Kamu harcamalarının etkin yönetimi, bir ülkenin çevre politikalarının ve kurumsal çerçevesinin oluşturulmasında kilit unsurlar arasındadır. Bu çalışmada, 1990-2019 dönemi verileri kullanılarak BIMSTEC ülkelerinde kamu harcamalarının çevresel bozulma üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çevresel bozulma göstergesi ve bağımlı değişken olarak karbondioksit emisyonu, bağımsız değişken olarak kamu harcamaları kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya ayrıca kentleşme oranı, nüfus artış hızı ve ticari dışa açıklık oranı gibi kontrol değişkenleri dahil edilmiş ve panel regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada çoklu doğrusal bağlantı, klasik modelin sınanması, Hausman testi, değişen varyans, otokorelasyon ve birimler arası korelasyon testleri gerçekleştirildikten sonra Driscoll-Kraay dirençli tahmincisiyle model tahmin edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarında BIMSTEC ülkelerinde kamu harcamalarının karbon emisyonlarını artırdığı tespit edilmiştir.
Abdullah, H., Azam, M. ve Zakariya, S. K. (2016). The Impact of Environmental Quality on
Public Health Expenditure in Malasiya. Asia Pacific Journal of Advance Business
and Social Studies, 2(2), 365-379.
Adewuyi, A. O. (2016). Effects of Public and Private Expenditures on Environmental Pollution:
A Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Data Analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 65, 489-506.
Avrupa Birliği Türkiye Delegasyonu (2016). Geleceğe Dair: Paris İklim Anlaşması. https://bit.
ly/3WP3cPZ. Erişim: 22.09.2022.
Bernauer, T. ve Koubi, V. (2006). States as Providers of Public Goods: How does Government
Size Affect Environmental Quality?. CIS Working Paper, 14, 2-33.
BIMSTEC (2022). History the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation, Bangladesh, https://bimstec.org/?page_id=4863. Erişim:
21.10.2022.
Boachie, M.K., Mensah, I.O., Sobiesuo, P., Immurana, M., Iddrisu, A.A. ve Kyei-Brobbey, I.
(2014). Determinants of Public Health Expenditure in Ghana: A Cointegration
Analysis. Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting
and Transport, 2(2), 35-40.
Carlsson, F. ve Lundström, S. (2001). Political and Economic Freedom and the Environment:
The Case of CO2 Emissions. Working Paper in Economics, 29, 2-19.
Chaabouni, S., Zghidi, N. ve Mbarek, M. B. (2016). On the Causal Dynamics between CO2
Emissions, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth. Sustainable Cities and
Society, 22, 184-191.
Dogaru, L. (2013). The Importance of Environmental Protection and Sustainable
Development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1344-1348.
Erataş, F. ve Uysal, D. (2014). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımının “BRICT” Ülkeleri
Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 64(1), 1-25.
Farzanegan, M. R. ve Markwardt, G. (2018). Development and Pollution in the Middle East
and North Africa: Democracy Matters. Journal of Policy Modeling, 40(2), 350-374.
Galinato, G. I. ve Galinato, S. P. (2016). The Effects of Government Spending on Deforestation
due to Agricultural Land Expansion and CO2 Related Emissions. Ecological
Economic, 122, 43-53.
Galinato, G. I. ve Islam, A. (2017). The Challenge of Addressing Consumption Pollutants with
Fiscal Policy. Environment and Development Economics, 22(5), 624-647.
Göksu, G. G. (2022). A Cross-Country Analysis of Green Public Finance Management and
Budgeting in Supporting Sustainable Development. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(126), 409-
441.
Gray, W. ve Shimshack, J. (2011). The Effectiveness of Environmental Monitoring and
Enforcement: A Review of the Empirical Evidence. Review of Environmental
Economics and Policy, 5(1): 3-24.
Halkos, G. ve Paizanos, E.A. (2012). The Effect of Government Expenditure on the
Environment: An Empirical Investigation. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper, No.
39957, 3-33.
Halkos, G. ve Paizanos, E.A. (2016). The Effects of Fiscal Policy on CO2 Emissions: Evidence
from the U.S.A. Energy Policy, 88, 317-328.
