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TAXATION OF THE RICH: THE ISSUE REVISITED WITH THE LAST PANDEMIC

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 120, 35 - 57, 25.04.2021

Öz

The pandemic, which has been experienced by the world since last year, has caused a serious global economic slowdown. As this slowdown accelerated the search
for new public resources to eliminate the economic problems, it reminded the taxation of the rich again. The study attempts to analyze this taxation, which is one of the most debated issues attracting public attention nowadays. Although main principles are set by the governments to maintain efficient tax implementation on the rich, various legal and technical problems are experienced. To eliminate these problems, many studies have been carried out by scholars, meanwhile, various legal arrangements have been prepared by governments as reform endeavors. These intense practices about the topic show that problems experienced by tax authorities are nearly the same both in the developing and developed countries. Considering these common problems, overall, the findings of this study are fourfold. First, the taxation of the rich is a global phenomenon. Second, the progressive tax, which is a frequently proposed tool of rich taxation, can be a problem in terms of saving and investment rates. Thirdly, the elimination of tax evasion and tax avoidance can be more effective than the high rate of taxation to increase public revenue. Finally, digital transactions, which have gained increased importance with the pandemic, should be taken into consideration instead of levying heavy taxation of the rich.

Kaynakça

  • Armağan, R. (2007), Türkiye›de Gelir ve Kurumlar Vergisi Oranlarında İndirimin Vergi Gelirleri Üzerine Etkisi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 227-252.
  • Aytaç, D. (2015), Maliye Politikasında Amaç Araç Uyumu: Ücret Vergileri ve Artan Oranlı Tarife Uygulaması Açısından Bir İnceleme, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 135-148.
  • BBC (2020), Tax to Wealthy to Pay for Coronavirus, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55236851 (Retrieved: 05.01.2021)
  • Bernstein, J. (2019), Most Wealth Taxation on The Rich is essentially voluntary That must Change, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/ outlook/2019/11/26/most-wealth-taxation-rich-is-essentially-voluntary-thatmust-change/ (Retrieved: 11.04.2020)
  • Brownlee, W. E. (2002), Analysis of Soaking the Rich in 20th-Century America, In J. J. Thorndike, and D. J. Ventry, The Ongoing Debate: Tax Justice, Washington, USA: Urban Institute Press.
  • Buchanan, J., and McLaughlin, L. (2017), Revenue Administration: Implementing a HighWealth Individual Compliance Program, Technical Notes, and Manuals, 17(7), 1-36.
  • Carone, G., Schmidt, J. H., and Nicodème, G. (2007), Tax Revenues in the Europen Union: Recent Trends and Challenges Ahead, European Economy Economic Papers (280).
  • Cordes, J. J. (2005), Horizontal Equity, In J. J. Cordes, R. D. Ebel, and J. Gravelle, The Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, Washington: Urban Institute Press.
  • Çelikkaya, A. (2020), Tax Morale in Developing Countries: An Evaluation Within The Framework, Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts/Sayıştay Dergisi, 31(116).
  • Çoban, B. (2020), Küresel Salgına Karşı Yürütülen Vergi ve Maliye Politikasının Genel Değerlendirmesi, Vergi Sorunları Dergisi(381), 105-117.
  • Eriçok, R. E. (2020), The Global Slowdown: Risks, Uncertainties, and Their Effects, Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts/Sayıştay Dergisi, 31(116).
  • European Commission (2018), Tax Policies in the European Union 2018 Survey, Taxation and Customs Union, Brussel: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Commission (2019), Taxation Trends in the European Union: Data for the EU Member States, Iceland, and Norway, Taxation and Customs Union, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2012), Vergi Yükü. Kendime Yazılar: http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2012/12/vergi-yuku-bir-ulkede-vergi-yuku-hesab.html (Retrieved: 15.04.2020)
