BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

ARAP BAHARI VE LİBYA: TARİHSEL SÜREÇ VE DEMOKRATİKLEŞME KAVRAMI ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 15, 61 - 90, 01.06.2012

Öz

Arap Baharı süreci ile birlikte, demokrasiyi hiç yaşayamamış Libya halkı da meşru haklarını aramaya başlamış ve 42 yıllık Kaddafi yönetimine son vermiştir. Demokrasi yolunda verilen bu halk mücadelesi tüm dünya genelinde büyük destek görmüştür. Ancak demokratik bir ülke kurma sürecinde önemli zorluklar Libya’yı beklemektedir. Bu çalışma, kavramsal çerçeve ve tarihsel süreç ışığında Libya’nın demokratikleşmesi ve yaşanabilecek muhtemel sorunları ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir

Kaynakça

  • Ahmida, A.A., The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, State University of New York Press, New York, 2009.
  • Al Arabiya News, Libya’s Muslim Brotherhood Holds Their first Congress in Benghazi After 25 Years, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/ 2011/11/18/ 177829.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2011).
  • Alexander, Y., Counterterrorism Strategies: Successes and Failures of Six Nations, Potomac Books, Inc., Washington, 2006.
  • Anderson, L., “Nineteenth-Century. Reform in Ottoman Libya”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Cilt: 16, No: 3, 1984, ss.325-348.
  • Atak, M.S., Harp Sonrası Dünya, Türkiye Emlak Kredi Bankası Yayınları, Ankara, 1966.
  • Ayoub, M.M., Islam and the Third Universal Theory: The Religious Thought of Mu’ammar al-Qadhdhafi, KPI Limite, London, 1987.
  • Barton, L. ve Armstrong, F., Policy, Experience and Change: Cross-Cultural Reflections on Inclusive Education, Springer, New York, 2007. BBC, Arap http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/multimedya/2011/09/110920_dg_ye men.shtml (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011). 20 Eylül 2011,
  • Bender, J.G.; Coleman, J.S.; Sklar, R.L,. African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy, University of California Press, California, 1985.
  • Bhushan, V., Comperative Politics, Atlantic Publishers&Distributors Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.
  • Bilgiç, T., “A Few Questions on “Free Libya””, Hürriyet Daily News, 01 Eylül 2011, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=a-few- questions-on-8216free-libya8217-2011-09-01 (E. Tarihi: 20.10.2011)
  • Blanchard, C.M. ve Zanotti, J., “Libya: Background and U.S. Relations”, Congressional Research Service, http://fpc.state.gov/documents /organization/157348.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2011).
  • Burr, M. ve Collins, R.O., Darfur: The Long Road To Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, 2008.
  • Byman, D., Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.
  • Çağıran, M.E., “Birleşmiş Milletler Zorlama Tedbirleri ve Libya”, Ortadoğu Analiz, cilt: 3, sayı: 27, 2011, ss.15-20.
  • Central Intelligence Agency, The World Fact Book-Libya, 26 October 2011, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/ly.html (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011).
  • CNN (a), Key Facts: Libya Sanctions, 10 February 2004, http: //articles.cnn.com/2004-02-10/world/libya.sanctions.facts_1_libya- sanctions-al-amin-khalifa-fahima-libyan-government?_s=PM: WORLD (Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2011).
  • CNN (b), Libyan Leader's Embrace of Sharia Raises Eyebrows, http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/26/world/africa/libya- sharia/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2011).
  • Cronqvist, L. ve Berg-Schlosser, D., Democratization and Political Culture in Comperative Perspective, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesabaden, 2005.
  • Çelebi, M., Milli Mücadele Döneminde Türk-İtalyan İlişkileri, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 2002.
  • Dahl, R.A., Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989.
  • Davis, B.L., Qaddafi, Terrorism, And The Origins Of The U.S. Attack On Libya, Geenwood Publishing Group, New York, 1990.
  • Dede, A., “The Arab Uprisings: Debating the Turkish Model”, Insight Turkey, Cilt: 13, No: 2, 2011, ss.23-24.
  • Dickerson, M.O.; Flanagan, T.; O’Neill, B., An Introduction to Goverment and Politics, A Conceptual Approach, Nelson Education Ltd., Toronto, 2010.
  • Doğan, G., “Arap Baharı ve Muhtemel Yan Etkisi Terörizm”, 3. Uluslararası Terörizm ve Sınıraşan Suçlar Sempozyumu (UTSAS 2011), Antalya, 09-11 Aralık 2011.
  • Eliot, C.W., American Historical Documents 1000-1904: The Five Foot Shelf of Classics,Vol.XLIII, Cosimo Inc., New York, 2009.
  • Ethridge, M.E. ve Handelman, H., Politics in a Changing World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science, 5th ed., Cengage Learning, Boston, 2010.
  • Farnen, R.F., Nationalizm, Ethnicity, and Identity: Cross National and Comperative Perspectives, Transaction Publishers, New Jersey, 1994.