Hao, Y., Chen, Y.F., Liao, H. ve Wei, Y.M. (2020). China’s Fiscal Decentralization and
Environmental Quality: Theory and an Empirical Study. Environment and
Development Economics, 25 (2), 159-181.
Huang, J. T. (2018). Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions and Government Spending on
Environmental Protection in China-Evidence from Spatial Econometric Analysis.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 432-441.
Ike, G. N., Usman, O. ve Asumadu, S. (2020). Fiscal Policy and 2 Emissions From
Heterogeneous Fuel Sources in Thailand: Evidence From Multiple Structural Breaks
Cointegration Test. Science of the Total Environment, 702, 1-11.
Islam, F. ve Lopez, R. (2015). Government Spending and Air Pollution in the U.S. International
Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 8(2), 139-189.
Jerret, M., Eyles, J., Dufournound, C. ve Birch, S. (2003). Environment Influence on
Healthcare Expenditure: An Explarotary Analysis from Ontorio, Canada. Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 334-338.
Konuk, T. ve Eryer, A. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Co2 Emisyonunun Sağlık Harcamaları
Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Journal of Disciplines Economics &
Administrative Scienves Studies, 7(30), 402-410.
Köse, H. Ö. (2022). Çevresel Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçlarının Denetimi ve INTOSAI
Rehberliği. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(126), 501-516.
Lopez, R. ve Palacios, A. (2014). Why has Europe Become Environmentally Cleaner?
Decomposing the Roles of Fiscal, Trade and Environmental Policies. Environmental
and Resource Economics, 58(1), 91-108.
Lyu, W., Li, Y., Guan, D., Zhao, H., Zhang, Q. ve Liu, Z. (2016). Driving Forces of Chinese Primary
Air Pollution Emissions: An Index Decomposition Analysis. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 133, 136-144.
Mohammed Saud, M.A., Guo, P., Haq, I., Pan, G. ve Khan, A. (2019). Do Government Expenditure
and Financial Development Impede Environmental Degradation in Venezuela?. PLoS
One, 14(1), 1-13.
Mohan, N.C. (2016). BIMSTEC: An Idea whose Time has Come?. Observer Research
Foundation Issue Brief, 164, 2-7.
Morshed, A.M.M., Porna, A.K. ve Amin, S. B. (2018). The Causal Relationship between
Government Spending and Environmental Quality: The Case for Bangladesh.
Journal of Business and Policy Research,13(1), 104-118.
Oktavilia, S., Setyadharma, A., Wahyuningrum, I.F.S. ve Damayanti, N. (2021). Analysis of
Government Expenditure and Environmental Quality: An Empirical Study Using
Provincial Data Levels in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental
Science, 623, 1-7.
Özcan, G. ve Karter, Ç. (2020). Çevresel Bozulmalarda Terörizm ve Kamu Harcamalarının
Etkisi. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 4(2), 255-268.
Solarin, S.A., Al-Mulali, U. ve Ozturk, I. (2017). Validating the Environmental Kuznets
Curve Hypothesis in India and China: The Role of Hydroelectricity Consumption.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1578-1587.
Tamazian, A. ve Rao, B.B. (2010). Do Economic, Financial and Institutional Developments
Matter for Environmental Degradation? Evidence from Transitional Economies.
Energy Economics, 32(1), 137-145.
Topalhan, T. ve Yeşilkaya, F. (2017). Kadın Yoksulluğunu Etkileyen Faktörlerin Panel Veri
Analizi ile Belirlenmesi. Karatahta İş Yazıları Dergisi, 9, 55-82.
UNDP (2022). Human Development Index (HDI). http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/humandevelopment-
index-hdi. Erişim: 26.12.2022.
Wang, J. ve Li, H. (2019). The Mystery of Local Fiscal Expenditure and Carbon Emission
Growth in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12335-12345.
Yazdi, S.K., Tahmasebi, Z. ve Mastorakis, N. (2014). Public Healthcare Expenditure and
Environmental Quality in Iran. Recent Advances in Applied Economics, 126-134.
