BEDEN EĞİTİMİ VE SPOR ALANINDA TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET İLİŞKİLERİ.

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

BEDEN EĞİTİMİ VE SPOR ALANINDA TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET İLİŞKİLERİ.

Öz

Spor alanında toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkileri özellikle 1980`lerden sonra spor bilimlerialanında sıklıkla çalışılan konulardan birisi olmakla birlikte, ülkemiz spor bilimleri alanında yaklasık 10 yıllık bir geçmişi bulunmaktadir. Bu yazının temel amacı, spor kurumunun genel bir toplumsal cinsiyet analizini sunmaya çalışmaktır. Ayrica spor kurumununtoplumsal cinsiyet bakış acısıyla sorgulanması gerekliliğine dikkat çekerek, Türkiye’deki toplumsal cinsiyet çalışmalarına bir katkı sağlamak da amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmadatoplumsal cinsiyet yaklaşımı ile spor kurumunun genel bir analizi yapılırken, spor ve toplumsal cinsiyet calışmalarında kullanılan bilimsel yaklaşımlar sunulacak ve toplumsalcinsiyet ve spor etkileşiminde belirleyici olan beden, kadınlık, erkeklik ve cinsellik konuları spor ve beden egitimi ortamında ele alınacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

Kaynakça

1. Acosta, R.V. & Carpenter, L.J. (2000). Wo- men in intercollegiate sport: A longi- tudinal study twenty-three year upda- te 1977-2000. W Sport & P Act J, 9 (2), 141-144.
2. Arslan, B. & Koca, C. (2006). An examination of female-related articles in daily newspapers with gender perspective. The 9th International Sports Sciences Congress, 3-5 November, Muğla, Türkiye.
3. Arslan, B., Koca, C. & Asci, F.H. (2007). An examination of attitudes towards wo- men`s work roles and women mana- gers regarding gender roles in Turkish sport organisation (Değerlendirmede, Sex Roles).
4. Azzarito, L. & Solmon, M.A. (2005). A recon- ceptualization of physical education: The intersection of race, gender, and social class. Sport Educ Soc, 10, 25- 47.
5. Benedict, J. (1997). Public heroes, private felons: Athletes and crimes against women.Boston: MA: Northeastern University Press.
6. Bernstein A. (2002). Is it time for a victory lap?: Changes in the media coverage of women in sport. Int Rev Soc Sport, 37, 415-428.
7. Bishop, R. (2003). Mission in action: feature coverage of women’s sports in Sports Illustrated. J Sport Soc Issu- es, 27, 184-194.
8. Brackenridge, C.H. (1994). Fair play or fair game? Child sexual abuse in sport organizations. Int Rev Soc Sport, 29, 287-290.