  • G., Y. ve Lulat, M., A History of African Education From Antiquity to The Present, Praeger Publishers, Connecticut, 2005.
  • Greenberg, S.E., Political Socialization, AdlineTransaction Publishers, New Jersey, 2009.
  • Gros, J.G., Democratization in Late Twentieth-Century Africa: Copying with Uncertainty, Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 1998.
  • Gunn, G.C., New World Hegemony in The Malay World, The Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 2000.
  • Hagger, N., The Libyan Revolution: It’s Origins and Legacy a Memoir and Assessment, O Books, Hampshire, 2009.
  • Huntington, S.P., The Third Wave: Democratization in The Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, 1991.
  • Jeter, J.P., International Afro Mass Media: A Reference Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, Connecticut, 1996.
  • Kataria, A., Democracy on Trial, All Rise , Algora Publishing, New York, 2011.
  • Kelly, R.M., Gender, Globalization, and Demokratization, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Maryland, 2001.
  • Khoury, P.S. ve Kostiner, J., Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1990.
  • Krauss, C., “The Scramble for Access to Libya’s Oil Wealth Begins”, The New York Times, 23 August, 2011, http: //www.nytimes.com/ 2011/08/23/business/global/the-scramble-for-access-to-libyas-oil- wealth-begins.html?pagewanted=all (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011).
  • Luton, L.S., The Politics of Garbage:A Community Perspective on Solid Waste Policy Making, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1996.
  • Marret, J.L., “Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb: A “Glocal” Organization”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol.34, No.6, 2008, 541-552.
  • Matar, K.I. ve Thabit, R.W., Lockerbie and Libya: A Study in Intenational Relations, McFarland, North Carolina, 2004.
  • Middle East Monitor (MEM), “Who is Abdul Hakim Belhadj, the leader of the Libyan rebels?” Middle East Monitor, 05 September 2011, http://www.middleeastmonitor.org.uk/resources/reports-and- publications/2784-who-is-abdul-hakim-belhadj-the-leader-of-the- libyan-rebels (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2011).
  • Metz, H.C., Libya, Kessinger Publications, Montana, 2004.
  • Muedini, Fait., “Islam and Democracy in the Context of the “Arab Spring””, Islam and Muslim Societies : A Social Science Journal, Vol. 5, No.1, Islam_and_Democracy.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2012).
  • http://www.muslimsocieties.org/Vol5/
  • Murray, D., “After spring, winter”, The Spectator, Saturday, 26th November 2011, http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/7418928/after-spring- winter.thtml (Erişim Tarihi: 13.02.2012).
  • Mwenda, M., Amerika Fear No Evil, Xulan Press, Florida, 2008.
  • Nazir, S. ve Tomppert, L., Women’s Rights in The Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice, Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc., Maryland, 2005.
  • National Transitional Council (NTC) (a), http://ntclibya.com (E.Tarihi: 20.09.2011).
  • National Transitional Council (NTC) (b), http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx? SSID=22&ParentID=20&LangID=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2011).
  • National Transitional Council (NTC) (c), http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx? SSID=7&ParentID=3&LangID=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2011).
  • National Transitional Council (NTC) (ç), http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx? SSID=4&ParentID=3&LangID=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2011).
  • Niblock, T., “The Foreign Policy of Libya”, The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, Lynee Rienner Publishers, Inc., Colorado, 2002.
  • Obeidi, A., Political Culture In Libya, Curzon Press, Surrey, 2001. OPEC, Annual //www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/p ublications/ASB2010_2011.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011). http:
  • Otman, W.A. ve Karlberg, E. (2007) The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning, Springer.
  • Öndeş, O., Kardeş Libya, İstanbul, Yağmur Yayınevi, New York, 2007.
  • Qaddafi, M.A., The Green Book, 1979, http: //libya360.wordpress.com/ 2011/03/03/the-green-book-by-muammar-al-gaddafi/ Tarihi: 28.09.2011). (Erişim
  • Price, D.E., Islamic Political Culture, Democracy, and Human Rights: A Comparative Study, Praeger Publishers, Connecticut, 1999.
  • Pridham, G., The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comperative Approach, Continuum, New York, 2000.
  • Potter, D.; Goldblatt, D.; Kiloh, M.; Lewis, P., Democratization, The Open University, Milton Keynes, 1997.
  • Ray, S.N., Modern Comperative Politics: Approaches, Methods and Issues, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 1999.
