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TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23, 21 - 43, 22.06.2022

Öz

Hava kirliliği, temelde atmosferin doğal özelliklerinde olumsuz yönde yaşanan değişim şeklinde ifade edilmektedir. Bu değişime yol açan kimyasal, fiziksel ve biyolojik maddeler ise hava kirletici olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Söz konusu maddeleri ortaya çıkaran çeşitli doğal faktörler bulunsa da, bu maddeler ağırlıklı olarak beşeri faaliyetlerden kaynaklanmaktadır. Covid-19 salgını kapsamında alınan tedbirlerin, bu faaliyetlerde bir daralmaya yol açtığı düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin hava kalitesinde Covid-19 salgını döneminde bir değişim olup olmadığını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Covid-19 öncesi dönem ve Covid-19 dönemini kapsayan Nisan 2019-Mart 2021 tarih aralığında Türkiye’de seçilen illerin hava kalitesi; PM10, O3, NO2 ve SO2 değişkenleri kullanılarak TOPSIS yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Söz konusu tarih aralığı altı aylık dört dönem şeklinde ele alınmıştır. Değişkenler açısından dönemler arasındaki farklılık, Kruskall-Wallis H ve Tamhane’s T2 testleri ile kontrol edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz sonucunda seçilmiş illerin Covid-19 döneminde hava kalitelerinde kısmi bir iyileşme olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu iyileşme üzerinde mevsimsel değişimlerin yanı sıra Covid-19 salgını kapsamında alınan önlemlerin de etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

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  • Baysan, C., Yavaş, S. P. & Çöl, M. (2021). Change in Air Pollution and Human Mobility Trends During COVID-19 Lockdown Measures in Turkey, The Anatolian Journal of Family Medicine, 4(2), 170-177.
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  • Bilgili, M. Y. (2020). Sürdürülebilir Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Çevre Bilinci, Katı Atık ve Enerji Yönetimi Uygulamaları, İstanbul: Ekin Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
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  • Bozkurt, B., Eğrilmez, S., Şengör, T., Yıldırım, Ö. & İrkeç, M. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Information for Ophthalmologists, Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology, 50(2), 59-63.
  • Brandt, E. B., Beck, A. F. & Mersha, T. B. (2020). Air Pollution, Racial Disparities and COVID-19 Mortality, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 146(1), 61-63.
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  • Carslaw, D. (2020). Provisional Analysis of Welsh Air Quality Monitoring Data – Impacts of Covid-19, Oxford: Ricardo Energy & Environment.
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  • Çakmaklı, C., Demiralp, S., Yeşiltaş, S. & Yıldırım, M. A. (2021). An Evaluation of the Turkish Economy during Covid-19, Centre for Applied Turkey Studies (CATS) Working Paper, No. 01.
  • Dağlı, E., Aydın, M. M. & Çoruk, E. (2021). Şehir İçi Ana Arterlerde COVID-19 Kısıtlamalarından Dolayı Trafik Akımlarında Meydana Gelen Değişimlerin İncelenmesi: Antalya Örneği, Kent Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(34), 1199-1225.
  • Donzelli, G., Cioni, L., Cancellieri, M., Llopis-Morales, A. & Suárez-Varela, M. M. (2021). Relations between Air Quality and Covid-19 Lockdown Measures in Valencia, Spain, Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052296.
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  • Eroğlu, E. (2020). Covid-19’un Ekonomik Etkilerinin ve Pandemiyle Mücadele Sürecinde Alınan Ekonomik Tedbirlerin Değerlendirilmesi, International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 211-236. Ertürk, H. (2018). Çevre Bilimleri, Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi.
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  • Filonchyk, M., Hurynovich, V. & Yan, H. (2021). Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Air Quality in the Poland, Eastern Europe, Environmental Research, 198, 110454, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110454.
  • Galeazzi, A., Cinelli, M., Bonaccorsi, G., Pierri, F., Schmidt, A.L., Scala, A., Pammolli, F. & Quattrociocchi, W. (2021). Human Mobility in Response to COVID‐19 in France, Italy and UK, Scientifc Reports, 11(13141), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92399-2.
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EVALUATION OF AIR QUALITY IN TURKEY IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23, 21 - 43, 22.06.2022

Öz

Air pollution is mainly expressed as a negative change in the natural characteristics of the atmosphere. The chemical, physical and biological substances that cause this change are called air pollutants. Although there are various natural factors that reveal these substances, it is mainly due to human activity. The measures taken under the Covid-19 outbreak are believed to have led to a narrowing in these activities. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether there has been a change in the period of the Covid-19 epidemic in the air quality of Turkey. For this purpose, air quality of selected provinces in Turkey between April 2019 and March 2021, covering the before Covid-19 and Covid-19 period, is analyzed by TOPSIS method using PM10, O3, NO2 and SO2 variables. The date range used in the study is divided into four different periods. The difference between periods in terms of variables is checked by the Kruskall-Wallis H and Tamhane’s T2 tests. As a result of the analysis, it is determined that there was a partial improvement in the air quality of the selected provinces in the Covid-19 period. It is concluded that both seasonal changes and the measures taken within the scope of the Covid-19 epidemic are also effective on this improvement.

