion provides an overview of the subject and puts forward our personal opinion as a result of the said evaluation

Kaynakça

  • Bennett, C. J. (1991), ‘‘What is Policy Convergence and What Causes It?’’, British Journal of Political Science, 21 (2): 215-233.
  • Bienen, H. ve J. Waterbury (1989), “The Political Economy of Privatization in Developing Countries”, World Development, 17 (5): 617-632.
  • Common, R. (1998), ‘‘The New Public Management and Policy Transfer: The Role of International Organizations’’, Der. Martin Minogue, Charles Polidano and David Hulme içinde Beyond The New Public Management-Changing Ideas and Practices in Governance, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.: Cheltenham.
  • Common, R. (2004), ‘‘Public Management and Policy Transfer in South-East Asia’’, Der. Mark Evans içinde Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Common, R. K. (1998), ‘‘Convergence and Transfer: A Review of the Globalisation of New Public Management’’, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 11 (6): 440-450.
  • Demirci, A. G. (2010), “Bir Politika Transferi Örneği Olarak Türkiye’de Kadro Sisteminin İnşası”, Toplum ve Demokrasi, 4 (8-9-10): 143-168.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. (2003), ‘‘A Policy-maker’s Guide to Policy Transfer’’, The Political Quarterly, 74 (1): 101-108.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. (2000a), ‘‘Introduction’’, Governance, 13 (1): 1-4.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. (2000b), “Policy Transfer: A New Framework of Policy Analysis”, İçinde Policy Transfer and British Social Policy, Open University Press: Buckingham.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. ve D. Marsh (2000), ‘‘Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making’’, Governance, 13 (1): 5-24.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. ve D. Marsh (1998), ‘‘Policy Transfer: A Framework for Comparative Analysis’’, Der. Martin Minogue, Charles Polidano ve David Hulme içinde Beyond The New Public Management Changing Ideas and Practices in Governance, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.: Cheltenham.
  • Dolowitz, D. ve D. Marsh (1996), ‘‘Who Learns What from Whom: a Review of the Policy Transfer Literature’’, Political Studies, (44): 343-357.
  • Evans, M. (2004), Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Evans, M. (2010), New Directions in the Study of Policy Transfer, Routledge: New York.
  • Evans, M. ve J. Davies (1999), ‘‘Understanding Policy Transfer: A Multi-Level, Multi Disciplinary Perspective’’, Public Administration, 77 (2): 361-385.
  • Evans, M. ve P. McComb (2004), ‘‘Policy Transfer Networks: An Insider Perspective’’, Der. Mark Evans içinde Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Eyestone, R. (1977), “Confusion, Diffusion and Innovation”, The American Political Science Review, 77 (2): 441-447.
  • Falk, R. (2001), Yırtıcı Küreselleşme, (Çeviri: Ali Göksu), Küre: İstanbul.
  • Geri, L. R. (2001), “New Public Management and The Reform of International Organizations”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 67 (3): 445-460.
  • Gray, V. (1973), “Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study”, The American Political Science Review, 67 (4): 1174-1185.
  • Haque, M. S. (1996), ‘‘Public Service Under Challenge in the Age of Privatization’’, Governance, 9 (2): 186-216.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (1990), ‘‘The International Spread of Privatization Policies: Inducements, Learning, and Policy Bandwagoning’’, Der. Ezra N. Suleiman ve John Waterbury içinde The Political Economy of Public Sector Reform and Privatization, Westview Press: Oxford.
  • Jones, T. ve T. Newburn (2001), ‘‘Learning from Uncle Sam? Exploring US Influences on British Crime Control Policy, Future Governance Paper 8’’, An ESRC Research Programme on Future Governance, 1-29.
  • Kaçer, F. ve V. Erat (2014), ‘‘Küreselleşme ve Bir Politika Transferi Olarak Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği’’, Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, 1 (2): 27- 44.
  • Kapucu, N. ve M. Kösecik (2002), “Ülkeler Arasında Yönetsel Reform Transferi”, Ed. M. A. Çukurçayır içinde Küresel Sistemde Siyaset Yönetim Ekonomi, Çizgi Kitabevi: Konya.
  • Keser, A. (2012), “Politika Transferi ve Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Etik”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45 (4): 25-50.