Yuelan, P., Akbar, M.W., Hafeez, M., Ahmad, M., Zia, Z. ve Ullah, S. (2019). The Nexus of Fiscal
Policy Instruments and Environmental Degradation in China. Environmental Science
and Pollution Research, 26, 28919-28932.
Yuxiang, K. ve Chen, Z. (2010). Government Expenditure and Energy Intensity in China.
Energy Policy, 38(2), 691-694.
Abdullah, H., Azam, M. ve Zakariya, S. K. (2016). The Impact of Environmental Quality on
Public Health Expenditure in Malasiya. Asia Pacific Journal of Advance Business
and Social Studies, 2(2), 365-379.
Adewuyi, A. O. (2016). Effects of Public and Private Expenditures on Environmental Pollution:
A Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Data Analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 65, 489-506.
Avrupa Birliği Türkiye Delegasyonu (2016). Geleceğe Dair: Paris İklim Anlaşması. https://bit.
ly/3WP3cPZ. Erişim: 22.09.2022.
Bernauer, T. ve Koubi, V. (2006). States as Providers of Public Goods: How does Government
Size Affect Environmental Quality?. CIS Working Paper, 14, 2-33.
BIMSTEC (2022). History the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and
Economic Cooperation, Bangladesh, https://bimstec.org/?page_id=4863. Erişim:
21.10.2022.
Boachie, M.K., Mensah, I.O., Sobiesuo, P., Immurana, M., Iddrisu, A.A. ve Kyei-Brobbey, I.
(2014). Determinants of Public Health Expenditure in Ghana: A Cointegration
Analysis. Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting
and Transport, 2(2), 35-40.
Carlsson, F. ve Lundström, S. (2001). Political and Economic Freedom and the Environment:
The Case of CO2 Emissions. Working Paper in Economics, 29, 2-19.
Chaabouni, S., Zghidi, N. ve Mbarek, M. B. (2016). On the Causal Dynamics between CO2
Emissions, Health Expenditures and Economic Growth. Sustainable Cities and
Society, 22, 184-191.
Dogaru, L. (2013). The Importance of Environmental Protection and Sustainable
Development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1344-1348.
Erataş, F. ve Uysal, D. (2014). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımının “BRICT” Ülkeleri
Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 64(1), 1-25.
Farzanegan, M. R. ve Markwardt, G. (2018). Development and Pollution in the Middle East
and North Africa: Democracy Matters. Journal of Policy Modeling, 40(2), 350-374.
Galinato, G. I. ve Galinato, S. P. (2016). The Effects of Government Spending on Deforestation
due to Agricultural Land Expansion and CO2 Related Emissions. Ecological
Economic, 122, 43-53.
Galinato, G. I. ve Islam, A. (2017). The Challenge of Addressing Consumption Pollutants with
Fiscal Policy. Environment and Development Economics, 22(5), 624-647.
Göksu, G. G. (2022). A Cross-Country Analysis of Green Public Finance Management and
Budgeting in Supporting Sustainable Development. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(126), 409-
441.
Gray, W. ve Shimshack, J. (2011). The Effectiveness of Environmental Monitoring and
Enforcement: A Review of the Empirical Evidence. Review of Environmental
Economics and Policy, 5(1): 3-24.
Halkos, G. ve Paizanos, E.A. (2012). The Effect of Government Expenditure on the
Environment: An Empirical Investigation. Munich Personal RePEc Archive Paper, No.
39957, 3-33.
Halkos, G. ve Paizanos, E.A. (2016). The Effects of Fiscal Policy on CO2 Emissions: Evidence
from the U.S.A. Energy Policy, 88, 317-328.
Hao, Y., Chen, Y.F., Liao, H. ve Wei, Y.M. (2020). China’s Fiscal Decentralization and
Environmental Quality: Theory and an Empirical Study. Environment and
Development Economics, 25 (2), 159-181.
Huang, J. T. (2018). Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Emissions and Government Spending on
Environmental Protection in China-Evidence from Spatial Econometric Analysis.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 432-441.
