CARROT AND STICK APPROACH IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: AN EVALUATION THROUGHTOUT TURKEY’S ACCESSION NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

Abstract

The carrot and stick approach is an approach used by realists in explaining hard power in the Discipline of International Relations. Hard power actors use the carrot and stick approach to make other actors do what they want. According to this, other states are trying to get things done by punishment that they do not want to do, while the state is rewarded for doing what they want. The European Union is also one of the actors who have applied this approach to third countries. The EU has requested that this approach be awarded to other states by way of reward or punishment. One of the states towards the EU has applied this approach is Turkey. The EU began negotiations with Turkey on October 3, 2005 (carrot), and the European Commission suspended the negotiations in eight categories because of the problem with Cyprus in 2006 (stick). But after recent developments between the two sides, the EU's carrot and stick approach have begun to reverse, and the EU has not been able to do what it wants to Turkey in this policy. This study will examine Turkey-EU relations by considering some events such as Positive Agenda and Cyprus problem in the negotiation process within the framework of the carrot and stick approach. This framework will try to analyze why this approach works and where Turkey-EU relations will go on.

Keywords

• Turkey
• EU
• Carrot and Stick Apporoach
• Negotiation Process
• Hard Power

Kaynakça

1. “Havuç ve Sopa Politikası”, http://www.rekabet.gov.tr/tr-TR/Rekabet-Terimi/pHavuccedil-ve-sopa-politikasi-belli-bir-sonuca-ulasmak-iccedilin-oumlduumll-ve-yaptirimlarin-birlikte-kullanilmasidir-Rekabet-hukukunda-ldquosopardquo-para-ve-hapis-cezasi-tazminat-gibi-caydirici-yaptirimlari-ifade-etmektedir, (17.12.2016).
2. “Negotiation Framework”, https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhoodenlargement/sites/near/files/pdf/turkey/st20002_05_tr_framedoc_en.pdf, (16.01.2017).
3. Alemdar, Zeynep “Three Scenarios for Turkey-EU Relations after July 15 th”, http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/three-scenarios-for-turkey-eu-relations-after-july-15th-_4144.html, (05.12.2016).
4. Andreoni, James, Harbough, William and Vesterlund, Lisa, “The Carrot or the Stick: Rewards, Punishments, and Cooperation”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 3, 2003, p. 893-902.
5. Arsava, Füsun, “Türkiye-AB İlişkileri”, http://iibfdergisi.ksu.edu.tr/Imagesimages/files/4(1).PDF, (19.11.2016).
6. Aslan, Omer, “The July 15 th failed coup attempt in Turkey: Causes, Consequences and Implicaitons in Comparative Perpective”, http://sharqforum.org/2016/07/31/the-july-15th-failed-coup-attempt in-turkey/ , (04.12.2016).
7. Ateş, Dilek İştar, Türkelli, Gamze Erdem ve Aydın, Dilek, AB-Brüksel: Brüksel’de Bir Hafta, Sayı 40, 20 Ekim 2014, s. 2-3.
8. Baykal, Sanem ve Arat, Tuğrul, “AB İle İlişkiler 1990-2002”, Baskın Oran (ed.), Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler Yorumlar, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2006.