  • Knill, C. (2005), “Introduction: Cross-national Policy Convergence: Concepts, Approaches and Explanatory Factors”, Journal of European Public Policy, 12 (5): 764-775.
  • Kutlu, O. (2001), Administrative Reform In The UK: The Next Steps Agencies Reform and Its Applicability to Turkey, Unpublished PhD Thesis submitted to the University of Exeter.
  • Kutlu, Ö. (2003), “İdari Reform Transferi: Ülkelerin Birbirlerinden Kamu Politikaları Transfer Etmeleri ve Öğrenmeleri”, İçinde Kamu Yönetiminde Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar, Seçkin Yayıncılık: Ankara.
  • Lana, X. ve M. Evans (2004), “Policy Transfer Between Developing Countries: The Transfer of the Bolsa-Escola Programme to Ecuador”, Der. Mark Evans içinde Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Mossberger, K. ve H. Wolman (2003), ‘‘Policy Transfer as a Form of Prospective Policy Evolution: Challenges and Recommendations’’, Public Administration Review, 63 (4): 428-440.
  • Nedley, A. (1999), ‘‘Policy Transfer and the Developing-Country Experience Gap: Taking a Southern Perspective’’, Der. Mark Evans içinde Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Page, E. C. (2000), ‘‘Future Governance and the Literature on Policy Transfer and Lesson Drawing’’, Paper Prepared for the ESRC Future Governance Programme Workshop on Policy Transfer-28 January, Britannia House, Londra, 1-15.
  • Radaelli, C. M. (2000), ‘‘Policy Transfer In The European Union: Institutional Isomorphism as a Source of Legitimacy’’, Governance, 13 (1): 25-43.
  • Robertson, D. B. (1991), ‘‘Political Conflict and Lesson-Drawing’’, Journal of Public Policy, 11 (1): 55-78.
  • Rose, R. (1993), Lesson Drawing in Public Policy, Chatham House: New Jersey.
  • Rose, R. (1991a), “Introduction: Lesson-Drawing across Nations”, Journal of Public Policy, 11 (1): 1-2.
  • Rose, R. (1991b), ‘‘What is Lesson Drawing?’’, Journal of Public Policy, 11 (1): 3-30.
  • Seeliger, R. (1996), “Conceptualizing and Researching Policy Convergence”, Policy Studies Journal, 24 (2): 287-306.
  • Sezgı̇, Ş. (2010), “Politika Transferi ve Türkiye’de Özelleştirme”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27: 67-76.
  • Sobacı, M. Z. (2011), “Politika Transferi Bağlamında Kamu Yönetiminde Neo-Liberal Reformların Yayılması: Açık Toplum Enstitüsünün Rolü”, Sosyoekonomi, 7 (16): 192-210.
  • Sobacı, M. Z. (2009), İdari Reform ve Politika Transferi Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliğinin Yayılışı, Turhan Kitabevi: Ankara.
  • Sobacı, M. Z. (2008), “Uluslararası Politika Yakınsaması: Kavramsal Çerçeve”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 63 (3): 145-159.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2004), Küreselleşme: Büyük Hayal Kırıklığı, (Çev. Arzu Taşçıoğlu ve Deniz Vural), Plan B Yayıncılık: İstanbul.
  • Stone, D. (2004), ‘‘Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the ‘Transnationalisation’ of Policy’’, Journal of European Public Policy, 11 (3): 545-566.
  • Stone, D. (2001), ‘‘Learning Lessons, Policy Transfer and the International Diffusion of Policy Ideas’’, Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation (CSGR) Working Paper, (69/01): 1-41.
  • Stone, D. (2000a), “Non-Govermental Policy Transfer: The Strategies of Independent Policy Institutes”, Governance: An International Journal of Policy & Administration, 13 (1): 45-70.
  • Stone, D. (1999), ‘‘Learning Lessons and Transferring Policy Across Time, Space and Disciplines’’, Politics, 19 (1): 51-59.
  • Tabb, K. W. (2001), “Küreselleşme Bir Sorun Ama Asıl Sorun Sermayenin Gücü”, (Çev. Ali Tartanoğlu), Mülkiye Dergisi, 25 (226): 351-360.
  • Thompson, G. ve P. Hirst (1996), Küreselleşme Sorgulanıyor, (Çev. Çağla Erdem ve Elif Yücel), Dost: Ankara.
  • Walker, J. (1969), “The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States”, The American Political Science Review, 63 (3): 880-889.
  • Walt, G., L. Lush ve J. Ogden (2003), ‘‘International Organisations in Transfer of Infectious Diseases Policy: Iterative Loops of Adoption, Adaptation and Marketing, Future Governance Paper 16’’, An ESRC Research Programme on Future Governance, July, 1-33.
  • Woods, N. (2006), The Globalizers-the IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers, Cornell University Press: Londra.
  • World Bank (1992), Governance and Development, Washington.