  • Reich, B., Political Leaders of The Contemporary Middle East and North Africa, Greenwood Press, Inc., Connecticut, 1990.
  • Reisner, H., “Trump: I’d Just Take Libyan Oil”, Newsmax, 22 April 2011, http: gop-birther/2011/04/22/id/393742 (17.10.2011).
  • Robbers, G., Encyclopedia of World Constitutions, Facts on File Inc., New York, 2007.
  • Roots, J., The Politics of Visual Language: Deafness, Language Choice, and Political Socialization, Carleton University Press, Canada, 1999.
  • Sawyer, P.R., Socialization to Civil Society: A Life-History Study of Community Leaders, State University of New York Press, New York, 2005.
  • Schiller, J., Internet View of the Arabic World, Booksurge Publishing, South Carolina, 2009.
  • Schulze, R., A Modern History of The Islamic World, I.B.Tauris&Co Ltd., New York, 2002.
  • Sharma, U. ve Sharma, S.K., Priciples and Theory of Poltical Science, Atlantic Publishers&Distributors Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
  • Silke, A., Terrorists, Victims and Societiy: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and its Consequences, Wiley, New York, 2003.
  • Simons, G.L., Libya and The West: From Indipendence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies, Oxford, 2003.
  • Smith, B.L., Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams, State University of New York Press, New York, 1994.
  • Staar, R.F., Foreign Policies of The Soviet Union, Hoover Institution Press Publication, California, 1991.
  • Stanik, J.T., El Dorado Canyon: Reagen’s Undeclared War with Qaddafi, Naval Institute Press, Maryland, 2003.
  • Stephen, C. ve Penny, T., “Libya Rebels Fight for Sirte as Cameron, Sarkozy Pledge Aid to New Rulers”, Bloomberg, 16 September 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-15/sarkozy-cameron- visit-libya-as-government-seeks-to-consolidate-position.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011)
  • Sullivan, K.L., Muammar Al-Qaddafi’s Libya, Twenty-First Century Books, Minneapolis, 2009.
  • Şıvgın, H., Trablusgarp Savaşı ve 1911-1912 Türk-İtalyan İlişkileri, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 2006.
  • Tal, N., Radical Islam in Egypt and Jordan, Sussex Academic Press, Oregon, 2005.
  • Taşdemir, F., Uluslararası Terörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi, USAK Yayınları, Ankara, 2006.
  • Taylor, M. ve Horgan, J., The Futre of Terrorism, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2000.
  • Thorne, J., Qaddafi Insists Libyan Uprising is “NATO-Backed Charade”, The National, 21 September 2011,http://www.thenational.ae/news /worldwide/africa/qaddafi-insists-libyan-uprising-is-nato-backed- charade (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2011).
  • United Nations, Security Council, A/46/825, S/23306, 31 December 1991, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N91/427/90/IMG/ N9142790.pdf?OpenElement (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011).
  • United Nations (a), Resolution 731, 21 January 1992, http://daccess-dds- ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/010/90/IMG/NR001090. pdf?OpenElement (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011).
  • United Nations (b), Resolution 748, 31 March 2011, http://daccess-dds- ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/07/IMG/NR001107. pdf?OpenElement (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011).
  • United Nations, Resolution 883, 11 November 1993, http: //daccess-dds- ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/626/78/PDF/N9362678.pdf?Op enElement (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011). UNDP, The http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/regional/arabstates/RBAS_ahdr2005 _EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011). Report 2005, 2006,
  • UNESCO, Institute for Statics,UIS Statics in Briet-Education Profile-Libya, 2009,http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.asp x?ReportId =121&IF_Language=en&BR_Country=4340 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011).
  • Üçok, C., Siyasal Tarih 1789-1950, Ankara Hukuk, Ankara, 1967.
  • Vanderwalle, D.J., Libya Since Independence: Oil and State-Building, I.B.Tauris&Co Ltd., London, 1998.
  • Vanderwalle, D.J., A History of Modern Libya Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
  • Vogler, R., A World View Of Criminal Justice, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot Hampshire, 2005.
  • Wallace, J. ve Wilkinson, B., Doing Bussiness With Libya, Kogan Page Ltd., London, 2004.
  • Wiarda, H.J. ve Skelley, E.M., Comperative Politics: Approaches and Issues, Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc., Maryland, 2007.
  • Woshinsky, O.H., Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Politic Behavior, Routledge, New York, 2008.
  • Wright, J., Libya: A Modern History, Croom Helm, London, 1981.