Kaynakça

  • Amann, M., Forsberg, B., Hänninen, O., Krzyzanowski, M., Leeuw F. D., Liu, S. J., Mandin, C. Schneider, J., Schwarze, P. & Simpson, D. (2008). Health Risks of Ozone from Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
  • Anderson, J. O., Thundiyil, J. G. & Stolbach, A. (2012). Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health, Journal of Medical Toxicology: Official Journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 8(2), 166-175.
  • Bălă, G. P., Râjnoveanu, R. M., Tudorache, E., Motișan, R. & Oancea, C. (2021). Air Pollution Exposure-The (In)visible Risk Factor for Respiratory Diseases, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(16), 19615-19629.
  • Başoğlu, A. & Akyazı, H. (2015). Çevresel Sorunların Makroekonomik Analizinde Çevreye Uyarlanmış IS-LM Modeli, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 37(2), 129-151.
  • Baysan, C., Yavaş, S. P. & Çöl, M. (2021). Change in Air Pollution and Human Mobility Trends During COVID-19 Lockdown Measures in Turkey, The Anatolian Journal of Family Medicine, 4(2), 170-177.
  • Benton, M., Batalova, J., Davidoff-Gore, S. & Schmidt, T. (2021). COVID-19 and the State of Global Mobility in 2020, Washington: Migration Policy Institute.
  • Bilgili, M. Y. (2020). Sürdürülebilir Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Çevre Bilinci, Katı Atık ve Enerji Yönetimi Uygulamaları, İstanbul: Ekin Basım Yayım Dağıtım.
  • Bostan, S., Erdem, R., Öztürk, Y. E., Kılıç, T. & Yılmaz, A. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Turkish Society, Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(6), 1-8.
  • Bozkurt, B., Eğrilmez, S., Şengör, T., Yıldırım, Ö. & İrkeç, M. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Clinical Information for Ophthalmologists, Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology, 50(2), 59-63.
  • Brandt, E. B., Beck, A. F. & Mersha, T. B. (2020). Air Pollution, Racial Disparities and COVID-19 Mortality, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 146(1), 61-63.
  • Cakir, B. (2020). COVID-19 in Turkey: Lessons Learned, Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.200520.001.
  • Carslaw, D. (2020). Provisional Analysis of Welsh Air Quality Monitoring Data – Impacts of Covid-19, Oxford: Ricardo Energy & Environment.
  • Chen, S. J. & Hwang C. L. (1992). Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making: Methods and Applications, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Çakmaklı, C., Demiralp, S., Yeşiltaş, S. & Yıldırım, M. A. (2021). An Evaluation of the Turkish Economy during Covid-19, Centre for Applied Turkey Studies (CATS) Working Paper, No. 01.
  • Dağlı, E., Aydın, M. M. & Çoruk, E. (2021). Şehir İçi Ana Arterlerde COVID-19 Kısıtlamalarından Dolayı Trafik Akımlarında Meydana Gelen Değişimlerin İncelenmesi: Antalya Örneği, Kent Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(34), 1199-1225.
  • Donzelli, G., Cioni, L., Cancellieri, M., Llopis-Morales, A. & Suárez-Varela, M. M. (2021). Relations between Air Quality and Covid-19 Lockdown Measures in Valencia, Spain, Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052296.
  • Dutheil, F., Baker, S.J. & Navel, V. (2020). COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution?, Environmental Pollution, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114466.
  • Eroğlu, E. (2020). Covid-19’un Ekonomik Etkilerinin ve Pandemiyle Mücadele Sürecinde Alınan Ekonomik Tedbirlerin Değerlendirilmesi, International Journal of Public Finance, 5(2), 211-236. Ertürk, H. (2018). Çevre Bilimleri, Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi.
  • Fattorini, D. & Regoli, F. (2020). Role of the Chronic Air Pollution Levels in the Covid-19 Outbreak Risk in Italy, Environmental Pollution, 264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114732.
  • Filonchyk, M., Hurynovich, V. & Yan, H. (2021). Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Air Quality in the Poland, Eastern Europe, Environmental Research, 198, 110454, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110454.
  • Galeazzi, A., Cinelli, M., Bonaccorsi, G., Pierri, F., Schmidt, A.L., Scala, A., Pammolli, F. & Quattrociocchi, W. (2021). Human Mobility in Response to COVID‐19 in France, Italy and UK, Scientifc Reports, 11(13141), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92399-2.
  • Grantz, D. A., Garner, J. H. B. & Johnson, D. W. (2003). Ecological Effects of Particulate Matter, Environment International, 29(2-3), 213-239.
  • Heintzelman, A., Filippelli, G. & Lulla, V. (2021). Substantial Decreases in U.S. Cities’ Ground-Based NO2 Concentrations During COVID-19 from Reduced Transportation, Sustainability, 13(16), https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169030.
