Intestinal Microbiota And The Effect Of Probiotics On Microbiota In Gastrointestinal System Diseases

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 29 - 41, 31.08.2023

Kardelen Yılmaz , Kevser Karlı

https://doi.org/10.59778/sbfdergisi.1314182

Öz

Microbiota is the system that includes microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. These microorganisms in the intestinal microbiota have undertaken various tasks, such as the breakdown of short-chain fatty acids, the synthesis of vitamins, the modulation of biliary acid metabolism, the regulation of the immune system, and the production of antimicrobial factors. The intestinal microbiota is balanced regarding the number and diversity of microorganisms in healthy individuals. However, it has been reported that individuals with gastrointestinal system (GIS) disease have a different microbiota than healthy individuals, and the number and diversity of microorganisms vary. Probiotics are thought to play an active role in treating and managing these diseases, reducing symptoms, maintaining microbiota balance, and preventing dysbiosis. Clinicians have frequently recommended the use of various probiotic strains in recent years. However, researchers think probiotics are effective in GIS diseases, but personalized treatment strategies should be developed. In addition, according to the research results, the researchers' general opinion is that further research should be done on the doses and durations of the specific probiotic species to be used for the disease.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gut Microbiota, Gastrointestinal System Diseases, Probiotic

Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Gastrointestinal Sistem Hastalıklarında Probiyotiklerin Mikrobiyotaya Etkisi

Öz

Mikrobiyota başta bakteriler olmak üzere, virüs, mantar, protozoa gibi mikroorganizmaları içeren sistemdir. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasındaki bu mikroorganizmalar kısa zincirli yağ asitlerinin yıkılması, vitaminlerin sentezi, biliyer asit metabolizmasının modülasyonu, immün sistemin düzenlenmesi, antimikrobiyal faktörlerin üretiminin sağlanması gibi çeşitli görevler üstlenmiştir. Sağlıklı bireylerde bağırsak mikrobiyotası mikroorganizmaların sayısı ve çeşitliliği açısından dengelidir. Ancak gastrointestinal sistem (GİS) hastalığı olan bireylerin sağlıklı bireylerden farklı bir mikrobiyotaya sahip olduğu, mikroorganizmaların sayı ve çeşitliliğinin farklılık gösterdiği bildirilmektedir. Probiyotiklerin bu hastalıkların tedavisinde ve yönetilmesinde, semptomların azaltılmasında, mikrobiyota dengesinin korunmasında ve disbiyozun önlenmesinde aktif rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. Klinisyenler son yıllarda sıklıkla çeşitli probiyotik suşlarının kullanımını önermektedir. Ancak araştırmacılar GİS hastalıklarında probiyotiklerin etkili olduğunu fakat kişiselleştirilmiş tedavi statejilerinin geliştirilmesi gerektiğini düşünmektedir. Ayrıca yapılan araştırma sonuçlarına göre araştırmacıların genel kanısı hastalığa özgü olarak kullanılacak spesifik probiyotik türlerinin doz ve süreleri için ileri araştırmalar yapılması gerektiği şeklindedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası, Gastrointestinal Sistem Hastalıkları, Probiyotik