ARAB SPRING AND LIBYA: AN EVELUATION WITHIN THE SCOPE OF HISTORICAL PROCESS AND CONCEPT OF DEMOCRATIZATION

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 15, 61 - 90, 01.06.2012

Öz

Never having experienced the democratical life style in their history; Libyan people started to demand their most legitimate humanitarian rights and terminated 42-year lasting tyranny of Gaddafi in the revolutionary wave of Arab Spring. Their struggle on the way to democracy was supported globally. However, there are plenty of hardships in the process of establishment of the democratic state. This essay aims to put forward the potential challenges of the process of Libyan democratization in the conceptual and historical perspective

Kaynakça

  • Ahmida, A.A., The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, State University of New York Press, New York, 2009.
  • Al Arabiya News, Libya’s Muslim Brotherhood Holds Their first Congress in Benghazi After 25 Years, http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/ 2011/11/18/ 177829.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2011).
  • Alexander, Y., Counterterrorism Strategies: Successes and Failures of Six Nations, Potomac Books, Inc., Washington, 2006.
  • Anderson, L., “Nineteenth-Century. Reform in Ottoman Libya”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Cilt: 16, No: 3, 1984, ss.325-348.
  • Atak, M.S., Harp Sonrası Dünya, Türkiye Emlak Kredi Bankası Yayınları, Ankara, 1966.
  • Ayoub, M.M., Islam and the Third Universal Theory: The Religious Thought of Mu’ammar al-Qadhdhafi, KPI Limite, London, 1987.
  • Barton, L. ve Armstrong, F., Policy, Experience and Change: Cross-Cultural Reflections on Inclusive Education, Springer, New York, 2007. BBC, Arap http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkce/multimedya/2011/09/110920_dg_ye men.shtml (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011). 20 Eylül 2011,
  • Bender, J.G.; Coleman, J.S.; Sklar, R.L,. African Crisis Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy, University of California Press, California, 1985.
  • Bhushan, V., Comperative Politics, Atlantic Publishers&Distributors Ltd., New Delhi, 2006.
  • Bilgiç, T., “A Few Questions on “Free Libya””, Hürriyet Daily News, 01 Eylül 2011, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=a-few- questions-on-8216free-libya8217-2011-09-01 (E. Tarihi: 20.10.2011)
  • Blanchard, C.M. ve Zanotti, J., “Libya: Background and U.S. Relations”, Congressional Research Service, http://fpc.state.gov/documents /organization/157348.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 18.02.2011).
  • Burr, M. ve Collins, R.O., Darfur: The Long Road To Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, 2008.
  • Byman, D., Deadly Connections: States That Sponsor Terrorism, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.
  • Çağıran, M.E., “Birleşmiş Milletler Zorlama Tedbirleri ve Libya”, Ortadoğu Analiz, cilt: 3, sayı: 27, 2011, ss.15-20.
  • Central Intelligence Agency, The World Fact Book-Libya, 26 October 2011, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/ly.html (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011).
  • CNN (a), Key Facts: Libya Sanctions, 10 February 2004, http: //articles.cnn.com/2004-02-10/world/libya.sanctions.facts_1_libya- sanctions-al-amin-khalifa-fahima-libyan-government?_s=PM: WORLD (Erişim Tarihi: 12.10.2011).
  • CNN (b), Libyan Leader's Embrace of Sharia Raises Eyebrows, http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/26/world/africa/libya- sharia/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2011).
  • Cronqvist, L. ve Berg-Schlosser, D., Democratization and Political Culture in Comperative Perspective, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesabaden, 2005.