  • Henao, J. J., Rendón, A. M., Hernández, K. S., Giraldo-Ramirez, P. A., Robledo, V., Posada-Marín, J. A., Bernal, N., Salazar, J. F. & Mejía, J. F. (2021). Differential Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown and Regional Fire on the Air Quality of Medellín, Colombia, Atmosphere, 12(9), https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091137.
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  • Keleş, R. & Hamamcı, C. (1998). Çevrebilim, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Keleş, R., Hamamcı, C. & Çoban, A. (2015). Çevre Politikası, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Lelieveld, J., Pozzer, A., Pöschl, U., Fnais, M., Haines, A. & Münzel, T. (2020). Loss of Life Expectancy from Air Pollution Compared to Other Risk Factors: A Worldwide Perspective, Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Research, 116(11), 1910-1917.
  • Martini, M., Gazzaniga, V., Bragazzi, N. & Barberis, I. (2019). The Spanish Influenza Pandemic: A Lesson from History 100 Years after 1918, Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 60(1), https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.1.1205, E64-E70.
  • McCann, J. E., Zajchowski, C. A. B., Hill, E. L. & Zhu, X. (2021). Air Pollution and Outdoor Recreation on Urban Trails: A Case Study of the Elizabeth River Trail, Norfolk, Atmosphere, 12(10), 1304. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101304.
  • Menut, L., Bessagnet, B., Siour, G., Mailler, S., Pennel, R. & Cholakian, A. (2020). Impact of Lockdown Measures to Combat Covid-19 on Air Quality Over Western Europe, Science of the Total Environment, 741, 140426, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140426.
  • Muhammad, S., Long, X. & Salman, M. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and Environmental Pollution: A Blessing in Disguise?, Science of the Total Environment, 728, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138820.
  • Ouyang, W., Guo, B., Cai, G., Li, Q., Han, S., Liu, B. & Liu, X. (2015). The Washing Effect of Precipitation on Particulate Matter and the Pollution Dynamics of Rainwater in Downtown Beijing, Science of The Total Environment, 505, 306-314.
  • Ozaydin, O. & Ulengin, F. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on the Transport Sector and Measures as Well as Recommendations of Policies and Future Research: A Report on Turkey, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3686628.
  • Pan, S., Jung, J., Li, Z., Hou, X., Roy, A., Choi, Y. & Gao, H. O. (2020). Air Quality Implications of COVID-19 in California, Sustainability, 12(17), https://doi.org/10.3390/su12177067.
  • Pepe, E., Bajardi, P., Gauvin, L., Privitera, F., Lake, B., Cattuto, C. & Tizzoni, M. (2020). COVID-19 Outbreak Response: a First Assessment of Mobility Changes in Italy Following National Lockdown, Scientific Data, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-00575-2.
  • Potts, D., Marais, E. A., Boesch, H., Pope R. J., Lee, J., Drysdale, W., ChipperField, M. P., Kerridge, B., Siddans, R., Moore, D. P. & Remedios, J. (2021). Diagnosing Air Quality Changes in the UK During the COVID-19 Lockdown Using TROPOMI and GEOS-Chem, Environmental Research Letters, 16(5), https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abde5d.
  • Qiu, W., Rutherford, S., Mao, A. & Chu, C. (2017). The Pandemic and its Impacts, Health, Culture and Society, 9, 1-11.
  • Sarpong, S. A., Donkoh, R. F., Konnuba, J. K. S., Ohene-Agyei, C. & Lee, Y. (2021). Analysis of PM2.5, PM10, and Total Suspended Particle Exposure in the Tema Metropolitan Area of Ghana, Atmosphere, 12(6), https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060700.
  • Saunders-Hastings, P. R. & Krewski, D. (2016). Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza: Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission, Pathogens, 5(4), 66, https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens5040066.
  • Shareef, M. M., Husain, T. & Alharbi, B. (2018). Analysis of Relationship Between O3, NO, and NO2 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 12(1), 17-29.
  • Skirienė, A. K. & Stasiškienė, Ž. (2021). COVID-19 and Air Pollution: Measuring Pandemic Impact to Air Quality in Five European Countries, Atmosphere, 12(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030290.
  • Torkmahalleh, M. A., Akhmetvaliyeva, Z., Darvishi Omran, A., Darvish Omran, F., Kazemitabar, M., Naseri, M., ... & Xie, S. (2021). Global Air Quality and Covid-19 Pandemic: Do We Breathe Cleaner Air?, Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 21(4), https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200567.
  • US EPA. (2013). America’s Children and the Environment, Washington: EPA.
  • US EPA. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-air-pollutants 17.09.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Ünal, H. & Aktuğ, M. (2022a). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Kapsamında Türkiye’de Çevre Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi, İnsan & Toplum, 12(1), 113-136, https://doi.org/10.12658/M0647.