9. Brackenridge, C.H. (1997). “He owned me basically…” Women’s experiences of sexual abuse in sport. Int Rev Soc Sport, 32(2), 115-130.
10. Brackenridge, C.H. (1998). Healthy sport for healthy girls? The role of parents in preventing sexual abuse. Sport Educ Soc, 3(1), 59-78.
11. Bulgu, N. & Koca, C. (2006a). Examination of gender relations regarding media. The 9th International Sports Sciences Congress, 3-5 November, Muğla, Türkiye.
12. Bulgu, N. & Koca, C. (2006b). Media Covera- ge of Sexual Harassment in Sport in Turkey. 3th European Association for Sociology of Sport Conference (EASS). Finland.
13. Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity, Rout- ledge, New York.
14. Cense, M. & Brackenridge, C.H. (2001). Temporal and developmental risk fac- tors for sexual harassment and abuse in sport. EUR PE Rev, 7(1), 61-79.
15. Challip, L., Villiger, J. & Duignan, P. (1980). Sex role identity in a select sample of women field hockey players. Int J Sport Psy, 11, 240-248.
16. Choi, P. Y. L. (2000). Femininity and the physically active woman,Taylor & Francis, Berkeley.
17. Coakley, J.J. (1994). Sport in society. St. Lo- uis, MO: Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing.
18. Connell, R.W. (1983). Which way is up? es- says on sex, class and culture, Sydney, Allen & Unwin.
19. Connell, R.W. (1987). Gender and power. Stanford University Press, California.
20. Dewar, A. (1993). Would all the generic wo- men in sport please stand up? Chal- lenges facing feminist sport soci- ology. Quest, 45, 211-229.
21. Eastman, S.T. & Billings, A. C. (1999). Gen- der parity in the Olympics: hyping women athletes, favouring men ath- letes, J Sport Soc Issues, 23 (2), 140- 170.
22. Ennis, C.D. (1999). Creating a culturally rele- vant curriulum for physically disenga- ged girls. Sport Educ Soc, 4, 31-49.
23. Fasting, K. & Pfister, G. (1997). Opportuniti- es and barriers for sport for women in Turkey: a pilot study, Unpublished manuscript, Berlin/Oslo.
24. Fasting, K., Brackenridge, C., & Sundgot- Borgen, J. (2004). Prevalence of se- xual harassment among Norwegian female elite athletes in relation to sport type. Int Rev Soc Sport, 39 (4), 373-386.
25. Flintoff, A. (1990). Physical education, equal opportunities and the national curri- culum: Crisis or challenge?. Physical Education Review, 13 (2), 85-100.
26. Foucault, M. (1974). The archaeology of knowledge, Tavistock, London.
27. Garrett, R. (2004). Gendered bodies and physical identities, “Body knowledge and conrol. studies in the sociology of physical education and health” (Ed. J. Evans, B. Davies ve J. Wright)’da, Routledge, London and New York, 140-156.
28. Gilbert, R. & Gilbert, P. (1998). Masculinity goes to school. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
29. Gilmore, D. (1990). Manhood in the making: cultural concepts of masculinity, Yale University Press, London.
30. Gorely, T, Holroyd R. & Kirk, D. (2003). Mus- cularity, the habitus and the social construction of gender: towards a gender-relevant physical education, Br J Sociol Educ, 24 (4), 429-448.
31. Gündüz N., Koz M., Fedai T., Sunay H. & Ersöz
32. G. (2002). Türkiye’de değişik spor branşlarındaki elit bayan spor- cuların karşılaştıkları cinsel taciz olay- larının araştırılması. Spor Araştırmala- rı Dergisi, 6 (1), 95-108.
33. Hall, M.A. (1988). The discourse of gender and sport: from femininity to femi- nism. Sociol Sport J, 5, 330-340.
34. Hall, M.A. (1996). Feminism and sporting bo- dies: essays on theory and practice, Human Kinetics.
35. Hall, E.G., Durborow, B. & Progen, J.L. (1986). Self-esteem of female athle- tes and nonathletes relative to sex ro- le type and sport type. Sex Roles, 15 (7/8), 379-390.
36. Hargreaves, J. (1994). Sporting females: cri- tical sssues in the history and soci- ology of women’s sports, Routledge, London.
37. Harris, J. & Clayton, B. (2002). Femininity, masculinity, physicality and the eng- lish tabloid press, Int Rev Soc Sport, 37 (3-4), 397-413.
38. Hickey, C., Fitzclarence, L. & Matthews, R. (1998). (Eds). Where the boys are: masculinity, sport and education, Ge- elong, Deakin University Press.
39. Hovden, J. (2000). Short communications gender and leader selection proces- ses in norwegian sporting organizati- on. Int Rev Soc Sport, 35(1), 75–82.
40. Inglis, S., Danylchuk, K.E. & Pastore, D.L. (2000). Multiple realities of women’s work experiences in coaching and athletic management. W Sport & P Act J, 9 (2), 1-26.
41. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (1982). Sex roles, family and community in Turkey, Indiana Univer- sity Turkish Studies 3, Indiana.
42. Koca, C. (2004a). Boys’ bodies, hegemonic masculinity and physical education. 9. Avrupa Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, Clermont-Ferrand, Fransa.
43. Koca, C. (2004b). Beden eğitimi dersinde toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin yapılandı- rılması. Kadın Çalışmalarında Disip- linlerarası Buluşma, Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi, Yeditepe Üniversitesi, İs- tanbul.
44. Koca, C. (2006). Beden egitimi ve spor orta- minda toplumsal ve kulturel yeniden uretim. Yayinlanmamis doktora tezi. Saglik Bilimleri Enstitusu, Hacettepe Universitesi, Ankara.
45. Koca, C., & Aşçı, F. H. (2005). Gender role orientation in Turkish female athletes from different types of sport and fe- male non-athletes. W Sport & P Act J, 14 (1), 86-94.
46. Koca, C., Aşçı, F.H. & Kirazcı, S. (2004). Ta- kım ve bireysel sporlarla uğraşan ka- dın ve erkek sporcuların ve sporcu ol- mayanların toplumsal cinsiyet rol eği- limi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bi- limleri Dergisi, 9 (2), 3-10.
47. Koca, C., Aşçı, F.H. & Kirazcı, S. (2005). Gender role orientation in athletes and non-athletes in patriarchal soci- eties: a case of Turkey. Sex Roles, 52 (3-4), 217-225.
48. Koca, C., & Demirhan, G. (2003). Preliminary analysis of middle and high school students’ experiences in mixed-sex physical education classes with body and gender concerns. 8. Avrupa Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, Salzburg, Avustur- ya.
49. Koca, C., & Demirhan, G. (2006). The place of sport and physical activity in Tur- kish young people’s lives and their positions within the field of school PE. International Association of Physical Education in Higher Educa- tion (AIESEP), 5-8 July, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
50. Krane, V. (1996). Lesbians in sport: towards