Ike, G. N., Usman, O. ve Asumadu, S. (2020). Fiscal Policy and 2 Emissions From
Heterogeneous Fuel Sources in Thailand: Evidence From Multiple Structural Breaks
Cointegration Test. Science of the Total Environment, 702, 1-11.
Islam, F. ve Lopez, R. (2015). Government Spending and Air Pollution in the U.S. International
Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 8(2), 139-189.
Jerret, M., Eyles, J., Dufournound, C. ve Birch, S. (2003). Environment Influence on
Healthcare Expenditure: An Explarotary Analysis from Ontorio, Canada. Journal of
Epidemiology and Community Health, 57, 334-338.
Konuk, T. ve Eryer, A. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Co2 Emisyonunun Sağlık Harcamaları
Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. International Journal of Disciplines Economics &
Administrative Scienves Studies, 7(30), 402-410.
Köse, H. Ö. (2022). Çevresel Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçlarının Denetimi ve INTOSAI
Rehberliği. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33(126), 501-516.
Lopez, R. ve Palacios, A. (2014). Why has Europe Become Environmentally Cleaner?
Decomposing the Roles of Fiscal, Trade and Environmental Policies. Environmental
and Resource Economics, 58(1), 91-108.
Lyu, W., Li, Y., Guan, D., Zhao, H., Zhang, Q. ve Liu, Z. (2016). Driving Forces of Chinese Primary
Air Pollution Emissions: An Index Decomposition Analysis. Journal of Cleaner
Production, 133, 136-144.
Mohammed Saud, M.A., Guo, P., Haq, I., Pan, G. ve Khan, A. (2019). Do Government Expenditure
and Financial Development Impede Environmental Degradation in Venezuela?. PLoS
One, 14(1), 1-13.
Mohan, N.C. (2016). BIMSTEC: An Idea whose Time has Come?. Observer Research
Foundation Issue Brief, 164, 2-7.
Morshed, A.M.M., Porna, A.K. ve Amin, S. B. (2018). The Causal Relationship between
Government Spending and Environmental Quality: The Case for Bangladesh.
Journal of Business and Policy Research,13(1), 104-118.
Oktavilia, S., Setyadharma, A., Wahyuningrum, I.F.S. ve Damayanti, N. (2021). Analysis of
Government Expenditure and Environmental Quality: An Empirical Study Using
Provincial Data Levels in Indonesia. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental
Science, 623, 1-7.
Özcan, G. ve Karter, Ç. (2020). Çevresel Bozulmalarda Terörizm ve Kamu Harcamalarının
Etkisi. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 4(2), 255-268.
Solarin, S.A., Al-Mulali, U. ve Ozturk, I. (2017). Validating the Environmental Kuznets
Curve Hypothesis in India and China: The Role of Hydroelectricity Consumption.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1578-1587.
Tamazian, A. ve Rao, B.B. (2010). Do Economic, Financial and Institutional Developments
Matter for Environmental Degradation? Evidence from Transitional Economies.
Energy Economics, 32(1), 137-145.
Topalhan, T. ve Yeşilkaya, F. (2017). Kadın Yoksulluğunu Etkileyen Faktörlerin Panel Veri
Analizi ile Belirlenmesi. Karatahta İş Yazıları Dergisi, 9, 55-82.
UNDP (2022). Human Development Index (HDI). http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/humandevelopment-
index-hdi. Erişim: 26.12.2022.
Wang, J. ve Li, H. (2019). The Mystery of Local Fiscal Expenditure and Carbon Emission
Growth in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 12335-12345.
Yazdi, S.K., Tahmasebi, Z. ve Mastorakis, N. (2014). Public Healthcare Expenditure and
Environmental Quality in Iran. Recent Advances in Applied Economics, 126-134.
Yuelan, P., Akbar, M.W., Hafeez, M., Ahmad, M., Zia, Z. ve Ullah, S. (2019). The Nexus of Fiscal
Policy Instruments and Environmental Degradation in China. Environmental Science
and Pollution Research, 26, 28919-28932.
Yuxiang, K. ve Chen, Z. (2010). Government Expenditure and Energy Intensity in China.
Energy Policy, 38(2), 691-694.