  • Ünal, H. & Aktuğ, M. (2022b). The Impact of Human Capital and Bio‑capacity on the Environmental Quality: Evidence from G20 Countries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19122-0.
  • Voyvoda, E. & Yeldan, A. E. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Turkey’s Economy and a Policy Alternative for Protecting Labor Incomes, Political Economy Research Institute (PERI) Working Paper, No. 518.
  • WBG. (1998). Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook, Washington: World Bank Group.
  • WHO. (1980). Glossary on Air Pollution, Copenhagen: WHO Regional Publications.
  • WHO. (2016). Ambient Air Pollution: A Global Assessment of Exposure and Burden of Disease, Geneva: WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250141/9789241511353-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y 02.03.2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • WHO. (2018). Fact Sheets on Sustainable Development Goals: Health Targets, Copenhagen: The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization.
  • WHO. (2020a). WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-Covid-19---11-march-2020 20.09.2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • WHO. (2020b). Turkey’s Response to Covid-19: First Impressions, Ankara: The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization.
  • Wu, X., Nethery, R. C., Benjamin, M., Braun, D. & Dominici, F. (2020). Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Mortality in the United States: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study, MedRxiv and BioRxiv, https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20054502.
  • Xia, T., Zhu, Y., Mu, L., Zhang, Z. F. & Liu, S. (2016). Pulmonary Diseases Induced by Ambient Ultrafine and Engineered Nanoparticles in Twenty-First Century, National Science Review, 3(4), 416-429.
  • Yıkıcı, A. (2021). Terörizmin Değişen Doğası: Eko-Terörizm ve Çevresel Terörizm, 20. Uluslararası Kamu Yönetimi Forumu Tam Metin Bildiri Kitabı, 1029-1039.
  • Yıkıcı, A., Ünal, H. & Çolak, Ç. (2022). The Effect of Applied Public Policies in Struggle with Covid-19 on Air Pollution: An Empirical Analysis for The Marmara Region, Ö. Uğur & K. C. Doğan (Eds.), Turkey in A Changing World Order Economics, Politics and Foreign Policy, London: IJOPEC Publication, 121-138.
  • Yildirimli, M. & Öztürk, Y. (2020). Covid-19 Industry Report Turkey, https://www.s-ge.com/sites/default/files/static/downloads/s-ge-20203-c5-covid-19_industry_report_turkey_20200707.pdf 28.02.2022 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Yoon K. P. & Hwang C. L. (1995). Multiple Attribute Decision Making: An Introduction, New York: Sage University Papers (Series: Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences).
  • Zalakeviciute, R., Vasquez, R., Bayas, D., Buenano, A., Mejia, D., Zegarra, R., Diaz, A. & Lamb, B. (2020). Drastic Improvements in Air Quality in Ecuador during the COVID-19 Outbreak. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 20, 1783–1792. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2020.05.0254.
  • Zhu, Y., Xie, J., Huang, F. & Cao, L. (2020). Association Between Short-term Exposure to Air Pollution and COVID-19 Infection: Evidence from China, Science of The Total Environment, 727, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138704.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Abdulgazi Yıkıcı 0000-0003-1230-1612

Hüseyin Ünal 0000-0001-6323-1322

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ekim 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıkıcı, A., & Ünal, H. (2022). TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(23), 21-43.
AMA Yıkıcı A, Ünal H. TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. KTÜSBD. Haziran 2022;12(23):21-43.
Chicago Yıkıcı, Abdulgazi, ve Hüseyin Ünal. “TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12, sy. 23 (Haziran 2022): 21-43.
EndNote Yıkıcı A, Ünal H (01 Haziran 2022) TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12 23 21–43.
IEEE A. Yıkıcı ve H. Ünal, “TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”, KTÜSBD, c. 12, sy. 23, ss. 21–43, 2022.
ISNAD Yıkıcı, Abdulgazi - Ünal, Hüseyin. “TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 12/23 (Haziran 2022), 21-43.
JAMA Yıkıcı A, Ünal H. TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. KTÜSBD. 2022;12:21–43.
MLA Yıkıcı, Abdulgazi ve Hüseyin Ünal. “TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ”. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 23, 2022, ss. 21-43.
Vancouver Yıkıcı A, Ünal H. TÜRKİYE’DE HAVA KALİTESİNİN COVID-19 BAĞLAMINDA DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. KTÜSBD. 2022;12(23):21-43.

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