Grek ve Roma Dünyasında Gül

Öz

Gül güzelliğin, gençliğin simgesi olması yanında geçiciliğin de simgesi olmuştur ve pek çok tanrı ve tanrıça için yapılan törenler dışında ölüler için yapılan dinsel törenlerde de kullanılmıştır. Güle en erken M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda değinilir ve o dönemde tanrısal bir çiçek olan gül, M.Ö. 6. yüzyıldan itibaren ise dünyevileşmiştir. Gülün Aphrodite’nin atribüsü olması da bu dönemde olmalıdır. M.Ö. 8.-5. yüzyıllar arasında yazılı kaynaklarda gülden sık bahsedilmesine karşın mimari ve plastik eserlerde gül tasvirlerine rastlanmamaktadır. Söz konusu dönemde, gülün yerini gülçe ve lotus çiçeği almıştır. Hellenistik Dönem’den itibaren gül sistematik olarak ele alınmışve tüm Hellenistik dünyaya yayılmıştır. Roma Imparatorluk Dönemi’nde ise gül tüketimi doruk noktaya ulaşmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gül, Antik Dünya, bahar, ölüm

ROSES IN GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURE

Öz

The rose is a symbol of beauty and youth and of vanity as well. Roses were used in religious festivals in honor of several gods and also in the course of celebrating the death cult. The rose was first mentioned in the 8thcentury BC. and in those times it was considered a divine flower. It was not until the 6th century BC. that it became secular; in this period it first appeared as an attribute of Aphrodite. From the 8th to the5th century BC., the rose is frequently mentioned in written sources but not to be found in sculptural and architectural works of art. The depiction of rose was replaced by rosettes and lotus flowers. From the beginning of the Hellenistic period the rose is well known and commonly used in the entire Hellenistic world. The consumption of the rose reaches its zenith in the Roman Empire

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Rose, Antiquity, Spring, Death

Kaynakça

1. Abed-Ben Khader, Aïcha Ben, Le musée du Bardo, éd. Cérès, Tunis, 1992.
2. Archer, W.-H., The Paintings of the Casa dei Vettii in Pompeii, Ph. D. Diss. University of Virginia, 1981.
3. Archer, W.- C.,”The Paintings of the alae of the Casa dei Vettii and a definition of the fourth Pompeian style”, American Journal of Archaeology 94, 1990, 95-123.
4. Amedick, R., Die antiken Sarkophagreliefs. Die Sarkophage mit Darstellungen aus dem Menschenleben. Vita Privata, (= Antike Sarkophagreliefs I,4) Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin, 1991.
5. André, J., Les noms de plantes dans la Rome antique. Société d’édition <>, Paris, 1985. Baldassarre, I. et. al., “Sepulture e riti necropoli dell’Isola Sacra”, Bolletino di Archeologia 5-6, 1990, 49-113.
6. Baum-vom Felde, P. C., Die geometrischen Mosaiken der Villa bei Piazza Armerina, Kovač, Hamburg, 2003. Baumann, H., Pflanzenbilder auf griechischen Münzen, Hirmer, München, 2000.
7. Blech, M., Studien zum Kranz bei den Griechen, Walter de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, 1982
8. Catullo, L., Die antike Römische Villa des Weilers von Piazza Armerina in der Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart. Morgantina, Arione, Messina, 1999.