  • Çelebi, M., Milli Mücadele Döneminde Türk-İtalyan İlişkileri, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 2002.
  • Dahl, R.A., Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989.
  • Davis, B.L., Qaddafi, Terrorism, And The Origins Of The U.S. Attack On Libya, Geenwood Publishing Group, New York, 1990.
  • Dede, A., “The Arab Uprisings: Debating the Turkish Model”, Insight Turkey, Cilt: 13, No: 2, 2011, ss.23-24.
  • Dickerson, M.O.; Flanagan, T.; O’Neill, B., An Introduction to Goverment and Politics, A Conceptual Approach, Nelson Education Ltd., Toronto, 2010.
  • Doğan, G., “Arap Baharı ve Muhtemel Yan Etkisi Terörizm”, 3. Uluslararası Terörizm ve Sınıraşan Suçlar Sempozyumu (UTSAS 2011), Antalya, 09-11 Aralık 2011.
  • Eliot, C.W., American Historical Documents 1000-1904: The Five Foot Shelf of Classics,Vol.XLIII, Cosimo Inc., New York, 2009.
  • Ethridge, M.E. ve Handelman, H., Politics in a Changing World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science, 5th ed., Cengage Learning, Boston, 2010.
  • Farnen, R.F., Nationalizm, Ethnicity, and Identity: Cross National and Comperative Perspectives, Transaction Publishers, New Jersey, 1994.
  • G., Y. ve Lulat, M., A History of African Education From Antiquity to The Present, Praeger Publishers, Connecticut, 2005.
  • Greenberg, S.E., Political Socialization, AdlineTransaction Publishers, New Jersey, 2009.
  • Gros, J.G., Democratization in Late Twentieth-Century Africa: Copying with Uncertainty, Greenwood Press, Connecticut, 1998.
  • Gunn, G.C., New World Hegemony in The Malay World, The Red Sea Press, New Jersey, 2000.
  • Hagger, N., The Libyan Revolution: It’s Origins and Legacy a Memoir and Assessment, O Books, Hampshire, 2009.
  • Huntington, S.P., The Third Wave: Democratization in The Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, Oklahoma, 1991.
  • Jeter, J.P., International Afro Mass Media: A Reference Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, Connecticut, 1996.
  • Kataria, A., Democracy on Trial, All Rise , Algora Publishing, New York, 2011.
  • Kelly, R.M., Gender, Globalization, and Demokratization, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Maryland, 2001.
  • Khoury, P.S. ve Kostiner, J., Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1990.
  • Krauss, C., “The Scramble for Access to Libya’s Oil Wealth Begins”, The New York Times, 23 August, 2011, http: //www.nytimes.com/ 2011/08/23/business/global/the-scramble-for-access-to-libyas-oil- wealth-begins.html?pagewanted=all (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011).
  • Luton, L.S., The Politics of Garbage:A Community Perspective on Solid Waste Policy Making, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, 1996.
  • Marret, J.L., “Al-Qaeda in Islamic Maghreb: A “Glocal” Organization”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol.34, No.6, 2008, 541-552.
  • Matar, K.I. ve Thabit, R.W., Lockerbie and Libya: A Study in Intenational Relations, McFarland, North Carolina, 2004.
  • Middle East Monitor (MEM), “Who is Abdul Hakim Belhadj, the leader of the Libyan rebels?” Middle East Monitor, 05 September 2011, http://www.middleeastmonitor.org.uk/resources/reports-and- publications/2784-who-is-abdul-hakim-belhadj-the-leader-of-the- libyan-rebels (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2011).
  • Metz, H.C., Libya, Kessinger Publications, Montana, 2004.
  • Muedini, Fait., “Islam and Democracy in the Context of the “Arab Spring””, Islam and Muslim Societies : A Social Science Journal, Vol. 5, No.1, Islam_and_Democracy.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2012).
  • http://www.muslimsocieties.org/Vol5/