Uluslararası Örgütlerin ‘‘Politika Aktarımı’’ Bağlamında Ulusal İş Sistemlerine Etkisi

Yıl 2015, Sayı: 99, 71 - 94, 01.12.2015

Öz

Politika aktarımı son zamanların popüler ve güncel konusudur. Varlığı çok uzun zamandır biliniyor olmasına rağmen kavramsal bir çerçevesi oluşturulamamıştır. Küreselleşme politika aktarımını kolaylaştırıp yaygınlaştıran önemli bir etken olmuştur.Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yaygın şekilde kullanılan ve politika üretim araçlarından biri olan politika aktarımı, bir soruna diğer ülkelerin teknik bilgi ve deneyimleri ile çözüm bulma sürecidir. Ancak bu süreçte politika aktaran ülkeler kendi ülkelerinin durumunu ve menfaatlerini göz önünde bulundurmalıdırlar. Politika aktarımı son 25 yıldır yeni bir siyasal ve ideolojik hegemonyanın inşasına yönelen neo-liberal politikaların katkısıyla büyük bir ivme kazanmıştır. Bu süreçte politika aktarımı da az gelişmiş ülkelerin dünya hegemonu güçler tarafından siyasal-yönetsel anlamda biçimlendirilmesinin yöntemi olarak karşımıza çıkmıştır. Çalışmada, kamu yönetiminde “aktarmacılık” ve “taklitçilik” olarak adlandırılan politika aktarımının; kamu yönetimini “kendi üretemez” bir duruma düşürmesi ve bu alanda olumsuz sonuçlar oluşturması irdelenmektedir. Ardından, politika aktarımı kapsamında uluslararası örgütler tarafından dayatılan/teşvik edilen unsurlar incelenmekte ve bu unsurların belirlenmesi süreci analiz edilmektedir. Uluslararası örgütlerin politika aktarımında etkili olabilmek için geliştirdikleri mekanizmalar ve onların bu süreçteki rollerini güçlendiren gelişmeler ile uluslararası örgütlere bu açıdan yöneltilen eleştiriler çalışmada ele alınan diğer konulardır. Sonuç bölümünde ise konunun genel bir değerlendirmesi yapılmakta ve söz konusu değerlendirme sonucunda kişisel görüşümüz ortaya konulmaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Bennett, C. J. (1991), ‘‘What is Policy Convergence and What Causes It?’’, British Journal of Political Science, 21 (2): 215-233.
  • Bienen, H. ve J. Waterbury (1989), “The Political Economy of Privatization in Developing Countries”, World Development, 17 (5): 617-632.
  • Common, R. (1998), ‘‘The New Public Management and Policy Transfer: The Role of International Organizations’’, Der. Martin Minogue, Charles Polidano and David Hulme içinde Beyond The New Public Management-Changing Ideas and Practices in Governance, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.: Cheltenham.
  • Common, R. (2004), ‘‘Public Management and Policy Transfer in South-East Asia’’, Der. Mark Evans içinde Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Common, R. K. (1998), ‘‘Convergence and Transfer: A Review of the Globalisation of New Public Management’’, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 11 (6): 440-450.
  • Demirci, A. G. (2010), “Bir Politika Transferi Örneği Olarak Türkiye’de Kadro Sisteminin İnşası”, Toplum ve Demokrasi, 4 (8-9-10): 143-168.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. (2003), ‘‘A Policy-maker’s Guide to Policy Transfer’’, The Political Quarterly, 74 (1): 101-108.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. (2000a), ‘‘Introduction’’, Governance, 13 (1): 1-4.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. (2000b), “Policy Transfer: A New Framework of Policy Analysis”, İçinde Policy Transfer and British Social Policy, Open University Press: Buckingham.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. ve D. Marsh (2000), ‘‘Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy-Making’’, Governance, 13 (1): 5-24.