9. BBC, “Turkey attempted coup: EU says measures unacceptable”, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-36861154, (07.12.2016).
10. Becker, Garry S., “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 76, No. 2, 1968, p. 169-217.
11. Bernstein, Daniel J., “Of Carrots And Stıcks: A Revıew Of Decı And Ryan's Intrınsıc Motıvatıon And Self-Determınatıon In Human Behavıor”, Journal Of The Experımental Analysıs Of Behavıor, Vol. 54, No. 3, 1990, p. 323-332.
12. Bilgin, Pınar and Eliş, Berivan, “Hard Power, Soft Power: Toward a More Realistic Power Analysis”, Insight Turkey, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2008, p. 5-20.
13. Butler, Daren and Pamuk, Humeyra, “Turkey rejects Europe's 'red line' on press freedom after detentions”, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-idUSKBN12W3NK , (15.12.2016).
14. Council of the European Union, “Brussels European Council 14/15 December 2006 Presidency Conclusions”, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/92202.pdf, (16.01.2017).
15. Dalay, Galip The 15 th Failed Coup Attempt in Turkey: Structural Roots, http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2016/08/15th-failed-coup-attempt-turkey-structural-roots-160830082818169.html, (07.12.2016).
16. Dupuy, Fred, “The Carrot and the Stick: Soft Power and Hard Power, Foreign Aid and Military Might”, UKNDA Discussion Paper, No. 42, 2012, p. 1-2.
17. Emeklier, Bilgehan ve Ergül, Nihal, “Petrolün Uluslararası İlişkilerdeki Yeri: Jeopolitik Teoriler ve Petropolitik”, Bilge Strateji, Cilt 2, Sayı 3, 2010, s. 79-
18. Eralp, Nilgün Arısan , “AB Ülkeleri Türkiye’ye Vize Uygulamasını Kaldırıyor Mu?“, TEPAV Değerlendirme Notu, Sayı 201344, 2013, s. 1-4.
19. ETCF, “Information on EU-Turkey relations”, http://www.etcf.org.tr/EN/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?17A16AE30572D313AAF6AA849816B2EF3143C82B0599388A, (13.01.2017).
20. Euractiv, “Dutch join push for EU-Turkey accession talks freze”, https://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/dutch-join-push-for-eu-turkey-accession-talks-freeze/, (04.12.2016).
21. _______, “Hahn urges Turkey to return to the Kurdish Peace Process”, https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/hahn-urges-turkey-to-return-to-the-kurdish-peace-process/, (09.12.2016).
22. EUObserver, “Turkey still open to EU despite differences”, https://euobserver.com/tickers/136089, (11.12.2016).
23. European Commission, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2006 – 2007 Including annexed special report on the EU's capacity to integrate new members, Brussels, 2006.
24. European Commission, “Implementing the EU-Turkey Statement – Questions and Answers”, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-16-4321_en.htm, (16.12.2016).
25. _________________, Joint statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini and Commissioner for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations Johannes Hahn on the situation in Turkey, Brussels, 2016.
26. __________________, Report From the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on progress by Turkey in fulfilling the requirements of its visa liberalisation roadmap, Brussels, 2014.
27. European Council, “Meeting of heads of state or government with Turkey - EU-Turkey statement, 29/11/2015”, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/11/29-eu-turkey-meeting statement/, (13.12.2016).
28. European Council on Foreign Relations, “EU-Turkey relations after July 15: Turning the page”, http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_eu_turkey_relations_after_july_15_turning_the_page7124, (07.12.2016).
29. European Parliament, “European Parliament resolution on EU-Turkey relations”, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B8-2016-1276&language=EN, (25.11.2016).
30. Gachter, Simon, “Carrot or stick?”, http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~dieckman/reprints/Gaechter2012.pdf, (15.12.2016).
31. Geest, Gerit De and Mattiacci, Giussepp Dari ,“The Rise of Carrots and the Decline of Sticks”, The University of Chicago Law Review, No. 80, 2013, p. 341-392.
32. George, Stacia, “To Collude or Collide? How Combining Hard Power and Soft Power Can Be a Problem or the Solution”, Smarter Power Working Paper Series, Washington, 2014, p. 31-49.
33. Gün, Ahmet Fethi, “Çatışma Çözümleri Bağlamında Kamu Diplomasisi Kobani Olayları”, Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, Cilt 3, No. 1, 2015, s. 26-41.
34. Güzel, Süleyman Çağrı, “Dış Yardımlarda Destekleyici Bir Unsur Olarak Kültürel Diplomasi Ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Örneği”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt 30, Sayı 2, 2016, s. 343-359.