  • Murray, D., “After spring, winter”, The Spectator, Saturday, 26th November 2011, http://www.spectator.co.uk/essays/all/7418928/after-spring- winter.thtml (Erişim Tarihi: 13.02.2012).
  • Mwenda, M., Amerika Fear No Evil, Xulan Press, Florida, 2008.
  • Nazir, S. ve Tomppert, L., Women’s Rights in The Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice, Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc., Maryland, 2005.
  • National Transitional Council (NTC) (a), http://ntclibya.com (E.Tarihi: 20.09.2011).
  • National Transitional Council (NTC) (b), http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx? SSID=22&ParentID=20&LangID=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2011).
  • National Transitional Council (NTC) (c), http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx? SSID=7&ParentID=3&LangID=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2011).
  • National Transitional Council (NTC) (ç), http://ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx? SSID=4&ParentID=3&LangID=1 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2011).
  • Niblock, T., “The Foreign Policy of Libya”, The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, Lynee Rienner Publishers, Inc., Colorado, 2002.
  • Obeidi, A., Political Culture In Libya, Curzon Press, Surrey, 2001. OPEC, Annual //www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/p ublications/ASB2010_2011.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011). http:
  • Otman, W.A. ve Karlberg, E. (2007) The Libyan Economy: Economic Diversification and International Repositioning, Springer.
  • Öndeş, O., Kardeş Libya, İstanbul, Yağmur Yayınevi, New York, 2007.
  • Qaddafi, M.A., The Green Book, 1979, http: //libya360.wordpress.com/ 2011/03/03/the-green-book-by-muammar-al-gaddafi/ Tarihi: 28.09.2011). (Erişim
  • Price, D.E., Islamic Political Culture, Democracy, and Human Rights: A Comparative Study, Praeger Publishers, Connecticut, 1999.
  • Pridham, G., The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comperative Approach, Continuum, New York, 2000.
  • Potter, D.; Goldblatt, D.; Kiloh, M.; Lewis, P., Democratization, The Open University, Milton Keynes, 1997.
  • Ray, S.N., Modern Comperative Politics: Approaches, Methods and Issues, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 1999.
  • Reich, B., Political Leaders of The Contemporary Middle East and North Africa, Greenwood Press, Inc., Connecticut, 1990.
  • Reisner, H., “Trump: I’d Just Take Libyan Oil”, Newsmax, 22 April 2011, http: gop-birther/2011/04/22/id/393742 (17.10.2011).
  • Robbers, G., Encyclopedia of World Constitutions, Facts on File Inc., New York, 2007.
  • Roots, J., The Politics of Visual Language: Deafness, Language Choice, and Political Socialization, Carleton University Press, Canada, 1999.
  • Sawyer, P.R., Socialization to Civil Society: A Life-History Study of Community Leaders, State University of New York Press, New York, 2005.
  • Schiller, J., Internet View of the Arabic World, Booksurge Publishing, South Carolina, 2009.
  • Schulze, R., A Modern History of The Islamic World, I.B.Tauris&Co Ltd., New York, 2002.
  • Sharma, U. ve Sharma, S.K., Priciples and Theory of Poltical Science, Atlantic Publishers&Distributors Ltd., New Delhi, 2000.
  • Silke, A., Terrorists, Victims and Societiy: Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism and its Consequences, Wiley, New York, 2003.
  • Simons, G.L., Libya and The West: From Indipendence to Lockerbie, Centre for Libyan Studies, Oxford, 2003.
  • Smith, B.L., Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams, State University of New York Press, New York, 1994.
  • Staar, R.F., Foreign Policies of The Soviet Union, Hoover Institution Press Publication, California, 1991.