  • Fled, G. S., Swenson, C. W., and Swenson, C. (2000), Tax Styles of The Rich and Famous: 7 ways to Imitate and Beat The Tax Man, New York: Writers Club Press.
  • Güran, M. C. (2004), Vergilemede Adalet ve Gelir Vergisi Uygulaması, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 243-265.
  • Iara, A. (2015), Wealth Distribution and Taxation in EU Members, Taxation Papers Working Paper, 1-40.
  • IMF (2020), World Economic Outlook: A Long and Difficult Ascent, Washington: International Monetary Fund.
  • Karayılmazlar, E., and Güran, M. C. (2015), Gelir Vergisinde Tarife Yapısı: Adalet ve Etkinlik Temelli Teorik Tartışmalar Çerçevesinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz, SBF Dergisi, 60(2),141-169.
  • Landier, A., and Plantin, G. (2016), Taxing the Rich, Oxford University Press, 1186–1209.
  • Mankiw, N. G. (1998), Principles of Microeconomics, The United States of America: Harvard University The Dryden Press.
  • Markovits, D. (2020), A Wealth Tax Is the Logical Way to Support Coronavirus Relief, The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/opinion/coronaviruswealth-tax.html (Retrieved: 23.06.2020)
  • Mason, P. (2020), Tax the rich? It might not be enough, Aljazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/tax-rich-200416122400217.html (Retrieved: 23.06.2020)
  • O’Donovan, N. (2020), How a One-off Tax on Wealth Could Cover the Economic Cost of the Coronavirus Crisis, The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/how-a-one-offtax-on-wealth-could-cover-the-economic-cost-of-the-coronavirus-crisis-137677 (Retrieved: 22.06.2020)
  • OECD (2019), OECD Work on Taxation: 2018-19, http://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-global/brochure-oecd-work-on-tax-and-development.pdf (Retrieved: 05.03.202)
  • OECD (2020), Tax and Fiscal Policy in Response to the Coronavirus Crisis: Strengthening Confidence and Resilience. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=128_128575- o6raktc0aa&title=Tax-and-Fiscal-Policy-in-Response-to-the-Coronavirus-Crisis (Retrieved 25.07.2020)
  • OECD (2021), OECD Data, https://data.oecd.org/tax/tax-on-property.htm (Retrieved 06.03.2021)
  • Savaşan, F., and Odabaş, H. (2005), Türkiye›de Vergi Kayıp ve Kaçakçılığının Nedenleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma, Selçuk Üniversitesi İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1-28.
  • Sawulski, J. (2020), Tax Unfairness in the European Union Towards Greater Solidarity in Fighting Tax Evasion, Polish Economic Institute.
  • Scheve, K., and Stasavage, D. (2016), Taxing The Rich: A History of Fiscal Fairness in the United States and Europe, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Semyonov, M., and Lewin-Epstein, N. (2013), Ways to Richness: Determination of Household Wealth in 16 Countries, European Sociological Review, 29(6).
  • Slemrod, J. (1998), The Economics of Taxing the Rich, NBER Working Papers 6584.
  • Sowell, T. (2012), Tricky Down Theory and Tax Cuts for the Rich, California, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
  • Wessel, D. (2019), Who are the Rich and How Might We Tax Them More? Policy 2020 Brooking: https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/ (Retrieved: 04.04.2020)
  • Yüce, M. (2002), Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımı Bozukluğunun İzlenen Kamu Gelir ve Harcama Politikaları ile Bağlantısı, Bilig Türk Dünyası ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (23): 1-38.
  • Yılancı, V., Şaşmaz, M. Ü., and Öztürk, Ö. F. (2020), Tax-Spend Causality in Turkey: Evidence From Asymmetric Causality Test in Frequency Domain, Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts/Sayıştay Dergisi, 31(116).

