İktisat Teorisinde Nüfus ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Gelişimi

Öz

Sanayileşmeden günümüze, nüfus artışı ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi iktisat teorisinin temel tartışma konularından birisidir. Klasik iktisatta, nüfus yoğunluğu, iş bölümü, üretkenlik, reel ücretler ve yoksulluk kavramları ile ele alınan nüfus-büyüme ilişkisi, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren teknolojik gelişme, çevre kirliliği, sürdürülebilirlik, sosyal sermaye ve uluslararası göç olgularını ve gelişmiş-gelişmekte olan ülkeler arasındaki farklılıkları bünyesine alan bir aşamaya evrilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Ester Boserup, Michael Kremer, Dennis Meadows, Julian Simon, Nicholas Eberstadt ve Geoffrey Garret’in konu ile ilgili temel eserlerini ilk elden inceleyerek nüfus-büyüme ilişkisinin tarihsel gelişimini izlemektir. Tartışmaların bir tarafı, nüfus artışının ekonomik büyüme için gerekli bir koşul olduğunu ileri sürerken, diğer tarafı ekonomik büyüme için bir kısıt oluşturduğu yönündedir. Bir yandan eğitim seviyesi ve üretkenliği yüksek çalışma çağında nüfusun gerekliliğine vurgu yapılırken diğer yandan doğal kaynaklar ve gıda talebi üzerindeki baskının sürdürülebilirliği için ar-ge yatırımlarının ve teknolojik yeniliklerin önemine dikkat çekilmekte; nüfus-ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi açısından yakın gelecekte, olumlu ve olumsuz yanlarıyla birlikte, uluslararası göçün daha fazla önem kazanacağının altı çizilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekonomik Büyüme
• Nüfus
• Teknolojik Gelişme
• Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler

The Development of the Relationship Between Population and Economic Growth in Economic Theory

Öz

From industrialization to the present day, the relationship between population increases and economic growth is one of the main economic debates. In classical economics, the population-economic growth relationship, which has been addressed with the concepts of population density, division of labor, productivity, real wages, and poverty, has evolved since the second half of the twentieth century to include technological development, environmental pollution, sustainability, social capital, international migration, and differences between developed and developing countries. This study aims to observe the historical development of the population-economic growth relationship by investigating the main works of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Ester Boserup, Michael Kremer, Dennis Meadows, Julian Simon, Nicholas Eberstadt, and Geoffrey Garret on the subject. While one side of the debate argues that population growth is necessary for economic growth, the other side argues that it is a constraint for economic growth. On the one hand, the necessity of a working-age population with a high level of education and productivity is emphasized; on the other hand, the importance of R&D investments and technological innovations for the sustainability of the pressure on natural resources and food demand is highlighted. Furthermore, it is underlined that in the near future, with its positive and negative aspects, international migration will gain more importance regarding the population-economic growth relationship.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Economic Growth
• Population
• Technological Development
• Developing Countries

Kaynakça

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