35. Haynes, Jeffrey, “Religion and International Relations After 9/11,” Democratization, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2005, ss. 398-413.
36. Herrnstain, R. J., “Method and Theory in the Study of Avoidance”, Psychological Review, Vol. 76, No. 1, 1969, p. 49-69.
37. International Federation of Journalists, “New wave of repression targeting daily Cumhuriyet in Turkey”, http://www.ifj.org/nc/news-single-view/backpid/1/article/new-wave-of-repression-targeting-daily-cumhuriyet-in-turkey/, (13.12.2016).
38. Isabella Brusati Consulting, “Change Management Consolidation: Why The Carrot and Stick Approach Does Not Work”, http://isabellabrusati.com/new-podcast-change-management consolidation-why-the-carrot-and-stick-approach-does-not-work/, (17.12.2016).
39. Karluk, Rıdvan, Avrupa Birliği Türkiye İlişkileri: Bir Çıkmaz Sokak, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, 2013.
40. Koch, Svea, “A Typology of Political Conditionality Beyond Aid: Conceptual Horizons Based on Lessons from the European Union”, World Development, Vol. 75, 2015, p. 97-108.
41. Kuran, Selami, “Müzakere Çerçeve Belgesinin Değerlendirmesi”, MÜFH-HAD, Cilt 13 Sayı 3-4, 2007, s. 1-18.
42. Larkin, Dominic M., “Promoting Higher Level Motivation”, http://www.westpoint.edu/cfe/Literature/Larkin_10.pdf, (18.12.2016).
43. Layne, Christopher and Bradley A. Thayer, American Empire: A Debate, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2006
44. Mayhew, A., Recreating Europe: The European Union’s Policy towards Central and Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
45. McClony, Jonothan, “The New Persuaders: An international ranking of soft power”, Institute of Government Discussion Paper, No. 20, 2012, p. 1-15
46. Mearsheimer, John, “Anarchy and the Struggle for Power”, Essential Readings in World Politics, Karen A.Mingst ve Jack L. Snyder (ed.), W.W. North & Company, New York, 2008, p. 61-62.
47. Nye, Joseph S., Amerikan Gücünün Paradoksu, Gürol Koca (çev.), Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2003
48. ____________, Soft Power: The Means to Success in Politics, Public Affairs, New York, 2004
49. ____________,“Public Diplomacy and Soft Power”, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 616, No. 94, 2008, pp. 94-109.
50. Official Journal of the European Union, “Council Decision of 23 January 2006 on the principles, priorities and conditions contained in the Accession Partnership with Turkey(2006/35/EC)”, http://www.ab.gov.tr/files/AB_Iliskileri/Tur_En_Realitons/Apd/Turkey_APD_2006.pdf, (19.01.2017).
51. Oktay, Emel G., “NATO’nun Dönüşümü ve Kamu Diplomasisi’nin Artan Rolü”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 9, Sayı 34, 2012, s. 125-149.
52. Pallover, Matteo, Power and Its Form: Hard, Soft, Smart, Londan School of Economics, Master Thesis, London, 2011.
53. Perez, Aida M., Coercive Diplomacy in the 21 st Century: A New Framework for the Carrot and Stick, University of Miami, International Studies Dissertation, Miami, 2015.
54. Petkovic, Igor, The Motivation Paradox: Why Is a Carrot-and-Stick Approach Contra-productive, Tomas Bata University in Zlin Faculty of Humanities Bachelor Thesis, Zlin, 2013.
55. Petrovic, Jelana, “Stick And Carrot: All You Wanted To Know About The Policy of Conditionality But Didn't Dare To Ask”, Western Balkan Security Observer, Issue 4, 2007, p. 54-61.
56. Raimzhanova, Aigerim, “Power In IR: Hard, Soft, And Smart”, Institute for Cultural Diplomacy and the University of Bucharest, 2015, p. 1-20.
57. Resmi Gazete, “Bakanlar Kurulu Kararı”, http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2006/09/20060928-2.htm, (19.01.2017).
58. Saylı, Halil, “Geleneksel Yönetim Paradigmasının Sınırlayıcı Alanlarına Karşı Post-Modern Yönetim Paradigmasının Geliştirici Alanları”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt 10, Sayı 2, 2008, s. 181-200.
59. Seufert, Guenther “TESEV’in kamuoyu araştırması üzerine: Türkiye’de Dış Politika Algısı”, http://tesev.org.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2015/11/Tesevin_Kamuoyu_Arastirmasi_Uzerine_Turkiyede_Dis_Politika_Algisi.pdf, (20.12.2016).
60. Smith, E. K., “EU Membership Conditionaliy”, Cremona, M.(der.), The Enlargement of the European Union, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2003.
61. Uzer, Umut, “21. Yüzyılda Tek Kutupluluk Tartışmaları”, Bilge Strateji, Cilt 5, Sayı 8, 2011, s. 69-93.
62. Yıldırım, Leyla Türk Gücü, Ufuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Uluslararası İlişkiler Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara, 2014.
63. Yılmaz, Sait, “Avrupa Birliği ve Post-modern Jeopolitik”, Kafkas Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 3, 2012, s. 185-214.