ZENGİNLERİN VERGİLENDİRİLMESİ: SON SALGINLA TEKRAR GÜNDEME GELEN KONU

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 120, 35 - 57, 25.04.2021

Öz

Dünyanın geçtiğimiz yıldan bu yana deneyimlediği salgın, ciddi boyutta küresel ekonomik yavaşlamaya neden oldu. Bu yavaşlama, ekonomik sorunları ortadan kaldıracak yeni kamu kaynaklarının aranmasını hızlandırdığı için zenginlerin vergilendirilmesini tekrar hatırlattı. Çalışma, günümüzde kamuoyunun dikkatini çeken, çok tartışılan konularından biri olan bu vergilendirilmeyi analiz etmeye çalışmaktadır. Zenginlerin vergilendirilmesinde etkin vergi uygulamalarını sürdürmek için temel ilkeler devlet tarafından belirlense de konu hakkında yasal ve teknik anlamda farklı sorunlarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu sorunları ortadan kaldırmak için akademisyenler tarafından yapılan birçok çalışmanın yanı sıra hükümetlerce de yasal düzenlemelerle ilgili çeşitli reform girişimlerinde bulunulmuştur. Yapılan bu yoğun çalışmalar gösteriyor ki, vergi otoriteleri tarafından yaşanan sorunlar hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde neredeyse aynıdır. Söz konusu ortak problemler göz önüne alındığında, genel olarak, bu çalışmadan dört farklı sonuç çıkmaktadır. Birincisi, zenginlerin vergilendirilmesi küresel bir olgudur. İkincisi, zenginlerin vergilendirmesinde sıkça önerilen uygulama olan artan oranlı vergi, tasarruf ve yatırım oranları üzerinde sorun oluşturabilir. Üçüncüsü, kamu gelirini artırmak için vergi kaçakçılığının ve vergiden kaçınmanın mümkün olduğunca ortadan kaldırılması, yüksek oranda vergilendirilmeden daha etkili olabilir. Son olarak, zenginlerin yoğun vergilendirilmesinden daha ziyade, salgınla birlikte önemini artıran dijital işlemler, vergilendirmede daha çok dikkate alınabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Armağan, R. (2007), Türkiye›de Gelir ve Kurumlar Vergisi Oranlarında İndirimin Vergi Gelirleri Üzerine Etkisi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 227-252.
  • Aytaç, D. (2015), Maliye Politikasında Amaç Araç Uyumu: Ücret Vergileri ve Artan Oranlı Tarife Uygulaması Açısından Bir İnceleme, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 135-148.
  • BBC (2020), Tax to Wealthy to Pay for Coronavirus, https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55236851 (Retrieved: 05.01.2021)
  • Bernstein, J. (2019), Most Wealth Taxation on The Rich is essentially voluntary That must Change, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/ outlook/2019/11/26/most-wealth-taxation-rich-is-essentially-voluntary-thatmust-change/ (Retrieved: 11.04.2020)
  • Brownlee, W. E. (2002), Analysis of Soaking the Rich in 20th-Century America, In J. J. Thorndike, and D. J. Ventry, The Ongoing Debate: Tax Justice, Washington, USA: Urban Institute Press.
  • Buchanan, J., and McLaughlin, L. (2017), Revenue Administration: Implementing a HighWealth Individual Compliance Program, Technical Notes, and Manuals, 17(7), 1-36.
  • Carone, G., Schmidt, J. H., and Nicodème, G. (2007), Tax Revenues in the Europen Union: Recent Trends and Challenges Ahead, European Economy Economic Papers (280).
  • Cordes, J. J. (2005), Horizontal Equity, In J. J. Cordes, R. D. Ebel, and J. Gravelle, The Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy, Washington: Urban Institute Press.
  • Çelikkaya, A. (2020), Tax Morale in Developing Countries: An Evaluation Within The Framework, Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts/Sayıştay Dergisi, 31(116).
  • Çoban, B. (2020), Küresel Salgına Karşı Yürütülen Vergi ve Maliye Politikasının Genel Değerlendirmesi, Vergi Sorunları Dergisi(381), 105-117.
  • Eriçok, R. E. (2020), The Global Slowdown: Risks, Uncertainties, and Their Effects, Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts/Sayıştay Dergisi, 31(116).
  • European Commission (2018), Tax Policies in the European Union 2018 Survey, Taxation and Customs Union, Brussel: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Commission (2019), Taxation Trends in the European Union: Data for the EU Member States, Iceland, and Norway, Taxation and Customs Union, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2012), Vergi Yükü. Kendime Yazılar: http://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2012/12/vergi-yuku-bir-ulkede-vergi-yuku-hesab.html (Retrieved: 15.04.2020)