Kaynakça

• Akal, C., Yetişmeyen, A. (2020). Probiyotik ve prebiyotik tüketimin laktoz intoleransı üzerine etkileri. Gıda, 45 (2), 380-389. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD20016
• Amanpour, A., Kahraman, S., Karakaş, P. E., & Çelik, F. (2022). Kolorektal kanser, bağırsak mikrobiyotası ve beslenme. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(1), 50-59. https://doi.org/10.46413/boneyusbad.982423
• Araújo, M. M., & Botelho, P. B. (2022). Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in chronic constipation: Outstanding aspects to be considered for the current evidence. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 935830. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.935830
• Asha, M. Z., & Khalil, S. F. H. (2020). Efficacy and safety of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in the treatment of ırritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 20(1), e13–e24. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.003
• Benjak Horvat, I., Gobin, I., Kresović, A., & Hauser, G. (2021). How can probiotic improve irritable bowel syndrome symptoms?. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 13(9), 923–940. https://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v13.i9.923
• Bodke, H., & Jogdand, S. (2022). Role of probiotics in human health. Cureus, 14(11), e31313. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.31313
• Caio, G., Lungaro, L., Segata, N., Guarino, M., Zoli, G., Volta, U., & De Giorgio, R. (2020). Effect of gluten-free diet on gut microbiota composition in patients with celiac disease and non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity. Nutrients, 12(6), 1832. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061832
• Cunningham, M., Azcarate-Peril, M. A., Barnard, A., Benoit, V., Grimaldi, R., Guyonnet, D., ... & Gibson, G. R. (2021). Shaping the future of probiotics and prebiotics. Trends in Microbiology, 29(8), 667-685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2021.01.003
• de Oliveira, L. S., Wendt, G. W., Crestani, A. P. J., & Casaril, K. B. P. B. (2022). The use of probiotics and prebiotics can enable the ingestion of dairy products by lactose intolerant individuals. Clinical Nutrition,41(12), 2644-2650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.10.003
• Dimidi, E., Mark Scott, S., & Whelan, K. (2020). Probiotics and constipation: mechanisms of action, evidence for effectiveness and utilisation by patients and healthcare professionals. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 79(1), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665119000934
• Djuric, Z., Bassis, C. M., Plegue, M. A., Ren, J., Chan, R., Sidahmed, E., Turgeon, D. K., Ruffin, M. T., 4th, Kato, I., & Sen, A. (2018). Colonic mucosal bacteria are associated with ınter-ındividual variability in serum carotenoid concentrations. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 118(4), 606–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2017.09.013
• Facioni, M. S., Raspini, B., Pivari, F., Dogliotti, E., & Cena, H. (2020). Nutritional management of lactose intolerance: the importance of diet and food labelling. Journal of Translational Medicine, 18, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02429-2
• FAO/WHO. (2001). Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; World Health Organization: Cordoba, Argentina.
• Ford, A. C., Harris, L. A., Lacy, B. E., Quigley, E. M., & Moayyedi, P. (2018). Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the efficacy of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in irritable bowel syndrome. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 48(10), 1044-1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15001
• García-Montero, C., Fraile-Martínez, O., Gómez-Lahoz, A. M., Pekarek, L., Castellanos, A. J., Noguerales-Fraguas, F., ... & Ortega, M. A. (2021). Nutritional components in Western diet versus Mediterranean diet at the gut microbiota–immune system interplay. Implications for health and disease. Nutrients, 13(2), 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020699
• Harris, R. G., Neale, E. P., & Ferreira, I. (2019). When poorly conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses can mislead: a critical appraisal and update of systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining the effects of probiotics in the treatment of functional constipation in children. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 110(1), 177-195. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz071
• İbrahim, S. A., Gyawali, R., Awaisheh, S. S., Ayivi, R. D., Silva, R. C., Subedi, K., ... & Krastanov, A. (2021). Fermented foods and probiotics: an approach to lactose intolerance. Journal of Dairy Research, 88(3), 357-365. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029921000625
• Illescas, O., Rodríguez-Sosa, M., & Gariboldi, M. (2021). Mediterranean diet to prevent the development of colon diseases: a meta-analysis of gut microbiota studies. Nutrients, 13(7), 2234. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072234
• İsmailoğlu, Ö., & Yılmaz, H. Ö. (2019). Probiyotik kullanımının bağırsak mikrobiyotası üzerine etkisi. Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 38-56.
• Kambale, R. M., Nancy, F. I., Ngaboyeka, G. A., Kasengi, J. B., Bindels, L. B., & Van der Linden, D. (2021). Effects of probiotics and synbiotics on diarrhea in undernourished children: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition, 40(5), 3158-3169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.026
• Karatay, E. (2019). Mikrobiyota, prebiyotik ve probiyotikler. Anadolu Güncel Tıp Dergisi, 1(3), 68-71. Leis, R., de Castro, M. J., de Lamas, C., Picáns, R., & Couce, M. L. (2020). Effects of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on lactase deficiency and lactose intolerance: a systematic review of controlled trials. Nutrients, 12(5), 1487. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051487