9. Bérend, D., Les tétradrachmes de Rhodes de la première période 1.er partie SNR 51, 1972, 5-39.
10. Biers, W. R. et al., Lost Scents: Investigations of Corinthian "Plastic" Vases by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology 11. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology, Philadelphia, 1994.
11. Bingöl, O., Malerei und Mosaik der Antike in der Türkei, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 199.
12. Bonnet, H., Reallexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Repr. 2000.
13. Budde, L., St. Pantaleon von Aphrodisias in Kilikien, Verlag Aurel Bongers in Recklinghausen, 1987.
14. Carettoni, G., Das Haus des Augustus, Philipp von Zabern, Mainz, 1983. Coldstream, J. N., “Knossos 1951-61: Classical and Hellenistic Pottery from the Town”, British School at Athens, 94, 1999, 321-51.
15. Dunbabin, K. M. D., “The victorious charioteer on mosaics and related monuments”, American Journal of Archaeology 86,1982, 65-89. Dunbabin, K. , Roman mosaics from Tunisia, Oxford, 1983.
16. Géczi, J., The Rose and its symbols in Mediterranean Antiquity, Narr Verlag, Tübingen, 2011.
17. Hersch, K. K., The Roman Wedding. Ritual and Meaning. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010.
18. Jashemski, W. F., The Gardens of Pompeii Herculaneum and the Villas Destroyed by Vesuvius, New Rochelle, New York, 1979.
19. Jensen, W. M.,“The Sculptures from the Tomb of the Haterii.” Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 1978.
20. Joret, Ch., La rose dans l'antiquite et au moyen age, Paris, 1892. Knoll, K. et al. (eds.), Die Antiken im Albertinum, (Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie 13), Mainz, 1993.
21. Koch-Harnack, G., Erotische Symbole. Lotusblüte und gemeinsamer Mantel auf antiken Vasen, Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin, 1983.
22. Kranz, P., Jahreszeitensarkophage. Entwicklung und Ikonographie des Motivs der vier Jahreszeiten auf kaiserzeitlichen Sarkophagen und Sarkophagdeckeln (=ASR V 4) Gebr. Mann, Berlin,1984.
23. La Rocca, E. Lo spazio negato. La pittura paesaggio nella cultura artistica greca e romana, Milano, 2008.
24. Lindsay, H., “Eating with the Dead: The Roman funerary Banquet”, Meals in a social Context: Aspects of the Communal Meal in the Hellenistic and Roman World, Inge Nielsen-Hanne Sigismund Nielsen (ed.), Aaurhus University Press, Aarhus 1998, 67-80.
25. Lohmann, H., Grabmäler auf unteritalischen Vasen (=Archäologische Forschungen 7), Gebr. Mann Verlag, Berlin, 1979. Manniche, L., Sacred luxuries: Fragrance, Aromatherapy, and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt, Cornell University Press, New York, 1999.
26. McCurdy, E., Roses of Paestum, London, 1900. Marquardt, J., Das Privatleben der Römer II, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1964.
27. M. P. Nilsson, Beiträge zur Religionswissenschaft II, Stockholm, 1917 Parlasca, K. –Seemann H., (eds.), Augenblicke. Mumienporträts und ägyptische Grabkunst aus römischer Zeit, Klinghardt und Biermann, München, 1999.
28. Parrish, D., “Two Mosaics from Roman Tunisia: An African Variation of the Season Theme”, American Journal of Archaeology 83, 1979, 279- 285.
29. Parrish, D., Season Mosaics of North Africa, Giorgio Bretschneider, Roma, 1984.
30. Parrish, D., “The Date of mosaics from Zliten,” Antiquités Africaines 21, 1985, 137-158.
31. Perdrizet, P., “Inscriptions de Philippes: Les Rosalies”, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 24, 1900, 299-323.
32. Peek, W., Griechische Grabepigramme, Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1960. Pompeji wiederentdeckt. Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg 30 Juli- 26 September 1993, Sergi kataloğu, L’erma di Breitschneider, Roma 1993.
33. Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft IA.1 (1914) Renehan, R., “The Early Greek Poets: Some Interpretations”, Harward Studies in Classical Philology 87,1983, 17-21.
34. Schleiden, M. J., Die Rose, Geschichte und Symbolik in ethnographischer und kultur-historischer Beziehung, Leipzig, 1873. Schreiber, N., The Cypro-Phoenician pottery of the Iron Age, Leiden Brill, Leiden, 2003.
35. Shelmerdine, C. W., The Perfume Industry of Mycenaean Pylos, Paul Åström Förlag, Göteborg, 1985.
36. Sterret, J. R. S., “An epigraphical Journey in Asia Minor during the Summer 1884”, Papers of American School at Athens 2, 1883/4, (1888).
37. Thimme, J., “Rosette, Myrte, Spirale und Fisch als Seeligkeitszeichen in etruskischen und unteritalischen Gräbern“ , Opus Nobile. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Ulf Jantzen, Peter Zazoff (yay.), Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1969, 156-163. Toynbee, J. M. C., Death and Burial in the Roman World, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore-London, 1996.
38. Trumpf-Lyritzaki, M., Griechische Figuren des reichen Stils und der späten Klassik, Bonn, 1969.
39. Tucker, A. O., “Identification of the rose, sage, iris, and lily in the “Blue Bird Fresco” from Knossos, Crete (ca. 1450 B.C.E.)”, Economic Botany, Volume 58, Number 4, 2004, 733-736.
40. Zanker P. –Ewald, B. Chr., Mit Mythen leben. Die Bilderwelt der römischen Sarkophage, Hirmer Verlag, München, 2004.
41. Zohary, M., Plants of The Bible, A Complete Handbook. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982.