Mikrobiyotaya Etki Eden Etmenler

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 166 - 175, 31.12.2023

Aleyna Emir Tuğba Tatar

https://doi.org/10.59778/sbfdergisi.1337716

Öz

Mikrobiyota birçok mikroorganizmayı içerisinde barındıran, immünolojik, hormonal ve metabolik açıdan önemi son dönemlerde daha fazla anlaşılan bir yapıdır. Mikrobiyota immünolojik sisteminin güçlendirilmesi, bazı vitaminlerin sentezlenmesi, sindirim ve emilim faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesi, bağırsak bütünlüğünün korunması, inflamasyonun önlenmesi, nörolojik faaliyetler, sağlıklı vücut ağırlığına kavuşulması gibi çok farklı metabolik işlevlerin gerçekleşmesinde önemli roller üstlenmektedir. Mikrobiyotanın oluşumunu ve gelişimini etkileyen birçok faktör bulunmaktadır. Bu derlemede bu faktörlerden bazılarına değinilmiştir. Probiyotikler ve prebiyotikler faydalı mikrobiyal yükü artırarak mikrobiyotanın düzenlenmesinde fayda sağlar. Genel itibariyle bitkisel kaynaklı besinlerde bulunan polifenoller mikrobiyotayı olumlu yönde etkilemektedir. Mikrobiyota ile polifenoller arasında karşılıklı bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Mikrobiyota polifenollerin biyoyararlılığını ve biyolojik aktivitesini artırabilirken, polifenollerin de mikrobiyotanın faydalı mikrobiyal çeşitliliğini artırabildiği gösterilmiştir. Mikrobiyota ilaçların emilim, metabolizma, toksisite gibi mekanizmalarını etkileyerek kimyasal değişikliklere uğraması ve metabolize edilmesinde önemli roller üstlenmektedir. Bununla birlikte antibiyotikler başta olmak üzere bazı ilaçlar mikrobiyom bileşimi, metabolizması ve konak etkileşimini değiştirebilmektedir. Emülgatörler veya yapay tatlandırıcılar gibi gıda katkı maddeleri mikrobiyota bileşimini etkileyebilmektedir. Emülgatörlerin mikrobiyota disbiyozu ile ilişkili hastalıkları artırdığı gösterilmiştir. Yapay tatlandırıcıların da mikrobiyota üzerine olumsuz etkileri nedeniyle obezite ve glukoz intoleransı eğilimini artırdığı düşünülmektedir. Mikrobiyota leptin ekspresyonu üzerinde etkili olabilmekte ve vücut ağırlığı kazanımında rol oynayabilmektedir. Sonuç olarak mikrobiyotanın bileşimi ve mikrobiyal yükün yoğunluğu insan sağlığı üzerinde birçok olumlu veya olumsuz etki oluşturabilmektedir. Önemi gün geçtikçe daha fazla anlaşılan mikrobiyotaya etki eden etmenlerin daha fazla anlaşılması ve altta yatan mekanizmaların bilinmesi sağlıklı bir mikrobiyota oluşumu için önem arz etmektedir. Sağlıklı bir mikrobiyota oluşturmak obezite, inflamasyon, diyabet gibi birçok hastalığın önlenmesinde ve bireylerin genel sağlığının iyileşmesinde aktif olarak rol oynamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mikrobiyota, Pre-probiyotikler, Polifenoller, Gıda katkı maddeleri, Leptin

The Factors Affecting Microbiota

Öz

Microbiota is a structure that contains many microorganisms, and its importance in immunological, hormonal, and metabolic terms has been understood more recently. Microbiota plays an essential role in many different metabolic functions, such as strengthening the immunological system, synthesizing some vitamins, digestive and absorption activities, protecting the integrity of the intestine, preventing inflammation, neurological activities, and attaining healthy body weight. Many factors affect the formation and development of microbiota. In this review, some of these factors are mentioned. Probiotics and prebiotics increase the beneficial microbial load and contribute to regulating the microbiota. In general, polyphenols found in plant-based foods positively affect the microbiota. There is a reciprocal relationship between microbiota and polyphenols. It has been shown that while the microbiota can increase the bioavailability and biological activity of polyphenols, polyphenols can increase the beneficial microbial diversity of the microbiota. Microbiota plays an important role in drug chemical changes and metabolism by influencing mechanisms such as absorption, metabolism, and toxicity. However, some medications, especially antibiotics, can change the microbiome composition, metabolism, and host interaction. Food additives such as emulsifiers or artificial sweeteners can affect the composition of the microbiota. Emulsifiers have been shown to increase diseases associated with microbiota dysbiosis. Artificial sweeteners are also thought to increase the tendency of obesity and glucose intolerance due to their harmful effects on the microbiota. Microbiota can affect leptin expression and play a role in body weight gain. As a result, the composition of the microbiota and the density of the microbial load can have many positive or negative effects on human health. It is crucial for the formation of a healthy microbiota to understand better the factors affecting the microbiota, the importance of which is being understood more and more, and to know the underlying mechanisms. Creating a healthy microbiota plays an active role in the prevention of many diseases, such as obesity, inflammation, and diabetes, and in improving the general health of individuals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Microbiota, Pre-probiotics, Polyphenols, Food additives, Leptin

Kaynakça

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