• Li, Z., Zhu, G., Li, C., Lai, H., Liu, X., & Zhang, L. (2021). Which probiotic is the most effective for treating acute diarrhea in children? A bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients, 13(12), 4319. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124319
• Liu, Y., Tran, D. Q., & Rhoads, J. M. (2018). Probiotics in disease prevention and treatment. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 58, 164-179. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1121
• Nazir, A., Qamar, M. M., Sheikh, F. M., Faima, N., Aslam, S., & Saleem, S. (2021). Comparative efficacy of racecadotril versus loperamide and probiotics in acute diarrheal illness of adults. The Professional Medical Journal, 28(04), 605-609. https://doi.org/10.29309/TPMJ/2021.28.04.5846
• Merenstein, D., Pot, B., Leyer, G., Ouwehand, A. C., Preidis, G. A., Elkins, C. A., ... & Sanders, M. E. (2023). Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives. Gut microbes, 15(1), 2185034. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2023.2185034
• McFarland, L. V., Karakan, T., & Karatas, A. (2021). Strain-specific and outcome-specific efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 41, 101154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101154
• Oak, S. J., & Jha, R. (2019). The effects of probiotics in lactose intolerance: A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(11), 1675–1683. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1425977
• Piccioni, A., Covino, M., Candelli, M., Ojetti, V., Capacci, A., Gasbarrini, A., ... & Merra, G. (2023). How do diet patterns, single foods, prebiotics and probiotics ımpact gut microbiota?. Microbiology Research, 14(1), 390-408. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14010030
• Plaza-Diaz, J., Ruiz-Ojeda, F. J., Gil-Campos, M., & Gil, A. (2019). Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 10(suppl_1), S49–S66. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy063
• Rinninella, E., Tohumcu, E., Raoul, P., Fiorani, M., Cintoni, M., Mele, M. C., Cammarota, G., Gasbarrini, A., & Ianiro, G. (2023). The role of diet in shaping human gut microbiota. Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology, 62-63, 101828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101828
• Sen, M. (2019). Role of probiotics in health and disease–A review. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2019v02i02.001.
• Sidhu, S. R. K., Kok, C. W., Kunasegaran, T., & Ramadas, A. (2023). Effect of plant-based diets on gut microbiota: a systematic review of ınterventional studies. Nutrients, 15(6), 1510. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061510
• Skokovic-Sunjic, D. (2020). Clinical Guide to probiotic products available in Canada. Indications, Dosage Forms, and Clinical Evidence to Date-2020 Edition, 2020.
• Vakadaris, G., Stefanis, C., Giorgi, E., Brouvalis, M., Voidarou, C., Kourkoutas, Y., ... & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2023). The role of probiotics in inducing and maintaining remission in crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: a systematic review of the literature. Biomedicines, 11(2), 494. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020494
• van der Schoot, A., Helander, C., Whelan, K., & Dimidi, E. (2022). Probiotics and synbiotics in chronic constipation in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, 41(12), 2759-2777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.10.015
• Vitellio, P., Celano, G., Bonfrate, L., Gobbetti, M., Portincasa, P., & De Angelis, M. (2019). Effects of bifidobacterium longum and lactobacillus rhamnosus on gut microbiota in patients with lactose ıntolerance and persisting functional gastrointestinal symptoms: a randomised, double-blind, cross-over study. Nutrients, 11(4), 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040886
• Wali, A., Aslam, M. N., & Hussain, S. (2022). Evaluate the racecadotril efficacy in contrast the reatment of acute diarrhea with tril compared to probiotics and loperamide in adults. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(08), 719-719. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22168719
• Wang, J. K., & Yao, S. K. (2021). Roles of gut microbiota and metabolites in pathogenesis of functional constipation. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM, 2021, 5560310. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5560310
• Wolfe, W., Xiang, Z., Yu, X., Li, P., Chen, H., Yao, M., ... & Xiao, H. (2023). The challenge of applications of probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases. Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research, 2023, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/1984200
• Wu, H. L., & Zhan, X. (2021). Systematic review with meta-analysis: Probiotics for treating acute diarrhoea in children with dehydration. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 57(3), 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15243
• Zahir, I., & Naz, R. (2022). Comparison of traditional and probiotic yogurt in relation to their impact on pediatric acute diarrhea patients. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 46(11), e17138. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.17138
• Zhang, S., Wang, R., Li, D., Zhao, L., & Zhu, L. (2021). Role of gut microbiota in functional constipation. Gastroenterology Report, 9(5), 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/goab035
• Zhang, Y., Si, X., Yang, L., Wang, H., Sun, Y., & Liu, N. (2022). Association between intestinal microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 5(4), 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12255
• Zhang, X. F., Guan, X. X., Tang, Y. J., Sun, J. F., Wang, X. K., Wang, W. D., & Fan, J. M. (2021). Clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Nutrition, 60(5), 2855–2875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02503-5
• Zhou, J., Li, M., Chen, Q., Li, X., Chen, L., Dong, Z., Zhu, W., Yang, Y., Liu, Z., & Chen, Q. (2022). Programmable probiotics modulate inflammation and gut microbiota for inflammatory bowel disease treatment after effective oral delivery. Nature Communications, 13(1), 3432. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31171-0