  • Stanik, J.T., El Dorado Canyon: Reagen’s Undeclared War with Qaddafi, Naval Institute Press, Maryland, 2003.
  • Stephen, C. ve Penny, T., “Libya Rebels Fight for Sirte as Cameron, Sarkozy Pledge Aid to New Rulers”, Bloomberg, 16 September 2011, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-15/sarkozy-cameron- visit-libya-as-government-seeks-to-consolidate-position.html (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011)
  • Sullivan, K.L., Muammar Al-Qaddafi’s Libya, Twenty-First Century Books, Minneapolis, 2009.
  • Şıvgın, H., Trablusgarp Savaşı ve 1911-1912 Türk-İtalyan İlişkileri, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara, 2006.
  • Tal, N., Radical Islam in Egypt and Jordan, Sussex Academic Press, Oregon, 2005.
  • Taşdemir, F., Uluslararası Terörizme Karşı Devletlerin Kuvvete Başvurma Yetkisi, USAK Yayınları, Ankara, 2006.
  • Taylor, M. ve Horgan, J., The Futre of Terrorism, Frank Cass Publishers, London, 2000.
  • Thorne, J., Qaddafi Insists Libyan Uprising is “NATO-Backed Charade”, The National, 21 September 2011,http://www.thenational.ae/news /worldwide/africa/qaddafi-insists-libyan-uprising-is-nato-backed- charade (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2011).
  • United Nations, Security Council, A/46/825, S/23306, 31 December 1991, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N91/427/90/IMG/ N9142790.pdf?OpenElement (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011).
  • United Nations (a), Resolution 731, 21 January 1992, http://daccess-dds- ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/010/90/IMG/NR001090. pdf?OpenElement (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011).
  • United Nations (b), Resolution 748, 31 March 2011, http://daccess-dds- ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/011/07/IMG/NR001107. pdf?OpenElement (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011).
  • United Nations, Resolution 883, 11 November 1993, http: //daccess-dds- ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/626/78/PDF/N9362678.pdf?Op enElement (Erişim Tarihi: 09.10.2011). UNDP, The http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/regional/arabstates/RBAS_ahdr2005 _EN.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011). Report 2005, 2006,
  • UNESCO, Institute for Statics,UIS Statics in Briet-Education Profile-Libya, 2009,http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.asp x?ReportId =121&IF_Language=en&BR_Country=4340 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.10.2011).
  • Üçok, C., Siyasal Tarih 1789-1950, Ankara Hukuk, Ankara, 1967.
  • Vanderwalle, D.J., Libya Since Independence: Oil and State-Building, I.B.Tauris&Co Ltd., London, 1998.
  • Vanderwalle, D.J., A History of Modern Libya Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2006.
  • Vogler, R., A World View Of Criminal Justice, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot Hampshire, 2005.
  • Wallace, J. ve Wilkinson, B., Doing Bussiness With Libya, Kogan Page Ltd., London, 2004.
  • Wiarda, H.J. ve Skelley, E.M., Comperative Politics: Approaches and Issues, Rowman & Littlefield Publisher, Inc., Maryland, 2007.
  • Woshinsky, O.H., Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Politic Behavior, Routledge, New York, 2008.
  • Wright, J., Libya: A Modern History, Croom Helm, London, 1981.
Toplam 94 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA27ZA44JC
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gürkan Doğan Bu kişi benim

Bülent Durgun Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, G., & Durgun, B. (2012). ARAP BAHARI VE LİBYA: TARİHSEL SÜREÇ VE DEMOKRATİKLEŞME KAVRAMI ÇERÇEVESİNDE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(15), 61-90.

.