  • Dolowitz, D. P. ve D. Marsh (1998), ‘‘Policy Transfer: A Framework for Comparative Analysis’’, Der. Martin Minogue, Charles Polidano ve David Hulme içinde Beyond The New Public Management Changing Ideas and Practices in Governance, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.: Cheltenham.
  • Dolowitz, D. ve D. Marsh (1996), ‘‘Who Learns What from Whom: a Review of the Policy Transfer Literature’’, Political Studies, (44): 343-357.
  • Evans, M. (2004), Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Evans, M. (2010), New Directions in the Study of Policy Transfer, Routledge: New York.
  • Evans, M. ve J. Davies (1999), ‘‘Understanding Policy Transfer: A Multi-Level, Multi Disciplinary Perspective’’, Public Administration, 77 (2): 361-385.
  • Evans, M. ve P. McComb (2004), ‘‘Policy Transfer Networks: An Insider Perspective’’, Der. Mark Evans içinde Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Eyestone, R. (1977), “Confusion, Diffusion and Innovation”, The American Political Science Review, 77 (2): 441-447.
  • Falk, R. (2001), Yırtıcı Küreselleşme, (Çeviri: Ali Göksu), Küre: İstanbul.
  • Geri, L. R. (2001), “New Public Management and The Reform of International Organizations”, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 67 (3): 445-460.
  • Gray, V. (1973), “Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study”, The American Political Science Review, 67 (4): 1174-1185.
  • Haque, M. S. (1996), ‘‘Public Service Under Challenge in the Age of Privatization’’, Governance, 9 (2): 186-216.
  • Ikenberry, G. J. (1990), ‘‘The International Spread of Privatization Policies: Inducements, Learning, and Policy Bandwagoning’’, Der. Ezra N. Suleiman ve John Waterbury içinde The Political Economy of Public Sector Reform and Privatization, Westview Press: Oxford.
  • Jones, T. ve T. Newburn (2001), ‘‘Learning from Uncle Sam? Exploring US Influences on British Crime Control Policy, Future Governance Paper 8’’, An ESRC Research Programme on Future Governance, 1-29.
  • Kaçer, F. ve V. Erat (2014), ‘‘Küreselleşme ve Bir Politika Transferi Olarak Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliği’’, Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, 1 (2): 27- 44.
  • Kapucu, N. ve M. Kösecik (2002), “Ülkeler Arasında Yönetsel Reform Transferi”, Ed. M. A. Çukurçayır içinde Küresel Sistemde Siyaset Yönetim Ekonomi, Çizgi Kitabevi: Konya.
  • Keser, A. (2012), “Politika Transferi ve Türk Kamu Yönetiminde Etik”, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 45 (4): 25-50.
  • Knill, C. (2005), “Introduction: Cross-national Policy Convergence: Concepts, Approaches and Explanatory Factors”, Journal of European Public Policy, 12 (5): 764-775.
  • Kutlu, O. (2001), Administrative Reform In The UK: The Next Steps Agencies Reform and Its Applicability to Turkey, Unpublished PhD Thesis submitted to the University of Exeter.
  • Kutlu, Ö. (2003), “İdari Reform Transferi: Ülkelerin Birbirlerinden Kamu Politikaları Transfer Etmeleri ve Öğrenmeleri”, İçinde Kamu Yönetiminde Çağdaş Yaklaşımlar, Seçkin Yayıncılık: Ankara.
  • Lana, X. ve M. Evans (2004), “Policy Transfer Between Developing Countries: The Transfer of the Bolsa-Escola Programme to Ecuador”, Der. Mark Evans içinde Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Mossberger, K. ve H. Wolman (2003), ‘‘Policy Transfer as a Form of Prospective Policy Evolution: Challenges and Recommendations’’, Public Administration Review, 63 (4): 428-440.