  • Fled, G. S., Swenson, C. W., and Swenson, C. (2000), Tax Styles of The Rich and Famous: 7 ways to Imitate and Beat The Tax Man, New York: Writers Club Press.
  • Güran, M. C. (2004), Vergilemede Adalet ve Gelir Vergisi Uygulaması, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 243-265.
  • Iara, A. (2015), Wealth Distribution and Taxation in EU Members, Taxation Papers Working Paper, 1-40.
  • IMF (2020), World Economic Outlook: A Long and Difficult Ascent, Washington: International Monetary Fund.
  • Karayılmazlar, E., and Güran, M. C. (2015), Gelir Vergisinde Tarife Yapısı: Adalet ve Etkinlik Temelli Teorik Tartışmalar Çerçevesinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz, SBF Dergisi, 60(2),141-169.
  • Landier, A., and Plantin, G. (2016), Taxing the Rich, Oxford University Press, 1186–1209.
  • Mankiw, N. G. (1998), Principles of Microeconomics, The United States of America: Harvard University The Dryden Press.
  • Markovits, D. (2020), A Wealth Tax Is the Logical Way to Support Coronavirus Relief, The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/21/opinion/coronaviruswealth-tax.html (Retrieved: 23.06.2020)
  • Mason, P. (2020), Tax the rich? It might not be enough, Aljazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/tax-rich-200416122400217.html (Retrieved: 23.06.2020)
  • O’Donovan, N. (2020), How a One-off Tax on Wealth Could Cover the Economic Cost of the Coronavirus Crisis, The Conversation: https://theconversation.com/how-a-one-offtax-on-wealth-could-cover-the-economic-cost-of-the-coronavirus-crisis-137677 (Retrieved: 22.06.2020)
  • OECD (2019), OECD Work on Taxation: 2018-19, http://www.oecd.org/tax/tax-global/brochure-oecd-work-on-tax-and-development.pdf (Retrieved: 05.03.202)
  • OECD (2020), Tax and Fiscal Policy in Response to the Coronavirus Crisis: Strengthening Confidence and Resilience. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=128_128575- o6raktc0aa&title=Tax-and-Fiscal-Policy-in-Response-to-the-Coronavirus-Crisis (Retrieved 25.07.2020)
  • OECD (2021), OECD Data, https://data.oecd.org/tax/tax-on-property.htm (Retrieved 06.03.2021)
  • Savaşan, F., and Odabaş, H. (2005), Türkiye›de Vergi Kayıp ve Kaçakçılığının Nedenleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma, Selçuk Üniversitesi İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1-28.
  • Sawulski, J. (2020), Tax Unfairness in the European Union Towards Greater Solidarity in Fighting Tax Evasion, Polish Economic Institute.
  • Scheve, K., and Stasavage, D. (2016), Taxing The Rich: A History of Fiscal Fairness in the United States and Europe, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Semyonov, M., and Lewin-Epstein, N. (2013), Ways to Richness: Determination of Household Wealth in 16 Countries, European Sociological Review, 29(6).
  • Slemrod, J. (1998), The Economics of Taxing the Rich, NBER Working Papers 6584.
  • Sowell, T. (2012), Tricky Down Theory and Tax Cuts for the Rich, California, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.
  • Wessel, D. (2019), Who are the Rich and How Might We Tax Them More? Policy 2020 Brooking: https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/ (Retrieved: 04.04.2020)
  • Yüce, M. (2002), Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımı Bozukluğunun İzlenen Kamu Gelir ve Harcama Politikaları ile Bağlantısı, Bilig Türk Dünyası ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (23): 1-38.
  • Yılancı, V., Şaşmaz, M. Ü., and Öztürk, Ö. F. (2020), Tax-Spend Causality in Turkey: Evidence From Asymmetric Causality Test in Frequency Domain, Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts/Sayıştay Dergisi, 31(116).
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Binnaz Çoban Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8630-0132

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 120

Kaynak Göster

APA Çoban, B. (2021). TAXATION OF THE RICH: THE ISSUE REVISITED WITH THE LAST PANDEMIC. Sayıştay Dergisi(120), 35-57.