  • Nedley, A. (1999), ‘‘Policy Transfer and the Developing-Country Experience Gap: Taking a Southern Perspective’’, Der. Mark Evans içinde Policy Transfer in Global Perspective, Ashgate: Aldershot.
  • Page, E. C. (2000), ‘‘Future Governance and the Literature on Policy Transfer and Lesson Drawing’’, Paper Prepared for the ESRC Future Governance Programme Workshop on Policy Transfer-28 January, Britannia House, Londra, 1-15.
  • Radaelli, C. M. (2000), ‘‘Policy Transfer In The European Union: Institutional Isomorphism as a Source of Legitimacy’’, Governance, 13 (1): 25-43.
  • Robertson, D. B. (1991), ‘‘Political Conflict and Lesson-Drawing’’, Journal of Public Policy, 11 (1): 55-78.
  • Rose, R. (1993), Lesson Drawing in Public Policy, Chatham House: New Jersey.
  • Rose, R. (1991a), “Introduction: Lesson-Drawing across Nations”, Journal of Public Policy, 11 (1): 1-2.
  • Rose, R. (1991b), ‘‘What is Lesson Drawing?’’, Journal of Public Policy, 11 (1): 3-30.
  • Seeliger, R. (1996), “Conceptualizing and Researching Policy Convergence”, Policy Studies Journal, 24 (2): 287-306.
  • Sezgı̇, Ş. (2010), “Politika Transferi ve Türkiye’de Özelleştirme”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27: 67-76.
  • Sobacı, M. Z. (2011), “Politika Transferi Bağlamında Kamu Yönetiminde Neo-Liberal Reformların Yayılması: Açık Toplum Enstitüsünün Rolü”, Sosyoekonomi, 7 (16): 192-210.
  • Sobacı, M. Z. (2009), İdari Reform ve Politika Transferi Yeni Kamu İşletmeciliğinin Yayılışı, Turhan Kitabevi: Ankara.
  • Sobacı, M. Z. (2008), “Uluslararası Politika Yakınsaması: Kavramsal Çerçeve”, Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 63 (3): 145-159.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2004), Küreselleşme: Büyük Hayal Kırıklığı, (Çev. Arzu Taşçıoğlu ve Deniz Vural), Plan B Yayıncılık: İstanbul.
  • Stone, D. (2004), ‘‘Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the ‘Transnationalisation’ of Policy’’, Journal of European Public Policy, 11 (3): 545-566.
  • Stone, D. (2001), ‘‘Learning Lessons, Policy Transfer and the International Diffusion of Policy Ideas’’, Centre for the Study of Globalisation and Regionalisation (CSGR) Working Paper, (69/01): 1-41.
  • Stone, D. (2000a), “Non-Govermental Policy Transfer: The Strategies of Independent Policy Institutes”, Governance: An International Journal of Policy & Administration, 13 (1): 45-70.
  • Stone, D. (1999), ‘‘Learning Lessons and Transferring Policy Across Time, Space and Disciplines’’, Politics, 19 (1): 51-59.
  • Tabb, K. W. (2001), “Küreselleşme Bir Sorun Ama Asıl Sorun Sermayenin Gücü”, (Çev. Ali Tartanoğlu), Mülkiye Dergisi, 25 (226): 351-360.
  • Thompson, G. ve P. Hirst (1996), Küreselleşme Sorgulanıyor, (Çev. Çağla Erdem ve Elif Yücel), Dost: Ankara.
  • Walker, J. (1969), “The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States”, The American Political Science Review, 63 (3): 880-889.
  • Walt, G., L. Lush ve J. Ogden (2003), ‘‘International Organisations in Transfer of Infectious Diseases Policy: Iterative Loops of Adoption, Adaptation and Marketing, Future Governance Paper 16’’, An ESRC Research Programme on Future Governance, July, 1-33.
  • Woods, N. (2006), The Globalizers-the IMF, the World Bank, and Their Borrowers, Cornell University Press: Londra.
  • World Bank (1992), Governance and Development, Washington.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Salih Serbest

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Sayı: 99

Kaynak Göster

APA Serbest, S. (2015). Uluslararası Örgütlerin ‘‘Politika Aktarımı’’ Bağlamında Ulusal İş Sistemlerine Etkisi. Sayıştay Dergisi(99), 71-94.